Cambodian-German Forestry Project Phnom Penh Cambodia

Cambodian-German Forestry Project

Phnom Penh

DEPARTMENT OF Cambodia German Technical Cooperation FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE

An Assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia - Implications for the Development of a Forestry Extension Strategy -

Jürgen Fichtenau Ly Chou Beang Nup Sothea Dy Sophy

Phnom Penh, November 2002

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE #40 Norodom Boulevard X Road 144, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel.: +(855) 23-213937 (Team Leader ) Tel/Fax.: +(855) 23- 210 340 ( Project Office ) E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected]

- An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Table of Contents Page

Executive summary 4 List of abbreviations 7 Acknowledgements 9

1 Introduction 10

2 Methodology of survey 12

2.1 General considerations 12 2.2 Selection of field sites to be visited 15 2.3 GIS generated Information 16 2.3.1 Determination of Extension Categories and Locations of CF Initiatives 16 2.3.2 Determination of 10 km buffer zones 18 2.4 Strengths and weaknesses of the study 19

3 Overview of Community Forestry Initiatives 21

3.1 General figures for 57 Community Forestry Initiatives 23 3.2 Summary data for 57 Community Forestry Initiatives and their 24 significance in the context of Cambodia's forest situation

4 Findings on selected details 25

4.1 CF Initiatives and their environment 25 4.1.1 Forest abundance and population 25 4.1.2 Forest condition and development goals 27 4.1.3 Summary of findings on environmental conditions 29 4.2 Forestry Extension Demands 30 4.3 Areas of conflicts 35 4.3.1 Conflict resolution measures 39 4.4 Jurisdiction 40 4.5 Co-operating partners 42

5 Outlook & future steps 45 5.1 Development of a Forestry Extension Strategy 5.2 Potential areas for Community Forestry 43 5.3 Networking – the roles of CF Working Group and CF Networks 47 5.4 Community Forestry database 53 5.5 Scope for further research 54 5.5.1 Research on socio-economic topics 56 5.5.2 Research on technical topics 56 57 6 Conclusions 59 References

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Annexes 64

1. Details of 27 CF Initiatives in Cambodia 2. Details of 30 non-visited CF Initiatives in Cambodia 65 3. Questionnaire sample form 71 4. Population and Density by Province 73 5. Forest – and Land Cover Types 84 6. Forest Area by type and change 85 7. Data for 10 Km buffers in different landuse- and extension categories 86 8. Responses of CF Initiatives regarding Forest abundance and population density in 87 their CF sites 88 9. a) CF Initiatives and their Forest Development Goals 9. b) CF Initiatives and their Forest Development Goals by Province 89 10. Frequency of mentioned Extension Demands and Topics in 27 CF Initiatives 90 11. List of Extension topics and demands in 27 CF Initiatives 91 12. Clustering of Extension topics and demands in 27 CF Initiatives 92 13. Summary of Initiatives by Province 93 14. Community Forestry Initiative contacts 95 15. Information on other CF data surveys 116 16. List of Interviewees 120 121

List of Tables, Maps and Charts

Table 1: Possible Extension Categories for Cambodia Table 2: Community Forestry Extension Categories (based on forest and vegetation 14 cover types 1997) 17 Table 3: Hectares of 4 Forest Extension Categories Table 4: General overview for 57 CF Initiatives in Cambodia 18 Table 5: Percentages of CF general data in relation to Cambodia country figures 23 Table 6: Responses of 27 Initiatives regarding forest abundance, population density 24 and their goals for forest development 29 Table 7 Extension topics by Province Table 8: Figures for 10 Km buffers around settlements in Cambodia in 3 Extension 32 Categories feasible for Community Forestry 50

Chart 1: Forest abundance and population density in 27 CF Initiatives in percentages 25 Chart 2: Forest development goals in 27 CF Initiatives in percentages 27 Chart 3: Extension topics in 27 CF Initiatives and Frequency of mentioning 30 Chart 4: Percentages of Extension Demands according to main categories 33 Chart 5: Percentages of major conflict categories reported in 20 CF Initiatives 36 Chart 6: Nature of conflicts and their frequencies in visited CF Initiatives 37 Chart 7: Land Tenure/Jurisdiction in 27 visited CF Initiatives 41

Map 1: Location of CF Initiatives 2002 and CF Extension Categories 22 Map 2: CF Extension Categories within 10 Km village buffer zone 51

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I. Executive Summary

Cambodia, with a total land area of 18.15 Million hectares and a population of 11.4 Million people (as per census in March 1998), is a primarily agricultural society. 58% of Cambodia's land area , or 10.6 Mio hectares are covered by forests. The vast majority of Cambodia's rural population lives in absolute poverty and heavily depends on natural resources (mainly forestry and fishery) for their livelihood. Increasing pressure on land,-water,- and forest resources, in the form of extensive logging and fishing operations, jeopardize rural subsistence in many areas. Deforestation rates were estimated to be 700.000 hectares between 1993 and 1997.

Community Forestry (CF) in Cambodia has received considerable attention as a potential alternative (or complement) to forest concession management and is regarded amongst donors as one viable concept to improve livelihoods of the rural population in order to prevent further environmental problems and to reduce poverty.

The GTZ-Cambodian German Forestry Project, together and in co-operation with it's partner , the Department of Forestry & Wildlife, decided in August 2001 to develop a Forestry Extension Strategy for Cambodia, which will play a vital role in the promotion of Community Forestry in the country.

The future Forestry Extension Strategy should build upon existing experiences made in various Community Forestry Projects in Cambodia and draw conclusions from knowledge already available in these field projects. Therefore, in a first attempt, these presently ongoing CF activities in Cambodia should be assessed and analyzed in order to draw conclusions for the future Forestry Extension Strategy.

A four-member field team from DFW's Forestry Extension Unit conducted the survey between February 1st and April 12th 2002.

In the course of the survey 57 Initiatives were identified, which support CF activities in most Provinces of Cambodia. 27 of these Initiatives were visited at their respective field sites, and interviews took place with field representatives of the respective Initiatives. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner with the help of questionnaires which had been specially developed for the purpose of this survey.

The report presents findings and conclusions/recommendations based on the analysis of acquired field data. In addition, the authors introduce new ideas (models) in order to classify the Cambodia forest situation for the purpose of a future Forestry Extension Strategy and develop new ideas how to determine potential future areas feasible for Community Forestry.

Findings indicate that CF Initiatives are active in 18 Provinces in Cambodia, but with differing concentration. Most CF sites are to be found in Siem Reap, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Koh Kong, Takeo and Ratanakiri.

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Presently approximately 83.000 hectares in Cambodia are under CF management (including mangroves).This area represents 0.7 % of Cambodia's total forest area suitable for Community Forestry. 404 villages are presently involved in CF activities, and 3.6% (415.000 people) of Cambodia's population presently benefits from CF activities.

Findings also show that CF Initiatives have a very high demand for a variety of extension topics. More than 50% of these demands are of technical nature and roughly 25% of the demands express a lack of legal knowledge. As major areas of conflicts in CF Initiatives land grabbing and boundary conflicts have been identified.

Other topics assessed during this survey are questions of jurisdiction, co-operating partners and conflict resolution measures.

New ideas have been developed in the course of the survey, which include so-called Forestry Extension Categories and Forest Development Goals ( management regimes for these Extension Categories). Accordingly four major Forestry Extension Categories have been identified, which represent areas of similar features regarding the forest condition. The model proved to be useful during the assessment, but requires future adjustments in order to better fit the diversity of existing field situations.

Another new approach tries to identify potential future areas for CF in Cambodia, by using a 10 km walking distance between settlements and forests as a major criterion. Accordingly 8.4 Mio hectares of Cambodia's forest land would be suitable for CF. In addition 3.9 Mio hectares of agricultural land could be managed under Farm Forestry aspects, which the authors regard as integral part of Community Forestry.

Conclusions and major recommendations include:

To react as soon as possible to prevailing demands in CF Initiatives for legal knowledge. Training material on implications of Land Law, Forestry Law and CF Sub-decree have to be urgently developed

As future areas of concern for CF activities border belts between agricultural areas and neighbouring forest resources have been named due to high population pressure in agricultural regions and a rising demand for forest products.

It is proposed to address the NRM Donor Working Group in the nearest future in order to seek financial assistance in funding CF activities.

The importance of the roles of CF Working Group and CF (provincial) Networks has been stressed. Both entities should play a more dominant role in promoting quicker progress of CF activities in Cambodia before the background of huge potential areas for CF and prevailing poverty in rural areas. CF can play a much bigger role in the government's efforts to reduce poverty.

A national CF Programme should be prepared, which will be integral part of a long term National Forest Programme (NFP) as anticipated in the Statement of the RGC

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on Forest Policy. The CF Working Group would be the most appropriate institution to facilitate this process.

The good experiences made with Participatory Landuse Planning (PLUP) courses shall be expanded. PLUP can play an important role in a future Forestry Extension Strategy by introducing participatory landuse planning techniques, but also serve as conflict resolution measure.

A number of areas for further research have been proposed. Highest priorities have been given to all efforts to stronger co-operate with forest concessionaires, to develop sustainable CF Management Plans and to develop suitable benefit sharing mechanisms.

A functioning Forestry Extension Strategy could help to more adequately and more quickly promote CF, because despite of all previous efforts to spread the idea of people's involvement in managing natural resources, a comparatively small proportion of Cambodia's population presently benefits on too small areas from Community Forestry.

