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Mapping Communities: Ethics, Values, Practice

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Mapping Communities: Ethics, Values, Practice MAPPINGCOMMUNITIES ETHICS, VALUES, PRACTICE Edited by Jefferson Fox, Krisnawati Suryanata, and Peter Hershock ISBN # 0-86638-201-1 Published by the East-West Center Honolulu, Hawaii © East-West Center, 2005 The East-West Center is an education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen relations and understanding among the nations of Asia, the Pacific, and the United States. The Center promotes the development of a stable, prosperous, and peaceful Asia Pacific community through cooperative study, training, dialogue, and research. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government, with additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, foundations, corporations, and Asia Pacific governments. A PDF file and information about this publication can be found on the East-West Center website at www.EastWestCenter.org. For more information, please contact: Publication Sales Office East-West Center 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, HI 96848-1601 USA Telephone: (808) 944-7145 Facsimile: (808) 944-7376 Email: [email protected] Website: www.EastWestCenter.org iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi Contributors vii Acronyms viii Acknowledgements 1 INTRODUCTION Jefferson Fox, Krisnawati Suryanata, Peter Hershock, and Albertus Hadi Pramono 11 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTICIPATORY MAPPING PROCESSES IN NORTHERN THAILAND Pornwilai Saipothong, Wutikorn Kojornrungrot, and David Thomas 29 EFFECTIVE MAPS FOR PLANNING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE AND LIVELIHOODS Prom Meta and Jeremy Ironside 43 UNDERSTANDING AND USING COMMUNITY MAPS AMONG INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN RATANAKIRI PROVINCE, CAMBODIA Klot Sarem, Jeremy Ironside, and Georgia Van Rooijen 57 EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES THROUGH MAPPING Zheng Baohua 73 DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL COMMUNITY CAPACITY THROUGH SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLGY Yvonne Everett and Phil Towle 87 COMMUNITY-BASED MAPPING Mark Bujang 97 INSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF COUNTER-MAPPING TO INDONESIAN NGO’s Albertus Hadi Pramono 107 BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITY IN USING SIT FOR NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN EAST SUMBA, INDONESIA Martin Hardiono, H. Radandima, Krisnawati Suryanata, and Jefferson Fox 117 Index v CONTRIBUTORS Mark BUJANG KLOT Sarem Krisnawati SURYANATA Program Officer Ratanakiri GIS Unit Staff Member Associate Professor Borneo Resources Institute, Malaysia Provincial Rural Development Department of Geography (BRIMAS) Committee University of Hawaii at Manoa Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia GIS Unit Honolulu, HI 96822 Email: [email protected] or Ban Lung, Ratanakiri Province Email: [email protected] [email protected] Cambodia Email: [email protected] David THOMAS Yvonne EVERETT Senior Policy Analyst Assistant Professor of Natural Wutikorn KOJORNRUNGROT World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) Resource Planning Forester Chiang Mai, Thailand Department of Environmental & Raks Thai Foundation, Thailand Email: [email protected] Natural Resource Sciences Chiang Mai, Thailand Humboldt State University Email: [email protected] Philip TOWLE, Jr. Arcata, CA 95521 Co-director Email: [email protected] Albertus Hadi PRAMONO Trinity Community GIS Project Degree Fellow Watershed Research and Jefferson FOX Education Program Training Center Senior Fellow East-West Center Hayfork, CA 96041 Research Program Honolulu, HI 96848-1601 Email: [email protected] East-West Center Email: [email protected] Honolulu, HI 96848 Georgia VAN ROOIJEN Email: [email protected] PROM Meta Non Timber Forest Products NRM Technical Facilitator (NTFP) Project Martin HARDIONO Non Timber Forest Products Project Ban Lung, Ratanakiri Province Consultant Ban Lung, Ratanakiri Province Cambodia Jakarta, Indonesia Cambodia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] ZHENG Baohua Director Peter HERSHOCK Huki RADANDIMA Center for Community Development Project Fellow Director Studies Education Program Tananua Foundation Kunming, Yunnan, China East-West Center Waingapu, Indonesia Email: [email protected] or Honolulu, HI 96848 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Email: [email protected] Pornwilai SAIPOTHONG Jeremy IRONSIDE Associate Research Officer Agriculture and NRM Advisor World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) Non Timber Forest Products Chiang Mai, Thailand (NTFP) Project Email: [email protected] or Ban Lung, Ratanakiri Province [email protected] Cambodia Email: [email protected] vi ACRONYMS AMA: adaptive management area KPMNT: Konsorsium SA: selective accuracy BLM: Bureau of Land Management Pengembangan Masyarakat Nusa SAM: Sahabat Alam Malaysia BRIMAS: Borneo Resources Institute Tenggara [Consortium on (Friends of the Earth