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Cianobacterias Bentónicas Marinas En El Caribe Central Y Sur De Costa Rica

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Cianobacterias Bentónicas Marinas En El Caribe Central Y Sur De Costa Rica Cianobacterias bentónicas marinas en el Caribe central y sur de Costa Rica Benthic marine cyanobacteria in the Caribbean and south Central Costa Rica Nelson Muñoz Simon1* RESUMEN Las cianobacterias comprenden un grupo de microorganismos del dominio Bacteria (Woese et al. 1990) poco estudiado en Costa Rica. Los escasos trabajos realizados abordan temáticas relacionadas con la ocu- rrencia de cianobacterias en plantas de tratamiento y la evaluación de su potencial como indicadoras de contaminación o la producción de toxinas. En la presente investigación se analizó la diversidad y distri- bución de cianobacterias bentónicas marinas en diferentes puntos del Caribe central y sur de Costa Rica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una ocurrencia de 17 géneros taxonómicos, 4 de ellos pertenecen a Chroococcales (24%), 2 Nostocales (12%) y 11 Oscillatoriales (64%). Las poblaciones de cianobacterias se mantienen relativamente constantes a lo largo de los meses de escasa precipitación cuando las aguas se mantienen calmas y claras, mientras que en la estación lluviosa o cuando se presenta gran cantidad de sedi- mentos suspendidos y fuertes oleajes las poblaciones disminuyen en forma notable. Los géneros Lyngbya, Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Spirulina y Leptolyngbya se encuentran distribuidos en prácticamente todas las zonas muestreadas, sin embargo, el género Lyngbya alcanza poblaciones muy importantes en los puntos de muestreo del Caribe central, en especial en Isla Uvita, donde es posible localizar un gran número de colonias de Lyngbya majuscula y Lyngbya confervoides, especies que están relacionadas con ambientes alterados por el ser humano. Palabras claves: Cianobacteria, bentos, diversidad. ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria constitute a group of microorganisms belonging to the Bacteria domain (Woese et al. 1990). Little has been studied about it in Costa Rica and those studies have addressed issues related to the occurrence of cyanobacteria in water treatment plants and the assessment of their potential as toxin production or pollution indicators. In the present paper the occurrence of benthic marine algae is examined in different parts of the central and southern Caribbean of Costa Rica. The results show an occurrence of 17 genera distributed among 4 Chroococcales (24%), 2 Nostocales (12%), and 11 Oscillatoriales (64%). Cyanobacteria populations remain relatively constant throughout the months of limited rainfall when the waters remain calm and clear, while in the rainy season or when there is a large amount of suspended sediments and heavy swells populations decline significantly. The genera Lyngbya, Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Spirulina and Leptolyngbya are distributed in virtually all areas sampled; however the genus Lyngbya reaches important populations in the sampling points of the central Caribbean, especially near Uvita Island where they can be found in large numbers of colonies Lyngbya majuscula and Lyngbya confervoides, species that are related to environments altered by human activity. Keywords: Cyanobacteria, benthos, diversity. 1 Laboratorio de biotecnología de microalgas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica, Apdo. 86-3000. Telefax (506)22773089. [email protected]* Recibido 13-IX-2010 Aceptado 31-VII-2012 Rev. Mar. Cost. ISSN 1659-455X. Vol. 4: 13-32, Diciembre 2012. 13 Muñoz Simon INTRODUCCIÓN La morfología más simple en el grupo es la cocoide. En ella las células pueden en- Las cianobacterias, conocidas tradi- contrarse libres o rodeadas de una envoltura cionalmente como algas azul-verdes, com- mucilaginosa (Lee, 1999). En algunas espe- prenden un grupo de microorganismos cies, la fisión binaria es incompleta y cada procariotas autótrofos fotosintéticos que célula hija puede permanecer comunicada poseen la capacidad de sintetizar clorofila con sus vecinas mediante plasmodesmos, a (Whitton & Potts, 2000), y el pigmento el conjunto puede organizarse en una hile- ficobilínico ficocianina (Cronberg & An- ra denominada tricoma, que en ocasiones nadotter, 2006), que les concede el color puede rodearse de una vaina mucilaginosa azulado; en ciertas condiciones algunos para denominarse filamento. Este puede ser organismos pueden sintetizar el pigmento uniseriado si posee un solo tricoma, o multi- ficoeritrina que le otorga al alga una colo- seriado si posee varios (Lee, 1999; Whitton ración rojiza o púrpura (Lee, 1999). & Potts, 2000; Boone et al. 2001). El talo Son un grupo ancestral, cuyo origen más complejo en las cianobacterias es un fi- se calcula que ocurrió hace 3 500 millones lamento ramificado, que puede poseer una o de años atrás en el período precámbrico. varias filas de