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II. List of abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank AFSC American Friends Service Committee APDO Angkor Participatory Development Organization APSARA Authority to manage Angkor temple complex ARD Associates in Rural Development, Inc. AS Aphiwat Strey BDASE Buddhism Development Association and Supporting Environment BFD Buddhism for Development BFDK Buddhism for Development Kompong Thom BPS Buddhism for Progressive Society CAA Community Aid Abroad, Oxfam Australia CARERE Cambodia Area Rehabilitation and Regeneration CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CCD Cambodia Community Development CCK Chamroen Chiet Khmer CDRI Cambodia Development Resource Institute CED Community Economic Development CEPA Cultural Environmental Preservation Association CF Community Forestry CFWG Community Forestry Working Group CFRP Community Forestry Research Project CGFP Cambodian-German Forestry Project (GTZ) CHRD Cambodian Human Resource Development CIDSE Cooperation International pour le Development et la Solidarite CMAC Cambodia Mine Action Centre Concern Concern Worldwide CREDO Cambodian Rural Economic Development Organization CRS Catholic Relief Services CWS Church World Service CWSO Cambodian Women Support Organization DAI Development Alternatives, Inc. DED Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst ( German Development Service) DFW Department of Forestry and Wildlife DFW-CFU Department of Forestry and Wildlife – Community Forestry Unit DFW-FEU Department of Forestry and Wildlife – Forestry Extension Unit DoF Department of Fisheries EDCO Economic Development Community Organization EPDO Environmental Protection and Development Organization FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GAZET Gazetteer of 1998 Population Census Data by Department of Geography GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft Fuer Techische Zusammenarbeit ICC International Cooperation for Cambodia IDRC International Development Research Center IMF International Monetary Fund KAFDOC Khmer Association For Development Of the Countryside KCAD Khmer Community for Agriculture Development KHRDO Khmer Human Resource for Development Organization

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KNCED Khmer National Community Economic Development KVOD Khmer Volunteer Organization for Development LWS Lutheran World Service MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Mio Million MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction MoE Ministry of Environment MCC Mennonite Central Committee MRC Mekong River Commission NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIS National Institute of Statistics NPA Norwegian People’s Aid NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products PADEK Partnership for Development in Kampuchea PLUP Participatory Land Use Planning PMMR Participatory Management of Mangrove Resources RDP (GTZ) Rural Development Project of GTZ in Kampot and Kampong Thom RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RPFD Rural Poor Family Development SADP Southeast Asia Development Program SMRP Sustainable Management of Resources Project SSP Strey Santepheap daoembei Parethan UNDP United Nations Development Programme VSG Village Support Group WI Wetlands International WKK Wat Khleang Khmot WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WTPS Wat Toul Preah Srey WWF World Wildlife Fund

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III. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all those, who contributed to the results of this survey !!

First of all special thanks go to all the representatives and field workers of initiatives, which have been consulted and visited during the assessment. These colleagues include NGO representatives, government employees, especially from various Provincial Forest Offices as well as monks from some initiatives. Without their help in providing information and organizing field trips, this survey would not have been possible !!

Special thanks go to the WWF CBNRM Team, which helped gather the information from Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri provinces. Also thanks for the feedback and useful comments on earlier drafts of the CF assessment questionnaire.

We would also like to thank Christoph Feldkoetter for his GIS related contributions and his comments on Forestry Extension Categories.

All GIS maps and GIS related statistics have been prepared by Ignas Dümmer as part of the GTZ-DED co-operation. We would like to thank him very much for his dedicated and tedious efforts.

Thanks to Dr. Jürgen Hess, Ignas Dümmer and Toby Carson for their feedback and comments on an earlier draft of this report.

Last not least we would like to thank Mr. Ly Sophea for his contributions in translating and editing the data as well as contributing to the discussions on the report layout.

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1 Introduction

Cambodia, with a total land area of 18.15 Million hectares and a population of 11.4 Million people (as per census in March 1998), is a primarily agricultural society. Nearly 85% of it's population live in rural areas and grows at an annual rate of 2.5%.1 If this trend continues, the population will amount to12.6 Million people at the end of 2002. Population density averages 64 persons per Km2, but densities vary between 17 persons per Km2 in mountainous regions and 235 persons per Km2 in the plains. 36% of Cambodia's population lives below the national poverty line and the per capita annual income amounts to 257 US Dollars in 1999.2

58% of Cambodia's land area , or 10.6 Mio hectares3 are covered by forests. Forest types in Cambodia can be roughly divided in evergreen, deciduous, flooded (inundated) forests and mangroves. Evergreen forests can be mainly found in the Cardamom Mountains, the northeastern uplands and the northern provinces of Kampong Thom and Preah Vihear. The deciduous forests are mainly located in the lowland areas of the northern, northeastern and southwestern regions including the provinces of Mondulkiri, Kratie, southern Ratanakiri, Stung Treng , Preah Vihear and Pursat. Flooded (inundated) forests are to be found around the Tonle Sap lake and throughout the Mekong- and Bassac Rivers delta region. Mangroves are located along the coast of Koh Kong province and in Sihanoukville.

The vast majority of Cambodia's rural population lives in absolute poverty and heavily depends on natural resources (mainly forestry and fishery) for their livelihood. Increasing pressure on land,-water,- and forest resources, in the form of extensive logging and fishing operations, jeopardize rural subsistence in many areas. The World Bank estimated in 1999 that deforestation rates between 1993 and 1997 ranged somewhere between 55.000 to 190.000 ha per year4. Henderson5 quotes estimates for the rate of deforestation for the same time period as 700.000 ha. No forest cover update since 1997 has been produced so far, which makes it difficult to estimate deforestation rates since 1997. Illegal fishing, land grabbing and extensive logging operations (by concessionaires and illegal wood cutters) lead to increasing environmental problems and an increasing rate of poverty in rural areas.

One of Cambodia's top priority goals is poverty reduction, which shall be achieved through development objectives like sustainable management and use of natural resources and the environment, sustainable economic growth, social and cultural development and good governance.6 ,7 According to the baseline assessment on Natural Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia of CDRI8, "Community Forestry has received considerable attention as a

1 Second Five Year Socioeconomic Development Plan, 2001-2005, 2nd Draft, March 2001 2 MoP 1999b, pp. xi-xiii; MoP 2000b, p. 18 3 Area of Forest by Type and Change, 1992/93 – 96/97, DFW, Forest Management Office, FCMP MRC/GTZ, 1997, p.5 4 CDRI Working Paper 23; Natural Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia; 7/2002, p. 75 5 Henderson, Doug: The Forest Sector in Cambodia-crisis and opportunity-; 4/1999; p.3 6 Second Five Year Socioeconomic Development Plan, 2001-2005, 2nd Draft, March 2001; xxi 7 RGC: Statement of the Royal Government on Forest Policy, Final Draft 5.7.02, unofficial English Translation 8 CDRI Working Paper 23; Natural Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia; 7/2002, p. 86

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1 Introduction

10 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 potential alternative (or complement) to forest concession management. Community Forestry is broadly an effort to support and empower communities to continue their traditional uses of forest resources and encourage sustainable practices"(…). Among the donors in Cambodia, Community Forestry is increasingly regarded as one viable concept to improve livelihoods of the rural population and prevent further environmental problems by encouraging local communities to actively participate in management decisions on natural resources and the implementation of sustainable forest management practices.

As a clear sign for this increased interest in CF, the multi stakeholder efforts, under the leadership of the Cambodian Government, in connection with drafting the CF Sub- decree in 2001 and early 2002, can be mentioned. A legal basis for CF in Cambodia, which has been missing so far, will be given after passing of the new Forestry Law (later this year) and the mentioned CF Sub-decree (hopefully early next year).

The GTZ-Cambodian German Forestry Project in co-operation with it's partner, the Department of Forestry and Wildlife, conceded during a Project evaluation in August 2001, that Community Forestry, as a relatively new concept to Cambodia, will need communication channels, through which CF strategies can be extended to the rural population. At the same time rural needs will have to be channeled into CF policy making mechanisms in order to adapt the CF concept to the country conditions. GTZ-CGFP therefore, in co-operation with the DFW Forestry Extension Unit should develop a system, which would enable above mentioned communication links. The DFW- Forestry Extension Unit has the task to develop a Forestry Extension Strategy, which will play a vital role in the promotion of CF in Cambodia. Forestry Extension will also play an important role for the tasks of Forest Rehabilitation and Planting Stations (formerly called 'Planting Stations') managed under DFW's Reforestation Office.

As a first step, a 'stocktaking' of presently ongoing CF activities in Cambodia was to be achieved in order to gain more detailed and comprehensive information on presently ongoing CF activities in Cambodia as baseline information for the second step, namely the preparation of a nationwide Forestry Extension Strategy. Although a number of reports, documents, case studies etc. on CF activities are available, it was felt there was a need for a separate survey, because all available information on CF activities were rather scattered, incomplete or did not reflect the demanded information.

The authors hope to provide a substantial and comprehensive contribution towards the subject of Community Forestry practices in Cambodia and to feed more information into the presently ongoing forest policy dialogue.

The assessment of ongoing initiatives in the Community Forestry sector in Cambodia therefore should not be considered a final product, but rather represents a first step on the way to develop a more comprehensive Forestry Extension concept for the country. This report hopefully is of interest for policy- and decision makers within the RGC and the Donor Community influencing decisions on Community Forestry, for practitioners from CF Initiatives, NGO's and other readers interested in matters of CF in Cambodia.

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2 Methodology of survey

2.1 General considerations

Prior to the survey a number of documents were studied in order to obtain a better overview of known existing CF activities all over Cambodia. This initial screening produced an approximate number of 40 - 50 Projects in 15 provinces across the country.1 The study of relevant documents and discussions held with the WWF CBNRM Team revealed, that CF activities in Cambodia not only exist as 'CF Projects' (with support of donors or international organizations), but also as a number of lesser known initiatives with support of local NGO's, monks or individuals. Therefore it was decided to refer to CF activities as CF Initiatives ! CF Initiatives, as they are called throughout this report, include all CF activities, regardless of the supporting agency.

In a next step topics were determined, which were of interest for the survey (see questionnaire in Annex 3):

♦ General information on respective CF – Initiative ♦ Geographical features and Forest Development Goals of CF- Initiative (see explanations in this chapter) ♦ Socio-Economic features (especially number of affected population) ♦ Forestry Extension demands of villages ♦ Extension services provided by Initiatives (no sufficient data could be obtained, pls. also refer to chapter 2.3, weaknesses of this study) ♦ Areas of conflicts ♦ Institutional arrangements/ co-operating partners

Then draft questionnaires were developed in English and Khmer, which were to be used during the field assessment. These draft questionnaires were discussed with the WWF - CBNRM Team and refined. A field testing of these questionnaires were carried out in Takeo and Svay Rieng Provinces in early January 2002. The questions were again slightly modified.

Assumptions

Keeping in mind that the findings of this survey should serve as baseline information for the development of a future Forestry Extension Strategy, different conditions under which CF activities are taking place in Cambodia were discussed. It was concluded that Cambodia is very diverse regarding jurisdiction, land tenure, geographical- and bio- physical as well as socio-economic conditions. This diversity leads to very specific field

1 Libraries of DFW –CFU and CONCERN Worldwide WWF Scoping Report, Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Cambodia; Kalyan & Carson, 12/2000 Henderson, Doug: Field Level CF Initiatives in Cambodia by Province (update February 2/2002 )

12 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 situations and conditions, which cannot be addressed properly in a single countrywide Forestry Extension approach. A Forestry Extension Strategy rather has to properly respond to different single field situations, which are unique because of the combination and appearance of certain pre- conditions (like land tenure, jurisdiction, geographical conditions etc.)

In the DFW 'National Community Forestry Strategic Plan' (2000) strategies and objectives for Community Forestry intervention are presented. First ideas had been developed in the Strategic Plan with the attempt to classify Cambodia's forests. The chapter called 'Forest Types and Forest Management Issues' 1 describes different prevailing forest conditions and some management options regarding CF. Based upon these earlier reflections, the authors developed a simplified new model, in which emphasis was laid on geographical differences in connection with forest conditions and population density in Cambodia. These significantly different areas are called Forestry Extension Categories.

