Planktothrix Agardhii É a Mais Comum

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Planktothrix Agardhii É a Mais Comum Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters Catarina Isabel Prata Pereira Leitão Churro Doutoramento em Biologia Departamento Biologia 2015 Orientador Vitor Manuel de Oliveira e Vasconcelos, Professor Catedrático Faculdade de Ciências iv FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters The research presented in this thesis was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, I.P.) national funds through the project PPCDT/AMB/67075/2006 and through the individual Ph.D. research grant SFRH/BD65706/2009 to Catarina Churro co-funded by the European Social Fund (Fundo Social Europeu, FSE), through Programa Operacional Potencial Humano – Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (POPH – QREN) and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). The research was performed in the host institutions: National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, I.P.), Lisboa; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Porto and Centre for Microbial Resources (CREM - FCT/UNL), Caparica that provided the laboratories, materials, regents, equipment’s and logistics to perform the experiments. v FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters vi FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Vitor Vasconcelos for accepting to embark in this research and supervising this project and without whom this work would not be possible. I am also greatly thankful to my co-supervisor Elisabete Valério for the encouragement in pursuing a graduate program and for accompanying me all the way through it. Appreciation also goes to my co-supervisor Paulo Pereira for accepting me in his Lab., for his understanding and patience and for always pushing me to reach my limits. I also acknowledge Professor Octávio Paulo for his guidance and help with the phylogenetic analysis. A very special thanks goes to Elsa Dias and Carina Menezes for their assistance in the laboratory and help along the way, for their motivation and encouragement, exchanges of knowledge and skills, for proofreading this thesis, “Twilight zone” moments and venting of frustration, and also, for the fruitful scientific discussions, which helped to enrich the experience. I would like to thank all who contributed to the work described in this thesis. To Bruno Silva who helped me with the plasmid constructs and introduce me to the world of cloning. To Andreia Penado that provided me with assistance in statistical analysis at times of critical need. To Carina Menezes and Elsa Dias for all the culture extracts and toxin analysis with HPLC. To Joana Martins and Vitor Ramos, from CIIMAR, for providing me with Planktothrix strains. To Cristina Almeida, José Grossinho, Manuela Silva, João Sousa and Helena Rebelo for the assistance in the measurements of the environmental chemical parameters. Recognition is also given to the financial support provided for this research from the Foundation of Science and Technology through the project PPCDT/AMB/67075/2006 and PhD grant SFRH/BD65706/2009. I must also acknowledge all the institutions and laboratories that have received me and/or provided logistic support and equipment to conduct the experiments: National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research and Centre for Microbial Resources; the departments of: Environmental Health, Genetics, Food and Nutrition, Infectious Diseases from the National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge. vii FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters RESUMO Em Portugal, as cianotoxinas mais frequentes em águas doces são as microcistinas e a sua ocorrência tem sido sobretudo associada a cianobactérias do género Microcystis. No entanto, e mais recentemente, tem vindo a ser descrita a produção destas toxinas por espécies do género Planktothrix, sugerindo que este género é, também, um produtor importante de microcistinas nas águas doces superficiais portuguesas. Porém, e contrariamente às espécies de Microcystis, o conhecimento acerca da ocorrência, distribuição e toxigénese de Planktothrix é ainda limitado. As espécies de Planktothrix apresentam algumas particularidades que dificultam a sua amostragem e identificação/quantificação em amostras naturais - Capítulo 2. Em particular, a morfologia das colónias de Planktothrix não permite distinguir facilmente as células individualizadas, o que torna a sua identificação e quantificação particularmente difíceis por microscopia óptica, o método geralmente usado na monitorização de cianobactérias no ambiente. Por outro lado, os métodos usados na detecção de microcistinas (ELISA, HPLC) não identificam as espécies produtoras. Estas estirpes podem ser identificadas por PCR convencional, mas este método não permite quantificar a sua densidade. Em suma, não está ainda disponível um método que, simultaneamente, identifique e quantifique as estirpes produtoras de microcistinas. