The Monumental Iwan: a Symbolic Space Or a Functional Device ?
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The Sasanian Tradition in ʽabbāsid Art: Squinch Fragmentation As The
The Sasanian Tradition in ʽAbbāsid Art: squinch fragmentation as The structural origin of the muqarnas La tradición sasánida en el arte ʿabbāssí: la fragmentación de la trompa de esquina como origen estructural de la decoración de muqarnas A tradição sassânida na arte abássida: a fragmentação do arco de canto como origem estrutural da decoração das Muqarnas Alicia CARRILLO1 Abstract: Islamic architecture presents a three-dimensional decoration system known as muqarnas. An original system created in the Near East between the second/eighth and the fourth/tenth centuries due to the fragmentation of the squinche, but it was in the fourth/eleventh century when it turned into a basic element, not only all along the Islamic territory but also in the Islamic vocabulary. However, the origin and shape of muqarnas has not been thoroughly considered by Historiography. This research tries to prove the importance of Sasanian Art in the aesthetics creation of muqarnas. Keywords: Islamic architecture – Tripartite squinches – Muqarnas –Sasanian – Middle Ages – ʽAbbāsid Caliphate. Resumen: La arquitectura islámica presenta un mecanismo de decoración tridimensional conocido como decoración de muqarnas. Un sistema novedoso creado en el Próximo Oriente entre los siglos II/VIII y IV/X a partir de la fragmentación de la trompa de esquina, y que en el siglo XI se extendió por toda la geografía del Islam para formar parte del vocabulario del arte islámico. A pesar de su importancia y amplio desarrollo, la historiografía no se ha detenido especialmente en el origen formal de la decoración de muqarnas y por ello, este estudio pone de manifiesto la influencia del arte sasánida en su concepción estética durante el Califato ʿabbāssí. -
Islamic Geometric Patterns Jay Bonner
Islamic Geometric Patterns Jay Bonner Islamic Geometric Patterns Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction with a chapter on the use of computer algorithms to generate Islamic geometric patterns by Craig Kaplan Jay Bonner Bonner Design Consultancy Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA With contributions by Craig Kaplan University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada ISBN 978-1-4419-0216-0 ISBN 978-1-4419-0217-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0217-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936979 # Jay Bonner 2017 Chapter 4 is published with kind permission of # Craig Kaplan 2017. All Rights Reserved. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Is Shuma the Chinese Analog of Soma/Haoma? a Study of Early Contacts Between Indo-Iranians and Chinese
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 216 October, 2011 Is Shuma the Chinese Analog of Soma/Haoma? A Study of Early Contacts between Indo-Iranians and Chinese by ZHANG He Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca Analogues from the Late Bronze Age
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3(2), pp. 104–116 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.013 First published online July 25, 2019 Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca analogues from the Late Bronze Age MATTHEW CLARK* School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Department of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, University of London, London, UK (Received: October 19, 2018; accepted: March 14, 2019) In this article, the origins of the cult of the ritual drink known as soma/haoma are explored. Various shortcomings of the main botanical candidates that have so far been proposed for this so-called “nectar of immortality” are assessed. Attention is brought to a variety of plants identified as soma/haoma in ancient Asian literature. Some of these plants are included in complex formulas and are sources of dimethyl tryptamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and other psychedelic substances. It is suggested that through trial and error the same kinds of formulas that are used to make ayahuasca in South America were developed in antiquity in Central Asia and that the knowledge of the psychoactive properties of certain plants spreads through migrants from Central Asia to Persia and India. This article summarizes the main arguments for the botanical identity of soma/haoma, which is presented in my book, The Tawny One: Soma, Haoma and Ayahuasca (Muswell Hill Press, London/New York). However, in this article, all the topics dealt with in that publication, such as the possible ingredients of the potion used in Greek mystery rites, an extensive discussion of cannabis, or criteria that we might use to demarcate non-ordinary states of consciousness, have not been elaborated. -
DTP102288.Pdf
Contents 1. SELECTED HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................... 2 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 4 3. PROJECT ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................... 4 3.1 ENABLING WORKS ................................................................................................ 5 3.1.1 Fencing: ............................................................................................................. 5 3.1.2 Scaffolding: ........................................................................................................ 5 3.1.3 Clearance Works: .............................................................................................. 5 3.1.4 Excavations: ...................................................................................................... 5 3.2 CONSOLIDATION WORKS: ................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 Dismantling of previous works and reconstruction of buttresses: ..................... 6 3.2.2 Structural Consolidation: ................................................................................... 6 3.2.3 Construction of timber cover: .......................................................................... 11 3.2.4 External Finishes: ............................................................................................ 11 4. PROJECT DATA .......................................................................................................... -