In addition the authors developed the expression Forest Development Goal as a model and assumption in order to define the Forestry Extension Categories for the purpose of developing a Forestry Extension Strategy as a future step. A Forest Development Goal is a management regime and is rooted in the assumption, that an area of similar conditions, with regard to the state of the Forest resource, will be managed with the major goal to improve it's condition. A degraded forest thus would be managed with the goal to rehabilitate it, a well stocked forest would be treated with the goal of sustainable forest management etc. (Table 1). It is important to note, that these Forest Development Goals are not limited to Community Forestry activities, but describe a general management regime, which could also be achieved through private forestry or concession management for example.

This attempt clearly meant a generalization of real field situations, but is a first step to create ' Forest Extension Categories ' for which forestry extension concepts will have to be developed at a later stage.

As a consequence, four significantly different areas (Forestry Extension Categories) were defined for Cambodia and a major 'Forest Development Goal' attached. ( considering the general forest condition ) :

Table 1 on the following page provides details.

Information on the methodology of GIS based computation for these Extension Categories will be given in Chapter 2.3.

1 DFW: National Community Forestry Strategic Plan; chapters 3.3 & 3.4 , pages 12,13 ; 6/2000

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Extension Characteristics Forest Development Goal Category No. 1 Areas of high population but little or Farm Forestry- emphasis on no forest resources agriculture rather than forestry; rather individually Agricultural Land managed than as a commune; Agro-Forestry 2 Areas of low population and heavily Forest Rehabilitation degraded forest resources (reforestation, promotion of natural regeneration, enrichment plantation ) 3 Areas of low population and forest Forest Management resources, which range from slightly (with a focus on in principal degraded to undisturbed mature forests including thinning and harvesting operations) 4 Areas of low population in flooded Forestry and Fishery forested areas (inundated forests) or mangroves

Table 1: Possible Extension Categories for Cambodia

In order to determine 'low' and 'high' population density in Cambodia, a table of the National Institute of Statistics 19991 ( Annex 4) was used. According to the statistics, average population density in Cambodia in 1998 was 64,2 people per Km2 (lowest in Mondulkiri with 2.3 per Km2 people, highest in Phnom Penh with 3.448 people per Km2). For the purpose of this study it was assumed that provinces with a population density lower than 60 inhabitants per Km2 are considered as provinces with 'low' population. These provinces include: K. Thom, Kampot, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondulkiri, Preah Vihear, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Stung Treng, Oddar Meanchey and Pailin.

In the course of the survey the assumptions made in Table 1 should be verified.

1 Ministry of Planning (MoP)/National Institute of Statistics (NiS), 1999, General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Final Census Results

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2.2 Selection of field sites to be visited

For an initial selection of field sites to be visited, following 3 major criteria were used:

♦ Duration of Initiatives to be visited: Initiative should have been established preferably at least 2 years prior to the survey in order to benefit from a wider range of experiences and lessons learnt so far.

♦ Initiatives to be visited should be evenly distributed all over Cambodia in order to obtain representative data from various regions in Cambodia with differing geographical and bio-physical features.

♦ Major focus of Initiative should be 'Community Forestry' .

The survey team defined 'Community Forestry' for the purpose of this survey as 'communal based activity in a given area, which uses social elements for the management of the forest resource (including mangrove forests)'.

For the field surveys a 4-member team from the DFW-FEU was formed and split into 2 smaller sub-teams. Each sub-team was to visit a number of field initiatives in various provinces. In additon WWF offered to use their CBNRM team in order to conduct the survey in the Provinces of Mondulkiri and Ratanakiri, because the CBNRM Team is considerably involved in these 2 provinces anyway and is also interested in a number of questions related to this questionnaire.

A total of 27 CF Initiatives were visited operating in altogether 15 Provinces (Annex 1). Following Provinces were included in this survey: Takeo, Svay Rieng, Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Ratanakiri, Kampong Thom, Koh Kong, Sihanoukville, Siem Reap, Kratie, Bantey Manchey, Mondulkiri and Kampot.

An additional amount of 30 more Initiatives were identified (Annex 2), but not visited by our survey teams. Major reasons were constraints in time, but more importantly because they did not match the criterion of being established at least 2 years ago. Information on these 30 Initiatives were mainly obtained from CDRI in connection with their publication of Working Paper No. 231 and from the earlier mentioned libraries of Concern Worldwide and DFW-CFU. In total this survey includes all presently existing 57 Initiatives, but with a differing degree of information. The biggest amount of comprehensive information exists for the visited 27 Initiatives, whereas information on the remaining 30 non-visited Initiatives is limited. DFW-FEU and WWF CBNRM teams were trained on the questionnaire (Annex 3) to be used and field work commenced on February 1, 2002. The survey was finished on April 12, 2002.

The interviews were conducted with the field representatives/field managers of the concerned CF Initiatives, because it was assumed that these field representatives would have the highest degree of in-depth knowledge on the topics the survey team was

1 CDRI Working Paper 23; Natural Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia; 7/2002

15 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 interested in. These field representatives are genarally involved with field activities on a day-to-day basis.

2 Interviews with the respective managers were held in Phnom Penh offices (with AFSC for their Koh Kong field site and with CFRP for their Kampot and Kratie field sites). Interviews could not be conducted with the villagers themselves (due to time constraints and the involved travel time to each CF site). However, most interviews were followed by complementary visits to CF sites, where villagers were present at times. Discussions were then also held with these villagers and information obtained for the questionnaires could be added or re-evaluated.

The survey was conducted as semi-structured interview, where information was obtained through a free flowing discussion by guiding questions (Annex 3). Each interview lasted approximately one hour.

2.3 GIS generated Information

The production of the 2 maps and related calculations of areas used in this report were achieved with the help and in co-ordination with DED personnel1 of the DFW GIS-Unit. Basis for area calculations and related population figures are the results from 3 different data sets:

1. Interpretation of 1997 satellite images (Forest – and Vegetation cover types) 2 2. Village data set from the Gazetteer of Department of Geography3 3. The 1998 population census data4

2.3.1 Determination of Extension Categories and Locations of CF Initiatives

The described 4 Extension Categories in this report, as they are mentioned in Table 1, are based on the Forest – and Vegetation cover types described in the interpretation key of 1997 satellite data (see footnote 2). Following Table 2 provides the overview of forest – and vegetation classes used for the determination of the different Extension Categories:

1 Mr. Ignas Dümmer, DED, German Development Service 2 Forest Cover Monitoring Project MRC/GTZ, Technical Notes 2, Interpretation and Delineation of Satellite Imagery, H.J. Stibig, June/1997; page 19 3 Gazetteer of Department of Geography; Village Data; 2002 4 Ministry of Planning (MoP)/National Institute of Statistics (NiS), 1999, General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Final Census Results

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Extension Category Code 1. Farm forestry Agricultural land 91

2. Heavily Degraded Forest Continuous forest cover Forest plantation 54 Forest regrowth 40 Mosaic of forest cover Evergreen 13 Mixed 19 Deciduous 22 Non-forest Wood-and shrubland Evergreen type 61 Dry type 64

3. Slightly Degraded- Dense (undisturbed) Forest

Continuous forest cover Evergreen cover density: high 11 cover density: medium low 12 Mixed, evergreen and deciduous cover density: high 17 cover density: medium low 18 Deciduous 20

4. Mangroves/inundated Forest Continuous forest cover Inundated forest 52 Mangrove forest 53 Forest regrowth, inundated 41 Mosaic of forest cover Inundated 56 Non-forest Wood-and shrubland Inundated 65 Table 2: Community Forestry Extension Categories (based on forest and vegetation cover types 1997)

The official 1997 figure for Cambodia's Forest Cover is 58% or 10.6 Mio hectares. For the purpose of this study however, the in Table 2 mentioned Non-forest types were included, because they present additional potential areas suitable for Community Forestry. Therefore an additional amount of 2.1 Mio hectares has been classified as 'forest' suitable for CF, and then totals 12.7 Mio hectares, representing 70% of Cambodia's land coverage (see chapter 5.2 for more details).

The 4 Forestry Extension Categories also include Agricultural Land as a potential area for Farm Forestry. This category accounts for additional 3.9 Mio hectares so that a total

17 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 of 16.6 Mio hectares is covered in the 4 Forestry Extension categories. This figure in theory represents suitable areas for CF, but only in a physical sense, because settlements, population density or existing concession rights have not been considered so far !

Table 3 provides figures for hectares per Extension Category:

Extension Category Hectares 1. Agricultural Land 3.9 Mio ha 2. Heavily Degraded Forest 2.8 Mio ha 3. Slightly Degraded- undisturbed Forest 9.1 Mio ha 4. Mangroves/inundated Forest 0.8 Mio ha Total 16.6 Mio ha Table 3: Hectares of 4 Forest Extension Categories

The results of these GIS based computations are displayed in Map 1. The exact locations of visited 27 CF Initiatives, which are also displayed in Map 1, were determined by using the commune code of the Department of Geography's Gazetteer of 1998 population census data, which includes GPS locations for each settlement in Cambodia. The exact locations of the 30 non-visited CF Initiatives could not be determined, because it is not known in which districts or communes these Initiatives are active. Therefore these locations are displayed only with a province accuracy.

2.3.2 Determination of 10 km buffer zones

Based upon the figures provided in previous chapter 2.3.1, calculation of areas suitable for CF were achieved by using the criterion of a 10 Km walking distance from settlements (for details pls. refer to Chapter 5.2). This was done for each Extension Category and is based on the data set for 1998 population census data (for 13.716 villages)1 and information on settlements from the Gazetteer of the Department of Geography (containing GPS codes for 13.219 villages). The difference in the amounts of villages in both data sets means that data on settlements and their population is missing for more than 500 villages for the time being. In addition settlements have changed names and/or locations, in some cases villages are not known by their GPS code, in other cases information on population for certain villages are not available. This problem concerning inconsistencies in data sets will be solved later this year when CMAC will hopefully publish it's latest data set on settlements in Cambodia. It is believed, that this data set contains the most up-to-date and correct information on settlements in Cambodia. These shortcomings lead to inconsistencies when computing population in buffer zones as done for Chapter 5.2.. GIS data in this report therefore only considers 10.7 Mio inhabitants for Cambodia instead of the official figure of 11.4 Mio people. In consequence provided figures on hectares and population in buffer zones in Chapter 5.2 are slightly erroneous, they however provide a clear trend.