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se desenvolver um método de PCR em tempo real aplicado à monitorização de espécies tóxicas de Planktothrix em reservatórios de água doce superficial destinados ao consumo humano e actividades recreativas. O trabalho experimental desenvolveu-se de acordo com as fases que seguidamente se enumeram. Numa primeira fase realizaram-se estudos de campo de forma a avaliar a ocorrência e distribuição de Planktothrix em diversas albufeiras - Capítulo 3. Concluiu-se que o Planktothrix tem uma distribuição abrangente e que a espécie Planktothrix agardhii é a mais comum. Foi identificada a produção de microcistinas em isolados desta espécie. Numa segunda fase, foi desenvolvido um método de detecção e quantificação de Planktothrix agardhii, baseado na metodologia de PCR em tempo real - Capítulo 4. A metodologia de PCR em tempo real é bastante promissora para a investigação em cianobactérias, bem como para a sua monitorização no ambiente. A principal vantagem desta técnica, relativamente ao PCR convencional, é a possibilidade de quantificar o número de cópias do gene-alvo numa amostra. Assim, para além de identificar estirpes de Planktothrix, o PCR em tempo real é simultaneamente um método de quantificação, viii FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters o que constitui uma vantagem relativamente aos procedimentos de rotina utilizados na monitorização de cianobactérias. De salientar que a determinação da densidade celular é fundamental na avaliação de risco de ocorrência de cianobactérias tóxicas, visto que os valores guia para as cianotoxinas se baseiam nas concentrações cianobacterianas e na quota de cianotoxina por célula. Outro aspecto importante na monitorização de cianobactérias é a utilização de amostras preservadas. A preservação é utilizada para manter as características morfológicas para posterior identificação e quantificação celulares e, também, para evitar a degradação do material biológico durante o transporte da amostra. Neste trabalho foi também avaliada a aplicabilidade do método de PCR em tempo real previamente desenvolvido, na amplificação de ADN de amostras preservadas - Capítulo 5. Os resultados indicam que o PCR em tempo real é uma técnica robusta e aplicável àquele tipo de amostras mas que os métodos mais comuns de preservação (Solução de Lugol, Formaldeído e Gluteraldeído) reduzem a quantidade/qualidade/disponibilidade de ADN. Como o ADN se degrada rapidamente após fixação das amostras, foi avaliada a aplicação do PCR em tempo real a amostras preservadas por outro método de preservação - Capítulo 6. A preservação em metanol 100% a -20ºC permitiu manter a integridade das amostras quer para análises morfológicas quer para análises moleculares até dois anos de preservação. O último capítulo desta tese reporta o resultado de dois anos de monitorização de uma albufeira que apresenta uma florescência persistente de P. agardhii tóxico (Capítulo 2, Anexo A: Pág. 187) – Capítulo 7. Nesta albufeira, densidades celulares elevadas nem sempre correspondiam a quantidades elevadas de toxina e vice-versa. Utilizando a técnica de PCR em tempo real foi possível verificar que estão presentes estirpes tóxicas e não tóxicas e que podem florescer em alturas diferentes. Foi também detectado uma segunda espécie não pertencente ao género Planktothrix que poderá estar também a contribuir para a concentração de microcistinas. Durante a monitorização foi observado um parasita quitrídeo que infectava os filamentos de Planktothrix (Anexo A: Pág. 191). A densidade deste parasita foi também quantificada através de PCR em tempo real e verificou-se que o seu aparecimento e desenvolvimento coincidia com o aumento de estirpes tóxicas e concentração de microcistinas. Palavras-chave Cianobactérias, florescências, qPCR em tempo real, quitrídeos, mcyA, microcistinas, monitorização, Planktothrix, preservação, Rhizophydium megarrhizum, rpoC1. ix FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters ABSTRACT The most common cyanotoxins in Portuguese freshwaters are microcystins and their occurrence has been mainly attributed to cyanobacteria from the Microcystis genus.
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