Geometric Analysis of Forumad Mosques' Ornaments
Proceedings of Bridges 2013: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture Geometric Analysis of Forumad Mosques’ Ornaments Mahsa Kharazmi Reza Sarhangi Department of Art and Architecture Department of Mathematics Tarbiat Modares University Towson University Jalale Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran, Iran Towson, Maryland, 21252 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract This article analyzes the architectural designs and ornaments of a 12th century structure in Iran. Friday Mosque of Forumad, Masjid-i Jami' Forumad is a prototype mosque in Persian architecture using an application of ornaments. Architectural ornaments are important examples of practical geometry. The brilliant stucco ornaments, elaborate strapwork patterns with turquoise and cobalt blue, and floral motifs with underlying geometric patterns, made this mosque a worthwhile building in early Iranian-Islamic period. By introducing the mosque’s features, the ornaments that adorn some of the walls will be analyzed and geometric methods for constructing their underlying designs will be presented. 1 Introduction Early mosques were simple buildings with no decoration. After some decades and under the influence of advanced civilizations of conquered territories, architectural ornaments entered into their existence. Since Islamic thought prohibited artists and craftsmen of creating human figures, they turned their attention to abstract forms. They also benefited from mathematics, which flourished in early Islamic period in Baghdad. This resulted to a widespread movement in Islamic geometric art. Even though the designers of those structures had remarkable knowledge of applied geometry, there exist few written records to explain various methods that they employed for constructions of their designs [7]. Nevertheless, based on the detailed and sophisticated geometric designs in these documents we may suggest that some degree of mathematical literacy may have existed among the master builders, architects and master engineers [1]. -
Arh 362: Islamic Art
ARH 362: ISLAMIC ART CLUSTER REQUIREMENT: 4C, THE NATURE OF GLOBAL SOCIETY COURSE DESCRIPTION This course surveys the art and architecture of the Islamic world from the 7th through the 20th centuries. By looking at major themes and regional variations of Islamic art and architecture, the course examines how meanings in various socio-political and historical contexts have been encoded through forms, functions, as well as the aesthetic features of arts, crafts, and the built environment. The last portion of the course, spanning the 19th to the late 20th centuries, examines the West’s discovery of the Islamic arts as well as the integration of Western ideas into indigenous ones. This course can only briefly address some of the major themes. The topics (especially those pertinent to the modern period) are introduced through a number of key readings, but they should be merely seen as introductions, providing possible directions for future and more advanced studies. Discussions and questions are always encouraged. The readings, which have been selected to supplement the required textbooks, are particularly chosen to serve this purpose. COURSE-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES Gain valuable information about Islamic art and design as well as the cultures that gave shape to them Read critically and interpret and evaluate art historical issues in relation to socio-political conditions in non-Western contexts Develop a foundation for writing good critical essays about non-Western art and material culture Research non-Western art in a museum context Comparative studies of Western and Non-Western styles in a variety of media, including 2D and 3D art and design as well as architecture. -
Dario Chioli, Sul Santo Haoma
SUL SANTO HAOMA Sommario I. Il Santo Haoma, che allontana la morte Dario Chioli II. La tetrade del Santo Haoma Ultimo aggiornamento III. Risposta a un internauta 7/6/2008 1 I. IL SANTO HAOMA, CHE ALLONTANA LA MORTE Del haoma (hauma, homa, hôm) parla l’Avesta (la sacra scrittura dei Parsi ovvero dei Mazdei, cioè dei seguaci di Zarathushtra) e in esso specialmente il Hôm Yasht, ovvero i capitoli 9, 10 e 11 dello Yasna. 2 Al suo equivalente vedico, il soma, sono dedicati nel Rgveda un gran numero di inni, 3 centoquattordici dei quali costituiscono da soli la nona sezione. Infatti «l’offerta di Haoma è il centro del sacrificio mazdeo, come l’offerta di Soma è il centro del sacrificio vedico. In ambedue i casi si tratta d’una pianta inebriante che concentra in sé tutte le virtù naturali e sovrannaturali della natura vegetale e la cui linfa, assaporata dal sacerdote, conferisce a lui ed alla comunità ogni felicità terrestre e celeste». 4 La letteratura in merito è pertanto abbastanza vasta, non manca il materiale di base. Sennonché, nonostante ciò, del haoma (come del soma) è in realtà tutto assai oscuro. Vi sono parecchi haoma, e quello celebrato in Airyanem Vaêjô da Zarathushtra, 5 che è egli stesso nato per sua virtù, non è lo stesso del haoma bianco (gaokerena) celato nel mare Vouru- kasha (che nell’ora della risurrezione darà l’immortalità a coloro che erano morti), che a sua volta non è la pianta che dà il haoma dorato bevuto dal sacerdote, che a sua volta non è la stessa nel tempo e nello spazio. -