1 Ministry of Planning (MoP)/National Institute of Statistics (NiS), 1999, General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Final Census Results

18 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

2.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the study

Strengths • The study does not only provide quantitative information on locations, hectares or number of people involved, but provides a valuable amount of qualitative information on a number of issues (for example extension demands and conflicts) • Developed questionnaires for this survey were not just sent to Initiatives, but were discussed with our survey team on –site with representatives or field managers from initiatives, who directly deal with the concerned villagers. In addition to the advantage to obtain first hand information, the survey also served as awareness raising on certain topics regarding CF and Forestry Extension. • The selection of visited initiatives and sites all over Cambodia provides a representative overview of CF reality in Cambodia

Weaknesses • The assessed information was mainly obtained from field representatives and reflect their views. It is possible and natural, that villagers may have differing views on certain aspects, especially demand topics. Due to time constraints and the huge number of initiatives, it was not possible to also question involved villagers during this survey. • The survey provides a very good overview of CF activities in Cambodia, but naturally tends to generalize. It has to be clearly understood, that a given situation in one CF site of a specific initiative in one province may differ very much from a neighbouring site in the same province. Therefore conclusions on certain aspects have to be double checked in more extensive surveys in the future (for example in connection with best practices studies). This is especially important in order to meet extension demands more properly. • Quantitative figures provided for hectares or affected population may include errors, since figures for hectares presently are in general not based on scientific surveys but reflect estimates by the interviewees. Some responses also rather state future targets than present reality. It is impossible to say to which percentage errors may occur, but we assume that given figures are rather over- than underestimated. In future however (especially after passing of the CF Sub-decree), CF Agreements will have to include scientifically correct surveys, and will therefore then provide more reliable data. • Qualitative data (e.g. demand assessment and training needs, occurring conflicts, jurisdiction, co-operating partners etc.) could only be assessed for 27 initiatives. Although conclusions from these can be easily drawn for the remaining 30 initiatives, which could not be visited by our survey team, information on a number of issues remains limited. • Even though both survey teams (DFW-FEU team and WWF CBNRM team) were trained on the questionnaire prior to the survey, interpretation of questions to be asked (or lack of understanding on behalf of the interviewees) did not always produce consistent results. The interpretation of technical terms like 'Farm Forestry' or 'Management of Natural Forest' led to confusions. 'Farm Forestry' is an expression hardly known and was not properly explained, and therefore may not have been given adequate importance by interviewees. 'Forest Management' was intended to be used as development goal for areas of in principal mature forests. Interviewees related to this term rather as an overall expression for all kinds of

19 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

forestry related activities (ranging from plantation maintenance up to thinning or harvesting operations). Therefore the term 'Forest Management' has been mentioned as a goal in nearly every CF Initiative. Technical terms in future have to be better defined and more sufficiently explained to interviewees. • Although each visited Initiative was asked about any other CF activities in the area, there may exist a number of still unknown CF activities, which are rather pursued by individuals and/or lesser known NGO's. Therefore information on existing CF Initiatives may be incomplete at this stage. • Information on socio-economic features had to be reduced to numbers on affected population. Even though it had been foreseen to obtain more information on ethnic groups, average landholding size or population density, in many cases these figures were not known in detail. In the data analysis therefore only the affected population has been considered. • In Table 1, category No. 4 has been classified as 'areas of low population in flooded forests and mangroves'. During the survey interviewees pointed out, that there also exist areas with high population in flooded forests and mangroves. This would result in splitting category 4 into a (low populated areas) and b (highly populated areas) for future considerations. This report refers to mangroves and flooded forests as one category (without the distinction of high or low population), because no sufficient data is available at this point. A future Forestry Extension Strategy however has to consider this distinction to the highest degree. • Conclusions on the topic of provided 'Extension Services' cannot be drawn sufficiently in the course of this survey. Information on tools & methods used by Initiatives for forestry extension has been obtained, but will require much more in-depth research in future as substantial topic for the development of a future Forestry Extension Strategy. Through this survey it is known that most Initiatives use a group approach as method and use brochures, flipcharts or even videos as extension tools, but important other questions with regard to the analysis of 'Extension Services' remain open. One important reason for this is rooted in the fact that the term Extension Service and all related implications is very new to Cambodia and does need much more extensive discussions and research in this regard. Therefore no findings on this question are presented in this study. Please also refer to Chapter 5.5 (scope for further research). • As mentioned in 2.3.2, GIS related figures on population and settlements are incorrect due to the inconsistencies of existing data sets. However, the given figures for areas and population provide clear trends, even if they are slightly erroneous.

20 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

3 Overview of Community Forestry Initiatives

Chapter 3 provides an overview of major findings on general figures of CF Initiatives in Cambodia and puts them into the context of Cambodia's general forest situation.

Map 1 on following page provides a graphic overview of CF Initiative's locations in relation to the defined 4 Extension Categories (pls. refer to chapter 2, Methodology). Locations of 27 visited CF Initiatives are displayed as blue dots at commune level. Attached to each location is a serial number, which corresponds with more detailed information on this specific site and CF Initiative in the list of Annex 1.

30 CF Initiatives, which were not visited in person by the survey teams, are displayed as a blue tree at provincial level. The numbers attached to these trees also correspond with more details provided in the list of Annex 2. Additionally the 4 defined Extension Categories are displayed in this map. Category 1 (agricultural land) is shown in blue colour1, category 2 (heavily degraded forest) in yellow colour2, category 3 (slightly degraded to dense forest) in green colour3 and category 4 (mangroves/inundated forests) is shown in red colour4.

The map shows that CF Initiatives are scattered more or less all over Cambodia, but with a concentration in certain areas. The biggest congregation of CF sites is to be found in Siem Reap5 followed by Pursat.6 Also a higher amount of CF Initiatives are to be found in the provinces of Battambang, Ratanakiri, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Koh Kong, Kampong Speu and Takeo (pls. refer to Annexes 1 & 2 for further details).

Another important feature of Map 1 is the relation between the location of CF Initiatives and the respective extension category. By far the majority of CF Initiatives are located either in category 1 (agricultural land) or in category 2 (heavily degraded forest). In Siem Reap and Pursat Provinces many communes, in which CF Initiatives are operating, are located in transitional areas between these 2 categories. This observation confirms the trend that Community Forestry mainly is restricted to areas with either no or little forest resources. This fact shall be further elaborated on in Chapters 5.2 (potential areas for CF) and in Chapter 6 (conclusions). Since information on the extension categories is based on 1996/97 Landsat imagery, it is very possible that during the last 4 years many areas, which were categorized as degraded in 1996, have already been converted into agricultural land.

1 Accounting for 3.9 Mio ha or 21% of Cambodia's total land area of 18.2 Mio ha ( DFW GIS-Unit; Forest/Land Cover data based on 1996/97 Landsat TM Imagery, calculated by Ignas Dümmer on 4.9.02 ) 2 Accounting for 2.8 Mio ha or 16% of Cambodia's total land area of 18.2 Mio ha 3 Accounting for 9.1 Mio ha or 50% of Cambodia's total land area of 18.2 Mio ha 4 Accounting for 0.8 Mio ha or 4% of Cambodia's total land area of 18.2 Mio ha 5 Participatory Natural Resource Management in Tonle Sap (FAO/IFAD/SEILA) 6 CF Programme of CONCERN Worldwide

21 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

22 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

3.1 General figures for 57 Community Forestry Initiatives

Following Table 2 provides a general overview of 57 CF Initiatives in Cambodia. As mentioned earlier, 27 Initiatives have been visited by the survey teams in person. For further information please refer to Annexes 1 & 2, which provide more detailed information on each surveyed CF Initiative.

. CF Initiative Details Visited Non - Visited Total No. of CF - Initiatives 27 30 57 CF Sites 131 971 228 ( Community Forests ) Provinces 15 15 2 183 Districts 48 NA* NA Communes 86 NA* NA Participating Villages 272 1324 404 Affected Population 164.5815 250,0926 414.6737 Total Area of forest 59.368,3 Ha8 23,522.64ha9 82.891 ha10 * NA = Information not available

Table 4: General overview for 57 CF Initiatives in Cambodia

The figures provided in above table indicate that presently around 83.000 hectares of forest land are under Community Forestry management in Cambodia (including around 12.000 hectares of mangroves). 20.000 hectares out of these are to be found in the FAO NRM-Project in Siem Reap alone, whereas the others are scattered all over the country (with a concentration in certain provinces as mentioned on the previous page). More than 400.000 people are affected by CF activities so far, but they are mainly concentrated in agricultural areas where the vast majority of Cambodia's population is to be found. The implication of the population distribution in Cambodia and it's consequences for CF Forest Management capacities, will be further discussed in Chapter 5.2 (potential areas for CF). CF activities can be found in 18 Provinces with differing numbers of Initiatives involved, ranging from 1 Initiative in Pailin to 6 Initiatives in Kampong Thom (for more details pls. refer to Annex 13). In order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of CF activities in Cambodia, these figures shall be put into context of Cambodia's general forest situation.

1 Info available from 22 initiatives 2 Located either in visited provinces (12), but also in additional 3 new ones: Pailin, Stung Treng, Preah Vihear 3 Including: Pailin, Stung Treng, Preah Vihear 4 Info available from 19 initiatives 5 Figures for CBNRM, NTFP (Ratanakiri) and CFRP (K.Thom) not available 6 Info available from 23 initiatives 7 This figure in reality is higher since no data was available for altogether 10 initiatives 8 Including 11.800 ha mangroves. Figure for CFRP (K.Thom) not available 9 Info available from 15 initiatives 10 Including 11.800 ha mangroves

23 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

3.2 Summary data for 57 Community Forestry Initiatives and their significance in the context of Cambodia's forest situation

Table 3 provides percentages of CF general data in relation to Cambodia country figures:

Figure for Cambodia Figure for 57 Percentage in relation CF Initiatives to Cambodia country figures Population1 11.437.656 414.673 3.6 % Villages2 12.713 404 3.2 % Forest Cover new* 3 12.697.658 ha 82.891 ha 0.65 % Forest Cover (official)4 10.638.209 ha 82.891 ha 0.78 % Provinces 24 18 75 %

Table 5: Percentages of CF general data in relation to Cambodia country figures

According to Table 5 presently 0.65 % of Cambodia's total forest area is managed as Community Forests ( or 0.78 % if the official forest cover from 1997 is considered).

A total of 3.6 % of Cambodia's population and 3.1 % of it's villages are affected by CF activities.

Even though data regarding population and forest cover are 4 years old, and even though data was not always available for not visited CF Initiatives, the figures on percentages provide a trend. It becomes obvious that on the one hand substantial efforts have been undertaken so far in order to promote CF in Cambodia. On the other hand, considering the population affected so far by CF measures before the background of striking poverty in Cambodia, there remains a vast potential in order to further strengthen people's participation in the management of natural resources. The potentials shall further be elaborated on in Chapters 5.2 (potential areas for CF) and in Chapter 6 (conclusions).