Malaysia) BSP: Biodiversity Support Program Community Development in Nusa SCGIS: Society for Conservation GIS CBIK: Center for Biodiversity and Tenggara] SEGERAK: Sekretariat Gerakan Indigenous Knowledge LLNP: Lore Lindu National Park Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dayak CBNRM: Community Based Natural LMUPC: Land Management Urban [Secretariat of the Movement of Resource Management Planning and Construction Dayak Peoples’ Empowerment] CBO/CBOs: community-based LWMP: Laiwonggi Wanggameti SIT: spatial information technology organization(s) National Park SPSS: Statistical package for social CDC: Center for Community MIGIS: Mobile Interactive sciences Development Geographical Information System TAO: Tambon Administration CDS: Center for Community MoE: Ministry of Environment Organization Development Studies [Cambodia] TBRG: Trinity BioRegion Group CPA: community protected areas NCGIA: National Center for TCFSC: Trinity County Fire-Safe DNCP: Department of Nature Geographic Information and Council Conservation and Protection Analysis TC GIS: Trinity Community GIS [Cambodia] NCR: native customary rights TGHK: Tata Guna Hutan ESRI: Environmental Systems NEPA: National Environmental Kesepakatan (Agreement on forest Research Institute Policy Act land use) EWC: East-West Center NGO/NGOs: non-governmental TNC: The Nature Conservancy FOMISS: Forest Management organization(s) TNET: “a local digital network” Information System Sarawak NRM: natural resource management [California] [Malaysia] NTFP: non-timber forest product(s) UBRA: Uma Bawang Residents GIS: Global Information System PLUP: participatory land-use Association [Malaysia] GMO: genetically modified planning UNDP: United Nations Development organisms PPSDAK: Pemberdayaan Programme GPS: global positioning system Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam USFS: United States Forest Service GTZ: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kerakyatan Pancur Kasih VNP: Virachey National Park Technische Zusammenarbeit [Empowerment of People’s Natural WRTC: Watershed Research and [German Agency for Technical Resource Management] Training Center Cooperation] PRA: participatory rural appraisal WWF: Worldwide Fund for Nature ICRAF: World Agroforestry Centre PRCA: participatory rapid cadastral YTM: Yayasan Tanah Merdeka [Free IDRC: International Development appraisal Land Foundation] Research Center [Canada] PRDC: Provincial Rural Development YTNS: Yayasan Tananua Sumba IDRD: Institute of Dayakology Committee [Tananua Foundation of Sumba] Research and Development PSW: Pacific Southwest Research JKPP: Jaringan Kerja Pemetaan Station Partisipatif (Working group on RCD: resource conservation district participatory mapping) RRA: rapid rural appraisal vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The workshop on which this book is based was made possible Tby a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant Number SDEST-0221912). The Chiang Mai workshop and the field research were funded by The Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Ford Foundation (through the Jakarta office). We would like to thank Mr. Peter Riggs and Dr. Ujjwal Pradhan for their support of the project. We would also like to thank the Regional Community Forestry Training Center (RECOFTC) in Bangkok for organizing the Chiang Mai workshop, with special thanks to Ms. Ferngfa Panupitak for her invaluable assistance. At the East-West Center we are grateful for the administrative and fiscal assistance provided by Arlene Hamasaki, June Kuramoto, Margaret McGowan, and Karen Yamamoto. Finally we thank the East-West Center for hosting the workshop, general support, assistance, and cooperation on behalf of the workshop and book project. We are also indeted to Brian Niiya for his skillful and timely copyediting, Pam Funai for editorial assistance, and Jeff Nakama for the graphic design. viii INTRODUCTION MAPPING POWER: IRONIC EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Jefferson Fox, Krisnawati Suryanata, Peter Hershock, and Albertus Hadi Pramono The recent growth in the availability of modern spatial 1995, Sterrit et al. 1998), loss of indigenous conceptions of information technology (SIT)—geographic information space and increased privatization of land (Fox 2002), and systems (GIS), low cost global positioning systems (GPS), increased regulation and co-optation by the state (Urit remote sensing image analysis software—as well as the 2001, Majid Cooke 2003). Consequently, mapping growth of participatory mapping techniques has enabled technology is viewed as simultaneously empowering and communities to make maps of their lands and resource disadvantaging indigenous communities (Harris and Wiener uses, and to bolster the legitimacy of their customary claims 1998). Researchers working under the umbrella of Research to resources by appropriating the state’s techniques and Initiative 19 of the National Center for Geographic manner of representation (Peluso 1995). Over the last Information and Analysis (NCGIA) suggest that GIS several decades participatory mapping has
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