Hana Taragan HISTORICAL REFERENCE in MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: BAYBARS's BUILDINGS in PALESTINE
the israeli academic center in cairo ¯È‰˜· Èχ¯˘È‰ ÈÓ„˜‡‰ ÊίӉ Hana Taragan HISTORICAL REFERENCE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: BAYBARS’S BUILDINGS IN PALESTINE Hana Taragan is a lecturer in Islamic art at Tel Aviv University, where she received her Ph.D. in 1992. Her current research concerns Umayyad and Mamluk architecture in Eretz Israel in the medieval period. She is the author of Art and Patronage in the Umayyad Palace in Jericho (in Hebrew) and of numerous articles in the field of Islamic art. In the year 1274, al-Malik al-Zahir also changed a structure’s function Baybars, the first Mamluk ruler of from church to mosque, as he did Palestine (1260–1277), ordered the in Qaqun.5 addition of a riwaq (porch) to the Baybars’s choice of Yavne may tomb of Abu Hurayra in Yavne.1 be explained by the ruin of the The riwaq, featuring a tripartite coastal towns, or by Yavne’s loca- portal and six tiny domes, had two tion on the main road from Cairo arches decorated with cushion to Damascus. However, it seems to voussoirs and one with a zigzag me that above and beyond any frieze (Figure 1). Baybars also strategic and administrative con- installed a dedicatory inscription siderations, Baybars focused on naming himself as builder of the this site in an attempt to exploit riwaq.2 The addition of a portal to Abu Hurayra’s tomb as a means of the existing tomb structure typifies institutionalizing the power of the Baybars’s building policy in Pales- Mamluk dynasty in general and tine. -
FEZANA Journal Do Not Necessarily Reflect the Views of FEZANA Or Members of This Publication's Editorial Board
FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA WINTER ZEMESTAN 1378 AY 3747 ZRE VOL. 23, NO. 4 WINTER/DECEMBER 2009 G WINTER/DECEMBER 2009 JOURNALJODae – Behman – Spendarmad 1378 AY (Fasli) G Amordad – Shehrever – Meher 1379 AY (Shenshai) G Shehrever – Meher – Avan 1379 AY (Kadimi) Also Inside: Parliament oof the World’s Religions, Melbourne Parliamentt oof the World’s Religions:Religions: A shortshort hihistorystory Zarathustiss join in prayers for world peace in Pittsburgh Book revieew:w Thus Spake the Magavvs by Silloo Mehta PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA afezanajournal-winter2009-v15 page1-46.qxp 11/2/2009 5:01 PM Page 1 PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Vol 23 No 4 Winter / December 2009 Zemestan 1378 AY - 3747 ZRE President Bomi V Patel www.fezana.org Editor in Chief: Dolly Dastoor 2 Editorial [email protected] Technical Assistant: Coomi Gazdar Dolly Dastoor Assistant to Editor Dinyar Patel Consultant Editor: Lylah M. Alphonse, 4ss Coming Event [email protected] Graphic & Layout: Shahrokh Khanizadeh, www.khanizadeh.info Cover design: Feroza Fitch, 5 FEZANA Update [email protected] Publications Chair: Behram Pastakia Columnists: 16 Parliament of the World’s Religions Hoshang Shroff: [email protected] Shazneen Rabadi Gandhi : [email protected] Yezdi Godiwalla [email protected] Behram Panthaki: [email protected] 47 In the News Behram Pastakia: [email protected] Mahrukh Motafram: [email protected] Copy editors: R Mehta, V Canteenwalla -
Historical Tradition and Modern Transformations of the Algerian and Persian Housing Environment
HOUSING ENVIRONMENT 31/2020 ARCHITEKTURA XXI WIEKU / THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE 21st CENTURY e-ISSN 2543-8700 DOI: 10.4467/25438700SM.20.011.12692 YULIA IVASHKO*, ANDRII DMYTRENKO**, PENG CHANG*** Historical tradition and modern transformations of the algerian and persian housing environment Abstract Historically, the urban situation in the cities and towns of Persia and Algeria was highly specific. The hot dry climate contri- buted to a street network, which was protected from the sun as much as possible. Climate conditions determined the appe- arance of houses with flat roofs, small windows and white walls. The entire urban planning system had the main centre—the city (town) mosque. There were smaller mosques in the structure of residential areas, densely surrounded by houses. Just as under the influence of climate a certain type of residential building took shape, these same factors formed a characteristic type of mosque in the housing environment. Globalist trends have affected even such a conservative sphere as Islamic religious architecture, as it gradually toned down striking regional features, which is explained by the typicality of modern building materials and structures and the interna- tional activity of various architectural and construction firms in different corners of the world. Over the centuries, two oppo- sing images of the mosque have emerged—the pointedly magnificent Persian and the fortress-type of Maghreb (typical for Algeria) types. This paper reviews how specific climatic conditions and historical processes influenced the use of building materials, structures and decoration in the mosques of Persia’s and Algeria’s different regions. Today we observe an erosion of regional features in the form and layout of modern mosques, which are analysed on the basis of the examples given. -
The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.