1 Ministry of Planning (MoP)/National Institute of Statistics (NiS), 1999, General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Final Census Results 2 Ministry of Planning (MoP)/National Institute of Statistics (NiS), 1999, General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Final Census Results 3 Area of Forest by Type and Change, 1992/93 – 96/97, DFW, Forest Management Office, FCMP MRC/GTZ, 1997, p.5 * Note: This figure includes 3 landuse categories classified as 'non-wood landuse types', which the authors also regard as potential CF areas . Please also see chapter 2.3.1 (Methodology) for details.

4 Official Forest Cover figure for Cambodia. Source: Area of Forest by Type and Change, 1992/93 – 96/97, DFW, Forest Management Office, FCMP MRC/GTZ, 1997, p.5

24 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4 Findings on selected details

4.1 CF Initiatives and their environment

Table 1 in Chapter 2 (Methodology ) describes the attempt to pre-classify certain regions in Cambodia by using geographical features, forest condition, forest development goals as well as population density criteria in order to define similar regions and conditions under which CF takes place and under which CF Initiatives operate (Map 1).

These regions, called Forestry Extension Categories, have similar features and will later serve as one important criterion for the development of Forestry Extension Strategies for different parts of the country (see explanations in chapter 2.1, Methodology).

4.1.1 Forest abundance and population

The survey confirms, that in fact CF Initiatives operate under the conditions described for 4 different Forestry Extension Categories (Table 1, Methodology) regarding general forest condition in dependency of population distribution. Chart 1 provides an overview of responses given by visited 27 CF Initiatives with regard to their physical environment in percentages. In addition hectares for each defined Extension Category are given (also see Table 3, Methodology). 1

Forest abundance and population in 27 CF initiatives

Category 1 Category 4 (3.9 Mio ha) (0.8 Mio ha) 46% 10%

Category 2 Category 3 (2.8 Mio ha) (9.1 Mio ha) 21% 23%

Highly Populated with little or no forest (CAT1) Low Population; heavily degraded forest (CAT2) Low population; slightly degraded to undisturbed forest (CAT3) Flooded Forest or mangrove (CAT4)

Chart 1: Forest abundance and population density in 27 CF Initiatives in percentages

1 It is presently not possible however to determine how many hectares under CF Management fall into each of the 4 Extension Categories, because information on hectares was collected for each CF Initiative as a whole, but not for each CF site per Initiative. Therefore different CF sites per Initiative can fall into different Extension categories, dependant on the forest condition in these specific CF sites.

25 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

The responses confirm the trend that most initiatives (two thirds of all Initiatives) are located in areas with either no, little or heavily degraded forest resources ( Categories 1 and 2, with 46% and 21% Initiatives located there respectively). Nearly 50% (46% exactly) of visited Initiatives are located in agricultural areas with the highest population density in Cambodia (around 235 people km2 ) . This fact also indicates the pressure on natural resources on the borders between agricultural and surrounding areas (see Map 1 and chapter 6, conclusions).

Nearly one fourth of CF Initiatives (23%) are located in Category 3 (slightly degraded to undisturbed forests). All CF sites in this category have to be classified as 'degraded'. No CF Initiative is operating in 'undisturbed forests'.

10 % of CF Initiatives are to be found in mangrove- or inundated forest areas.

According to the responses (see Annex 8) it can also be concluded, that CF sites of a single Initiative often cannot be grouped into only 1 Category, because location of CF sites are often spread evenly all over the Province with changing forest situation and population pressure. Therefore a single CF Initiative can have different CF sites in up to 3 different categories (this was the case in 8 out of 15 visited Provinces). For example: Whereas one (or more) CF sites may be in an area of high population and no forest, other sites are located in areas of low population density and degraded forests.

In 7 visited provinces CF sites are mainly located in one category: K. Chhnang, K. Speu, Kratie, Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri, Svay Rieng and Takeo (Annex 8).

The conclusion for a future Forestry Extension Strategy is, that detailed planning for Extension Categories with help of GIS data and maps is only possible to a certain extent. It is sufficient to provide a first strategic overview at national level but requires thorough field checks before final conclusions, regarding extension strategies, can be drawn.

Another conclusion regards the definition of Category 4, which represents areas in mangroves and inundated forests with low population. Interviewees suggested a division into 4a and 4b, because in reality areas with mangroves or inundated forests also occur in provinces with high population pressure (like Sihanoukville, parts of Battambang or Siem Reap). This suggestion will be included in future.

26 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4.1.2 Forest Condition and Development Goals

As described in chapter 2.1 (Methodology), based upon the statements in the DFW 'National Community Forestry Strategic Plan', a model was developed by the authors with the effort to simplify Cambodia's forest conditions by creating Forestry Extension Categories. In a first attempt each Extension Category was defined through a Forest Development Goal ( the prevailing management regime for one given area). The assumption prior to the survey was, that a certain Extension Category will clearly reflect a major goal with regard to managing the forest resource (Table 1). In consequence: If an Initiative operates in an area with heavily degraded forests, the major goal would be Forest Rehabilitation. If it operates in forested areas (slightly degraded to undisturbed) the major goal would be Forest Management (focussing on in principal mature forests). Likewise the goal in flooded forest areas or mangroves would be Forestry & Fishery, and in agricultural areas the goal would be Farm Forestry/Agro-Forestry.

Based on the responses of 27 Initiatives in 15 different Provinces following chart can be drawn ( hectares given for each category are based on Table 3, Methodology) :

Forest Development Goals in CF Initiatives

Forestry and Farm Forestry Fishery (Category 1) (Category 4 ) 3.9 Mio ha 0.8 Mio ha 13% 11%

Forest Forest Management Rehabilitation (Category 3) (Category 2) 9.1 Mio ha 2.8 Mio ha 43% 33%

Farm Forestry (CAT1) Forest Rehabilitation (CAT2) Forest Management (CAT3) Forestry and Fishery (CAT4)

Chart 2: Forest development goals in 27 CF Initiatives in percentages

The responses show, that Forest Management is regarded as a major goal in 43% of CF Initiatives , whereas one third of CF Initiatives (33%) regard the rehabilitation of their forest areas as a major goal. Farm Forestry and Forestry & Fishery have been named as goals in 13% and 11% of CF Initiatives respectively.

27 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

The original assumption, that one Forest Development Goal would be named as management regime, did not hold true in more than 50% of CF Initiatives. It turned out, that only in 12 Initiatives (44%) choices for one forest development goal alone could be made, because of a consistent natural environment in their Project areas.

In 12 other Initiatives (44%) 2 Forest Development Goals and in 3 Initiatives (12%) even 3 Forest Development Goals are pursued at the same time (Annex 9a ). The reason is, that interviewees felt, that in their project area often more than one environmental situation prevails. For example: Whereas one (or more) CF sites may be in an area without forest, and forest rehabilitation is the major goal, other sites are located in areas with forests of older age where Forest Management is given as goal. Annex 9b provides a provincial overview of responses. In Kampong Thom and Pursat all 4 Forest Development Goals have been mentioned by CF Initiatives, in other Provinces on average 2 goals have been named (Annex 9a).

In areas where more than one Forest Development Goal has been named, the combination of these goals are clearly dependant on the site conditions of the Initiative: In areas of flooded forests/mangroves Initiatives in general the combination 'Forest Management' and 'Forestry & Fishery' was chosen as major goals. In other areas it is a combination of 'Forest Management' and 'Rehabilitation' or 'Forest Management' and 'Farm Forestry'. Nearly all goal combinations occurred throughout the survey, but the combination Forest Management and Forest Rehabilitation showed the highest frequency (mentioned in 6 Initiatives).

The responses indicate, that there have been misunderstandings about the term 'Forest Management'. This expression was originally meant for areas which are forested and contain mature trees , which can be thinned and harvested. This situation however hardly exists in present CF Initiatives. Therefore the expression Forest Management has been used in a wider sense by interviewees in the course of this survey. Also the survey team may not always have properly explained these development goals.

The responses also show, that from a national perspective certain forest areas in Cambodia can be easily associated with a certain development goal (for example when using a strategic GIS map like Map 1). At field level however, there exists a much higher degree of diversity of situations than originally anticipated. These facts have to be kept in mind when developing a Forestry Extension Strategy at a later stage. Then it will have to be re-considered to which extent the planned 'Extension Categories' and 'Forest Development Goals' (Map 1) have to be refined and adjusted to the situation 'on the ground'.

The findings in Chart 2 strongly correlate with the demanded topics for extension. As one can see at a later stage (chapter 4.2) Forest Management, which was mentioned as one major goal in 43% of surveyed initiatives, also accounts for a large demand under the topics for training and extension.

28 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4.1.3 Summary of findings on environmental conditions

When combining all presently existing information on some key factors regarding the physical environment under which CF Initiatives operate as discussed in this chapter, following overview can be drawn:

Category Forest abundance % Forest Development Goal % and population 1 Areas of high population but 46 Farm Forestry 13 little or no forest resources 2 Areas of low population and 21 Forest Rehabilitation 33 degraded forest resources 3 Areas of low population and 23 Forest Management 43 forest resources ranging from slightly degraded to undisturbed (dense) 4 Areas of low population in 10 Forestry and Fishery 11 flooded forested areas (inundated forests) or mangroves Table 6: Responses of 27 Initiatives regarding forest abundance, population density and their goals for forest development

Findings in Table 6 lead to following additional conclusions:

• The goal of forest rehabilitation has only been expressed in 33% of the Initiatives, but 2/3 of all Initiatives are located in areas of either no or degraded forests ! • Even though nearly half of all Initiatives operate in areas of high population pressure, in a pre-dominantly agricultural environment with hardly any forest resources, only 13% of these initiatives regard Farm Forestry as major goal for their work ! • A very consistent result is expressed in category 4 (flooded forests/mangroves). 10% of CF Initiatives can be found in this category, and all these Initiatives have named Forestry & Fishery as major Forest Development Goal, confirming the pre- survey assumptions.

Some of above mentioned inconsistencies are most probably related to a misunderstanding of certain terms, like Farm Forestry. Farm Forestry also is a relatively new concept for Cambodia as part of a Community Forestry approach. The same reason may be true for the term 'Forest Rehabilitation'. At this point it is not possible to draw the conclusion that the survey teams did not properly explain these expressions or if these expressions pose a different meaning in the view of the interviewees (already prior to this survey). "Another very important reason may be, that the actual on-the-ground situation shows a higher degree of diversity of situations than originally anticipated".1 These questions can only be dealt with in future, and more in-depth research in connection with the development of Forestry Extension Strategy is certainly needed.