células. Todas las caracterís- Pueden colonizar una gran diversidad de ticas mencionadas anteriormente son de im- hábitats, suelo, rocas, plantas, agua dul- portancia para determinar los órdenes en que ce, agua salobre y agua marina (Wehr & se clasifica a la clase cyanophyceae (Desika- Sheath, 2002). En este grupo se encuentran chary, 1959; Lee, 1999; Boone et al. 2001). especies que pueden colonizar además am- La distribución y taxonomía de las bientes extremos como los ecosistemas hi- cianobacterias marinas en Costa Rica ha persalinos, las fuentes termales o la nieve, sido poco estudiada; algunos trabajos se posee también representantes de distribu- enfocan en las especies potencialmente ción cosmopolita con una elevada plastici- tóxicas en plantas de tratamiento de agua dad adaptativa (Whitton & Potts, 2000); al- para consumo humano (Peinador, 1992), gunas especies pueden formar asociaciones especies bioindicadoras de contaminación con plantas y animales, mientras que otras orgánica en aguas para consumo (Peina- tienen la capacidad de fijar nitrógeno mo- dor, 1999), aislamiento e identificación de lecular, lo que ayuda a la fertilización del especies provenientes de aguas termales suelo y al enriquecimiento de la columna (Rojas, 2004) y cianobacterias de suelos de agua en el caso de las especies marinas. y agua dulce (González, 1970). El estudio En esta clase se pueden encontrar especies de las cianobacterias marinas bentónicas de un gran potencial económico que produ- sigue siendo un enigma en nuestro país; cen metabolitos secundarios de un gran va- los escasos trabajos realizados se enfocan lor económico utilizados como agentes te- únicamente en las especies planctónicas rapéuticos (Linington et al. 2009; Tripathi involucradas en floraciones algales noci- et al. 2010) de control biológico (Soltani et vas (Vargas-Montero & Freer, 2004) que al. 2005; Mian et al. 2003) y como base constituyen un porcentaje muy bajo de para la síntesis de moléculas más comple- toda la diversidad que puede presentarse jas (Conroy et al. 2010; Bandyopadhyay et en nuestras costas. al. 2011) y pigmentos accesorios que son El presente trabajo constituye el de alto valor agregado. primer esfuerzo dirigido a conocer la 14 Rev. Mar. Cost. ISSN 1659-455X. Vol. 4: 13-32, Diciembre 2012. Cianobacterias bentónicas marinas en el Caribe central y sur de Costa Rica diversidad de cianobacterias bentónicas Universidad Nacional, donde se recono- marinas en diferentes puntos de la costa cieron preliminarmente con la ayuda de un del Caribe de Costa Rica. microscopio fotónico marca Optima XS- 6300V bajo un aumento de 200x y 400x. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Luego, el material se separó en dos partes; la primera porción se mantuvo viva para El muestreo se llevó a cabo entre enero ser agregada en 125 ml de medio de culti- y noviembre del 2008, y se organizó de tal vo Provasoli o ASN-III, estas muestras se manera que se incluyeran los meses con es- mantuvieron a 21°C bajo una irradiancia tación lluviosa (noviembre, enero, febrero, de 20 μmol.m-2.s-1 y un fotoperíodo de 12 mayo, junio y julio) y los meses de menor h día y 12 h oscuridad. La segunda por- precipitación (abril, setiembre y octubre). ción se subdividió en dos, una se fijó con Se establecieron 5 estaciones de muestreo solución de lugol y otra con formaldehído, que fueron georreferenciados con un GPS posteriormente, el material se identificó a Magellan Explorist 210 (Cuadro 1). 400x y 1000x, con ayuda de un microsco- En cada estación se hicieron observa- pio de luz marca motic BA210 equipado ciones sobre las condiciones del tiempo, con una cámara fotográfica motic A640. oleaje y visibilidad en la columna de agua, La clasificación taxonómica de las y seguidamente se estableció un mínimo especies de cianobacterias marinas se lle- de tres transectos lineales perpendiculares vó a cabo adoptando el sistema propues- a la costa, a lo largo de los cuales se to- to por Komárek y Anagnostidis (1989; maron de forma manual las muestras, el 1999; 2005). material recolectado se depositó en bolsas Las cianobacterias fijadas fueron de- plásticas, a la vez que se anotaron las ca- positadas en la colección de cultivos de racterísticas del sustrato (arenoso, coral microalgas de la Escuela de Ciencias Bio- muerto, rocas, pastos marinos o macroal- lógicas de la Universidad Nacional, mien- gas), así como los caracteres propios de tras que el material vivo se utilizó prin- los talos (forma y coloración). Las mues- cipalmente para la obtención de nuevas tras se transportaron vivas en sus respec- cepas para la valoración de especies con tivas bolsas plásticas hasta el Laborato- potencial biotecnológico. rio de Biotecnología de Microalgas en la Cuadro 1. Estaciones de muestreo de cianobacterias marinas bentónicas en el Caribe costarricense y sus respectivas coordenadas Table 1. Sampling stations of benthic marine cyanobacteria along the Costa Rican Caribbean coast and
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