1 Explanation provided by Toby Carson (WWF) In a personal feedback discussion on October 4th, 2002

29 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4.2 Forestry Extension Demands

One of the main purposes of this survey was the assessment of forestry extension needs and demands (Forestry Extension Topics) prevailing at field level as a first step on the way towards the development of a Forestry Extension Strategy for Cambodia.

The following Chart 3 provides a list of 35 mentioned topics, for which Initiatives expressed a high demand of extension necessity (for more details pls. refer to Annex 11). Also displayed here is the frequency for each topic (how many initiatives mentioned one specific topic during the survey).

Extension Demand By Topics

0 CF regulations of stakeholders Seed production Conflict resolution Nursery techniques Nursery Forest inventory, GIS inventory, Forest Extension techniques Forest Fire protection Fire Forest Wildlife Management pterocarpus seedlings pterocarpus 'Advantage of a forest' bridization, propagation bridization, harvesting, maintaining harvesting, Tree planting techniques Tree ilviculture, fire protection) fire ilviculture, Agro-Forestry techniques Agro-Forestry Organizing CF committees Organizing Mapping,Land demarcation Management of mangroves Pumping well, infrastructure Fodder tree and grass planting and grass tree Fodder Human resource development Human resource Natural Resource Management Resource Natural Networking and communication Networking More Knowledge on PLUP, PRA More Training on rights on rights Training CF Management Plan preparation and protection of natural resources of natural and protection Leadership and management skills Awareness raising on fishing method raising Awareness Land use management and planning Share experiences with other projects with other experiences Share Fruit tree grafting, hy grafting, tree Fruit Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) forest use rights, Legal matters (land Awareness raising on environment protection on environment raising Awareness Production of natural Di of natural Production Knowledge on Forestry Law and CF Subdecree Knowledge on Forestry Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture, aquaculture, technique , animal raising, Agriculture Technical manual on planting, Fund, rural credit, health care, health care, credit, Fund, rural Forest Management techniques (s Forest Sustainable management Chart 3: Extension topics in 27 CF Initiatives and Frequency of mentioning

30 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

According to this Chart the highest demands prevail for more knowledge on ' leadership and management skills ' (mentioned in 11 initiatives), knowledge on 'CF Concepts' (mentioned in 9 initiatives), a technical Manual on planting (8 initiatives) and legal matters (mentioned in 7 initiatives).

Due to the high amount and diversity of mentioned extension topics, the authors decided to cluster and categorize these needs (see Annex 12 ). According to the authors, 3 major fields of extension demands and topics emerged, which can also be used in connection with the development of a future Forestry Extension Concept:

1. Forest Technical Topics1

2. Topics dealing with networking, organizational matters2 or supporting measures3

3. Legal matters and CF concepts4

The Technical Topics mentioned under 1 above, need further subdivision, because they concern three very different technical areas. Therefore 3 technical sub categories have been determined: a) Forest Rehabilitation Techniques b) Inventory and Planning c) Natural Resource Management (NRM) Concepts

For further analysis the mentioned 3 categories and sub-categories have been given a code, which is displayed and explained in Table 7.

Table 7 provides an overview of extension topics by Provinces. The different columns reflect the different extension topics as they were mentioned in 27 visited CF Initiatives.

1 Forest technical topics including forest rehabilitation techniques, inventory & planning, silvicultural as well as technical Natural Resource Management techniques 2 'Organizational measures' are in general expressed training needs, which would enable participants to better function within their organization and in co-operation with the environment outside the organization ( like: Leadership and management skills, conflict resolution, project proposal writing etc.) 3 'Supporting measures' include all topics, which are neither of forest technical nor of legal nature, but express the desire for support in areas outside forestry. Topics like rural credits, road construction, agricultural techniques, construction of pumping wells etc. were grouped into this category. 4 Especially the implications of Landlaw, Forestry Law and CF sub-decree were mentioned. Another expressed demand concerns the need for more knowledge with regard to the ideas and concepts of Community Forestry

31 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

The expressed extension topics are represented through the major clustered categories as explained on previous page (also see Annex 12 ). The last column provides the number of Initiatives working in this respective Province, in order to search for a correlation between the number of demanded topics and the number of Initiatives working there.

No. of visited CF Initiatives working ProvinceName L Ta Tb Tc NOS Grand Total in this Province BANTEAY MEANCHEY 1 1 3 5 1 BATTAMBANG 2 2 4 3 11 1 KAMPONG CHHNANG 1 1 2 2 1 7 1 KAMPONG SPEU 2 4 2 1 2 11 4 KAMPONG THOM 3 1 1 3 2 10 3 KAMPOT 4 2 6 1 KOH KONG 3 1 4 6 14 2 KRATIE 4 2 6 1 MONDUL KIRI 2 1 1 1 5 1 PURSAT 1 2 1 2 3 9 4 RATANAK KIRI 1 3 2 6 2 SIEMREAP 3 3 4 3 2 15 3 SIHANOUKVILLE 2 1 1 2 6 1 SVAY RIENG 2 1 3 1 TAKEO 2 2 4 1 Grand Total 27 21 16 27 27 118 27 Abbreviations: L= Legal topics T = Technical ; Ta = technical (rehabilitation techniques), Tb= technical (Inventory & Planning), Tc= technical (NRM concepts) NOS = Networking/Organizational matters/ Supporting measures

Table 7: Extension topics by Province

As a general tendency it can be noted, that there is a correlation between number of Initiatives per Province and the amount of extension topics expressed in this survey. In principle the more Initiatives are working in a Province, the more topics for extension have been suggested. One extreme example is represented through the Province of Battambang, where 11 different extension topics have been mentioned by only 1 Initiative. The other extreme is represented through Pursat where 4 Initiatives 'only' mentioned altogether 9 topics. There may be a number of explanations involved, which can only be verified in later more in-depth studies in connection with a Forestry Extension concept. At this point it would be mere speculation to suggest why some Provinces have a higher demand for extension topics than others. According to the frequency of these responses, the highest demands in total for a variety of topics exist in: Battambang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Koh Kong and Siem Reap. This may have to do with the number of initiatives working there, but also may

32 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 depend on the supporting agencies behind these Initiatives (like FAO, GTZ or IDRC), with an increased exposure towards awareness and trainings at central level.

The highest need for forest technical matters are to be found in Siem Reap followed by Kampong Speu, Battambang and Kampong Chhnang. The highest demand for legal matters exist likewise in Kratie and Kampot. The highest demand for organizational and supporting measures exist in Koh Kong. Extension Demands for the visited 15 Provinces Tb L 14% 23%

Techical 54% Ta Tc 18% 23%

NOS 22%

NOS L Ta Tb Tc

Following Chart 4 gives an overview in percentages. It is important to notice that more than 50% of extension topics are of technical nature, followed by a demand for legal matters (23%) and other (organizational and support measures) with 22%.

Abbreviations: L= Legal topics T = Technical ; Ta = technical (rehabilitation techniques), Tb= technical (Inventory & Planning), Tc= technical (NRM concepts) NOS = Networking/Organizational matters/ Supporting measures

Chart 4: Percentages of Extension Demands according to main categories

These findings basically supplement earlier findings of the WWF-CBNRM team during their case study writing training in Ratanakiri (held in November 2001) with regard to participant's needs and WWF's future concepts1.

The major difference found in present survey however is the fact, that CF Initiatives in Cambodia are in obvious need for more support in technical matters (which account for more than 50% of their extension needs). There was no ranking included in this survey regarding the importance of topics. However, a high amount of interviewees expressed the need for clarification of legal matters (land use rights and implications of the new Forestry Law and CF sub-decree).

1 CBNRM Presentation: Lessons Learned from the Field, Toby Carson 11/2001

33 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

In addition there exists a strong demand for more knowledge on the CF Concept in general !

Summarizing findings on Forestry Extension demands one can conclude:

• There is a very high demand for training and extension topics in CF Initiatives

• Just over 50% of the extension needs are of technical nature , nearly 25% are of legal nature and 25% concern administrative, organizational and support measures (see explanatory footnote on page….)

• Provinces differ considerably in their extension needs. The highest need for technical matters are to be found in Siem Reap followed by Kampong Speu, Battambang and Kampong Chhnang. The highest demand for legal matters exist likewise in Kratie and Kampot. The highest demand for organizational and supporting measures exist in Koh Kong.

• The division of Demands into 3 major categories are tentative for the time being and mainly served to gain an overview. A future Forestry Extension Strategy may require the division of demand topics into additional (sub)- categories.

34 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4.3 Conflicts

Conflicts have been reported in 20 out of 27 visited CF Initiatives, accounting for 74%. These conflicts occur in 12 different Provinces. No conflicts were reported in the Provinces of Banthaey Meanchey, Svay Rieng and Takeo. Since no information on conflicts is available for 30 non-visited CF Initiatives, following findings and conclusions are limited. They provide however trends and insights, which have to be studied further in depth in the near future.

Conflicts in Community Forestry Initiatives are in general very similar in nature and can be grouped into 4 different categories (see Annex 13 for a summary of conflicts by Province):

♦ Conflicts among villagers themselves ♦ Conflicts with outsiders ♦ Conflicts over fishing and mangrove issues (initiatives on the coast) ♦ Other conflicts

Typical conflicts for above categories are given below:

1. Conflicts among villagers

Land conflicts with other villages Conflicts over boundary demarcation between villagers and also with outsiders (village land boundaries; CF site boundary) Conflicts amongst villagers on CF policy Conflicts amongst villagers on benefit sharing Conflicts between villagers and supporting NGO over loan issues

2. Conflicts with outsiders

Conflicts with military over land grabbing / encroachment / access to their forests Conflicts with commercial enterprises (sand/laterite digging) Conflicts with agricultural concessions Conflicts with forest concessionaires Conflicts with local land cadastre office Conflicts with local authorities (e.g. with the commune chief or fishery officials) Villagers protect own forest but use neighbour's forest land for collection of firewood and / or timber

3. Conflicts over fishing issues

Conflicts on illegal mangrove cutting (for charcoal) Conflicts over the use of illegal fishing equipment Conflicts over illegal fishing in village controlled areas Conflicts amongst villagers on new fishing techniques

35 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4. Other conflicts

Villagers need a very long time to trust forest authorities Villagers resent a communal approach and rather work on a family basis

Chart 5 provides an overview of percentages for major categories of mentioned conflicts:

Conflicts in CF Initiatives

Conflicts amongst Conflicts with Villagers Outsiders 39% 40%

Conflicts over Other conflicts fishing issues 5% 16%

Chart 5: Percentages of major conflict categories reported in 20 CF Initiatives

Fishery related conflicts account for 16%, whereas conflicts amongst villagers themselves have been named in 39% of CF Initiatives. Conflicts with outsiders account for 40%, and in 5% of Initiatives conflicts were of other nature.

Conflicts mentioned under the category 'other conflicts' have been reported in only 1 CF Initiative, namely GTZ-CGFP in Kampong Speu. Mentioned conflicts here are rooted in a mistrust towards the forest authority, which had police function over a long period of time prior to Initiative activities. Another conflict refers to the unwillingness of families to work together as a commune. This is rooted in the fact that a number of families had been allocated plots on state forest land under MAFF in the early 1980's and have been managed on a family basis since then. These plots are in general regarded as quasi 'private' forest', and therefore no need is felt for CF activities as a group. It is rather felt as a threat if a commune would manage their 'private forest'.

If these conflicts in Kampong Speu have to be regarded as isolated case or simply have not been mentioned in other Initiatives for other reasons or do not pose a conflict, cannot be answered at this stage. This question can only be answered through more in-depth research in connection with the development of a future Forestry Extension Strategy.

36 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Following Chart 6 gives an overview of frequency and nature of mentioned conflicts in 20 different CF Initiatives.

Conflicts in the CF initiatives

Count 3

gers over benefit

sharing charcoal

equipment gers and supporting NGO controlled area

authorities laterite digging) over loan issues Land Conflicts with other villages Conflict over new fishing technique rather work on a family basis commune chief or fishery officials) Conflicts with Forest concessionaire villagers and also outsiders Conflict with local authorities(e.g. Conflicts over the use of illegal fishing Conflicts with agricultural concessions Conflicts with local land cadastre office encroachment/ access to their forest Conflict over illegal fishing in the village Conflicts on illegal mangrove cutting for Conflicts amongst villa Conflicts with military over land grabbing/ Conflicts amongst villagers over CF policy Villagers resent a communal approach and

Conflicts with commercial enterprise(sand/ Villagers need a very long time to trust forest

Conflicts over boundary demarcation between Villages protect own forest but use neighbor's forest land and collection of firewood or timber Conflicts between villa

Chart 6: Nature of conflicts and their frequencies in visited CF Initiatives

Altogether 18 different kinds of conflicts have been mentioned during this survey as displayed in Chart 6. The biggest occurring conflicts mentioned are land grabbing/encroachment by military (mentioned in 8 Initiatives), followed by land conflicts with other villages ( in 7 Initiatives), and conflicts over boundary demarcation within the village and with outside villages or

37 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 unauthorized use of forest products from neighbours (occurring in 5 Initiatives respectively). Conflicts with forest concessionaires have been reported in 3 CF Initiatives and do not play a very dominant role, because the vast majority of visited CF Initiatives is not located near concessions (with the exceptions of NTFP in Ratanakiri, RDP in Kampong Thom and CFRP-KAFDOC in Kratie). Another reason is that some of these Initiatives are in the process of establishing a co-operation with the concerned concessionaire ( for example AFSC/CFRP in Koh Kong or BPS in Preah Vihear1). A number of conflicts mentioned concern CF Initiatives operating in mangrove forest areas (Koh Kong and Sihanoukville). Problems there are related to the use of illegal fishing equipment or illegal cutting of mangroves for charcoal for example.

Conflicts regarding boundary demarcations (within villages but also with neighbouring villages) and land conflicts with other villages are ranking among the highest conflicts according to the findings in this survey. This is a clear indication for the need of a strong co-operation with the Ministry of Land Management and the respective offices in the Provinces. In addition PLUP trainings could help to solve these persisting problems by sensitizing stakeholders for discussions on boundary issues and for conflict resolution mechanisms through participatory mapping exercises.

Strikingly, regarding the number of existing conflicts, the topic of conflict resolution has only been mentioned as an extension demand in one single CF Initiative (Chapter 2.2, chart 3). The authors regard 'Conflict resolution mechanisms' as an important and integral tool for a future Forestry Extension Strategy before the background of above mentioned conflicts in CF Initiatives. The non-mentioning of conflict resolution measures as a demand is probably rooted in the tradition to find solutions for conflicts through help of local and provincial authorities (also see chapter 4.3.1).

The mentioned types of conflicts can only provide an overview and have to be looked at on a case to case level. Boundary demarcation problems are specific problems related to specific cases as are certain problems among villagers on certain topics (eg benefit sharing). Land conflicts in general and with the armed forces in particular however are one of the most striking conflicts countrywide and stress the immediate need for clarification on legal issues in connection with the Land Law and land dispute resolving mechanisms provided at provincial levels. Chapter 2.2 (Extension Demands) already identified, that 25% of CF Initiative's demands are related to more knowledge on legal issues. The conflicts mentioned in this chapter confirm this need. It is suggested to start as soon as possible on the preparation of suitable extension material and trainings on issues related with legal matters.

1 BPS in Preah Vihear was not visited in the course of this survey, but reported about the progress on co- operation efforts with a Thai concessionaire on the CF Network Meeting in Siem Reap on Sept. 11th, 2002

38 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

4.3.1 Conflict resolution measures

Generally speaking CF Initiatives report 2 ways of conflict resolution measures:

Through internal mediation and discussions among themselves Through local and provincial authorities

Conflicts of internal nature (within the village) or with an outside village are first tried to be solved through discussions and mediation among the villagers or villages. Several Initiatives stressed the need for a 'peaceful' resolution of occurring conflicts, which indicates a strong commitment to democratic values ( mentioned in Koh Kong, Kampong Chhnang). Besides discussions, sometimes trainings are used, which are organized by the supporting CF Initiative agency in order to create understanding and trying to solve conflicts (see Annex 13 for more details).

For problems, which cannot be solved, villagers generally seek the help of local and provincial authorities as conflict resolution steps (Annex 13 provides provincial details).

A WWF study, dealing with 4 communities in Mondulkiri, also confirms this general trend.1 Problems are usually discussed with authorities following the hierarchy in the Provinces, namely with involvement of village chief, then commune and district authorities and if necessary, the matter is taken up to the governor level.

At this stage no more concrete conclusions, with regard to conflict resolution measures, can be drawn in connection with the findings of this survey.

In the eyes of the authors, there seems to be clear need for conflict resolution measures, which have to be integral part of a Forestry Extension Strategy. These measures should include techniques for internal mediation since conflicts amongst villagers themselves can also pose serious obstacles for resolution of conflicts !

In addition more knowledge on legal issues regarding the Land- and Forestry Laws and CF Sub-decree will create a bigger understanding among stakeholders in order to find suitable solutions for existing conflicts and to avoid future ones. Also the mentioned PLUP trainings could vastly contribute towards solving of disputes.

For land disputes or disputes between a community and forest concessionaires, conflict resolution options can be found in respective legal documents (Land Law, Draft Forestry Law and the Draft CF Sub-decree)

The Draft CF Sub-decree for example dedicates a separate Article to 'conflict resolution' ( Article 33).2 Conflict resolution accordingly is delegated to be solved between the Community Forestry Management Committee and the 'competent' local authority (Article 33, section A). Conflicts between the community members and a forest concessionaire shall be resolved by the Canton Chief or a 'competent local authority' (section D, Article 33). Section E in Article 33 states, that conflicts involving land ownership shall be

1 WWF: Initial Assessment of Community Resource Use in four communities of Mondulkiri Province, Draft Report, 2/2001 2 RGC: Sub-Decree on Community Forestry; unofficial Final Draft; 8.2.02

39 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 resolved by the Cadastral Commission within the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC). The referred to 'Cadastral Commission' is to be found in Article 47 of the Land Law.1 In many Provinces 'Land Dispute Settlement Committees' have been formed already, in which land disputes are tried to be solved without the involvement of courts. The Draft Forestry Law2 does not specifically mention conflict resolution, but states in Article 15, that 'concessionaires must respect community title and ensure access and user rights of local communities residing within or near the forest concession'.

For major conflicts with Forest – and Land concessionaires however, solutions have to be found at the national policy level. The gap between provisions made in the respective laws regarding conflict resolution and their implementation still is big. One reason is lack of political will, another reason is a lack of awareness about rights and responsibilities of members of state and civil society. Especially in rural areas knowledge on these legal matters is very poor as mentioned earlier.

4.4 Jurisdiction

Most visited 27 CF Initiatives operate on state land under MAFF (70%). CF sites on state land exclusively under MoE accounts for 11% and land under jurisdiction of the APSARA authority is to be found at one site in Siem Reap (4% of the total).

Some of the 27 initiatives (15% ) reported a mixed MAFF/MoE jurisdiction. In these cases 2 different situations apply: In most cases locations of CF sites in CF Initiatives are spread over the respective province in such a manner, that some sites are located on land under MAFF jurisdiction, others under MoE. These areas are not connected or co-managed, but are separate land areas. In other cases CF sites are referred to by Initiatives as under 'MAFF-MoE jurisdiction' even though by law (for example Article 3, Draft Forestry Law) jurisdiction is strongly related to a certain area. If located in Protected Areas or National Parks then it falls under jurisdiction of MoE, in forest areas outside, then falling under MAFF. Examples for a reported MAFF-MoE jurisdiction are to be found in Kampong Speu (Mlup Baitong ), Siem Reap ( FAO Initiative), Kampong Thom (GTZ-RDP), Battambang (PFO CF Initiative) and Ratanakiri (NTFP). In order to obtain more clarity on this aspect, the information was discussed with staff of the DFW-CFU, which also collects data , especially at CF site level (whereas this survey only assessed the topic of jurisdiction only at CF Initiative level) .

When comparing the survey results with the data set of the DFW CF-Unit, it turned out, that, a similar percentage of CF sites are categorized as MAFF-MoE jurisdiction. The confusing MAFF-MoE category therefore is a strong hint at an increased co- operation of MAFF and MoE staff at provincial level, where Initiatives do not necessarily feel the need to strictly differentiate between jurisdictions.

1 RGC: Land Law; 9/2001 2 RGC: Draft Forestry Law; 8/2001

40 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Jurisdiction and the duty for co-operation and co-ordination with other government agencies is spelled out in Chapter 2, Article 4 of the Draft CF Sub-Decree. This is already practiced in many CF Initiatives, as above situation shows.

Chart 7 provides the overview:

CF Iinitiative Jurisdiction

MAFF MOE 70% 11%

APSARA MAFF-MOE 4% 15%

Chart 7: Land Tenure/Jurisdiction in 27 visited CF Initiatives

Initiatives did not mention a jurisdiction under 'forest concessions', these areas are clearly regarded as MAFF jurisdiction. In some cases interviewees responded that their CF sites are located on village land. These areas are regarded as communal land or even treated as a kind of private property. In all these cases however, these areas, according to their location, clearly belong to state land under MAFF and are therefore not classified as 'village land' in above chart. This situation bears potential conflicts (as mentioned in chapter 4.3, areas of conflicts, for some areas in Kampong Speu), because people hesitantly plant trees on areas when they don't have legal security on user rights. The quoted Kampong Speu example also revealed, that farmers cut trees, which are not older than 8 years old out of fear, that the forest authorities would not allow harvesting of more mature trees. This is a strong indication for uncertainties about use rights and property rights.

The Forestry Law (in Article 11) clarifies MAFF jurisdiction on different forest areas and differentiates between Permanent Forest Reserve and Private Forest. The Permanent Forest Reserve in particular includes areas designated as Community Forests ('under agreement'). Use rights and property rights are defined in the Forestry Law, the implications however for certain field situations may be far reaching. Potential areas of conflicts include situations where people were settled on forest land 20 years ago and do regard this

41 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

forest area as their own private property. People may also distrust their 'use rights' under a CF agreement (as spelled out in the Draft CF Sub-decree), when it comes to harvesting of mature trees. These processes will need time, mediation and a functioning Forestry Extension approach, which could help to clarify legal matters.

The percentages in Chart 7 also indicate a bigger involvement of Provincial Forest Offices in CF activities than an involvement of Provincial Offices under the Ministry of Environment. This indicates, that presently less CF activities take place on land in protected areas or in National Parks (which are under jurisdiction of MoE) than on land under MAFF jurisdiction. Explanations for this situation may be the fact , that land under MAFF is much bigger, that much less people live in areas under MoE jurisdiction or that these areas are more remote (and therefore less donor funded Projects operate there). Land under MoE jurisdiction furthermore mainly serves as conservation areas. Another reason may be an understaffing of the CF Unit at MoE.

4.5 Co-operating partners

In the course of this survey, in general two different categories of co-operation can be observed:

A co-operation between villagers, a donor-or NGO support agency and the government institution, which has the jurisdiction over the respective area A co-operation between villagers (and their support agency) and a forest concessionaire

The vast majority of visited CF Initiatives falls into the first category (25 Initiatives). A big variety can be found in CF Initiatives regarding co-operation of communities with other organizations, donors, government agencies and NGO's. Details of these partnerships are to be found in Annexes 1 & 2, and in detail under the provincial overview in Annex 13.

For the second category, namely the co-operation between communes (and their supporting agency) and a forest concessionaire, there are presently only 2 examples reported from the visited Initiatives. These are AFSC-CFRP in Koh Kong and CFRP- KAFDOC in Kratie). Information on co-operation between communes and forest concessionaire for non- visited CF Initiatives is limited to BPS in Preah Vihear (see footnote in chapter 4.3). Some efforts of NGO's trying to establish co-operation with concessionaires in Kratie (for example ACR ) have been suspended for the time being according to the CF – Unit of DFW.

This sort of co-operation not only is desirable, but is legally mandatory. The Draft Forestry Law states in Article 15: "Concessionaires must respect community title and

42 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 ensure access and user rights of local communities residing within or near the forest concession". The Sub-decree on Forest Concession Management states in Article 2.6: "Ensure regular consultation with and participation by local communities and other relevant stakeholders…………." A co-operation not only is legally binding, but bears huge potentials for both sides. As mentioned under chapter 4.3 (conflicts) some CF initiatives reported conflicts with concessionaires. In general access to concession areas and/or participation is denied ( a violation of above quoted Article 15 in the Draft Forestry Law and Article 2.6 in the Sub- decree on Forest Concession Management). Efforts for co-operation are ongoing and are also strongly related to the ongoing forest policy discussions on the preparation of Sustainable Forest Management Plans to be prepared by concessionaires. These plans will have to include a strong co-operation with the local population regarding CF activities and will have to be made public to "…..related parties as requested" ( article 5.6; Sub-decree on Forest Concession Management).

A study of the World Food Programme1 in 2001 tried to determine 'problem communes' living within or near concession boundaries, which are directly affected by forest loss, rising poverty and decreasing access to forest products (pls. also refer to chapter 5.2 for details). The study determined 209 communes and 829.000 people, who will be directly affected, if "current rates of loss of forest access continues with no alternative livelihoods for these affected people".

The cited CDRI Report (working paper 23) also proposes future research in this direction realizing the tremendous challenges, implications but also potentials for a co-operation between local villagers and concessionaires.

The idea and need of 'co-management' in the management of natural resources has been described by different authors. Henderson2 states that a "co-management of state forest, community 'concessions'………..establishes a general policy climate favourable to continuing and expanding Community Forestry". Gum3 (in an OXFAM study) describes and recommends the introduction of 'co- management' in the fisheries sector. In his report co-management is regarded as a guiding management principle, because "this is essentially the provision of neutral facilitation and the promotion of dialogue between all stakeholders (government, commercial interests and fishing communes)".

The findings of this study confirms, that co-management of forestry resources in the Community Forestry sector already is reality. The variety of co-operation between communes, NGO's, donors and government has been documented in the related Annexes of this report. Co-management between different government agencies ( in general between MAFF and MoE) has been described in previous chapter 4.4, Jurisdiction.

1 World Food Programme (WFP): Forestry and Food Security- A first attempt at nationwide analysis-; 2001; page 7 2 Henderson, Doug: Community Forestry in Cambodia, May 1998 3 Gum, Wayne (Oxfam): Inland Aquatic Resources and Livelihoods in Cambodia; 11/2000; p. iv

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Henderson1 also proposes the Ministries of Rural Development (MRD) and Women's Affairs and Veterans (MoWAV) as possible partners in CF Projects. This multi stakeholder approach, including above mentioned two ministries at provincial level, has only been reported so far from the Koh Kong based Participatory Management of Mangroves Resources Project (PMMR). The field team in Koh Kong comprises of representatives from the Provincial Departments of Forest, Fishery, Environment, Rural Development and Women's Affairs.

This approach and related good experiences made in Koh Kong, can pose as a model for other Initiatives throughout Cambodia !! This model will have to include the Commune Councils, whose role and mandate will surely increase in the future. Therefore either a member of the Commune Council could be integrated in the field teams, or at a minimum, strong working relationships with Commune Councils have to be established.

A desired co-management between communities and forest concessionaires still is in an infant stage, and more efforts have to be made in this regard in the near future by all stakeholders. A potential opportunity for intensified discussions between concessionaires and communities are seen by the authors in connection with the preparation of Sustainable Forest Management Plans, which are presently being prepared. A review process, including public consultation in connection with the preparation of these plans, is under discussion between DFW and the Donor NRM Working Group.

1 Henderson, Doug: Community Forestry in Cambodia, May 1998

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5 Outlook and future steps

5.1 Development of a Forestry Extension Strategy

A number of recent developments in the Cambodian Forestry Sector lead to the conclusion that without the development of a Forestry Extension concept, momentum gained in Community Forestry efforts will be seriously slowed down, because so far there is no functioning system of extending knowledge between villagers and the government.

Above mentioned recent developments include:

Provisions made in DFW's National Community Forestry Strategic Plan Passing of the Land Law Passing of the Sub-decree on Forest Concession Management Progresses made with passing of the new Forestry Law Preparation of a Draft Community Forestry Sub-decree The recently published Statement of RGC on Forest Policy DFW's application to MAFF in 2001 for upgrading DFW's CF and Forestry Extension Units to Offices DFW's plan to redefine tasks for Forest Rehabilitation and Extension Stations (formerly called 'Planting Stations') Findings in connection with this CF assessment survey

The earliest mentioning of the need for Forestry Extension found by the authors derives from the DFW National Community Forestry Strategic Plan (June 2000). In this document a "Community Forestry Extension Project" was envisioned as a strategy. "CF Extension is a way to communicate or transfer knowledge and appropriate technologies to all relevant institutions involved in the forestry sector including DFW, DAFF, MoE, (International) NGO's and Communities'. Also objectives for CF Extension are given in this document.1

The authors regard Forestry Extension as a system where communication channels between government and rural population is established. This system would enable rural communities to channel demands and needs for government services to the appropriate government entity and at the same time would enable the government to channel information directly to the rural population. Forestry Extension therefore shall be understood as a government service, which is demand driven by the rural population.

As mentioned at various occasions throughout this report, there exists a strong demand for extending knowledge on existing legal documents (Land Law, Forestry Law, CF Sub- decree, Sub-decree on Forest Concession Management and the Government Statement on Forest Policy) to local communities and field practitioners. The recently drafted Statement on Forest Policy by the Cambodian Government now provides the framework and the basis for a sustainable management of forest resources in Cambodia. One of the government's future intentions is the implementation of a National Forest Programme.

1 DFW: National Community Forestry Strategic Plan; June 2000; p. 19

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All these intentions and developments have to be made aware to the public in the nearest future. The Statement on Forest Policy itself calls for "public awareness campaigns" under Article 2, 'Good Governance'.1 An obvious need for a functioning Forestry Extension System derives from this statement. A recently organized Workshop by DFW and JICA (10.9.02) on the development of Forest Management Plans for Rehabilitation and Planting Stations recognized the need to include Forestry Extension strategies in the duties of these stations. Although at this stage improvement of tree planting strategies and the development of Management Plans for these stations are major focus, the need for the involvement of local communities in reforestation activities has been stressed in the published Draft Report2. Therefore Forestry Extension will play a more crucial role in these stations in future.

The application of DFW in 2001 to MAFF to upgrade CF- and Forestry Extension Units to Offices shows an increased recognition for the work of both units. The Forestry Administration Reform, after passing of the new Forestry Law, may include an upgrade of these units to Offices at DFW with an increased workload in the areas of CF and Forestry Extension.

It has been mentioned earlier, that a single extension approach for all of the country is impossible taking into consideration the diversity of geographical features, prevailing forest conditions, demographic features, jurisdiction, local demands and so on. Last not least, after passing of the new Forestry Law a forest administration reform has to be achieved, which bears new challenges and opportunities, especially for setting up a Forestry Extension Service. Therefore a first attempt was made to pre-classify Cambodia into different general 'Extension Categories' (Map1 and Chapter 2, Methodology).

A number of qualitative data was assessed during the survey, but such an undertaking lacks a certain depth in a number of questions. Valuable lessons can be drawn from a variety of initiatives, but it has to be proven if these lessons learnt can also work in other locations of the country. Therefore a number of further case studies/best practices studies with in –depth research on a number of questions should be accomplished as a follow-up. This could and should be strongly linked to CDRI's future research efforts !

In order to prepare future forestry extension concepts, certain approaches have to be tested on a wider scale, but in a limited number of Provinces. Networking and co-operation will be key factors in achieving this goal.

It is proposed to select 2-3 pilot provinces, in which a number of partners (government- non government-donors and if possible, concessionaires) can work together towards the development of a functioning Forestry Extension Concept.

A second step will be to create Regional Extension Centers, for example in connection with the establishment of Forest Inspections under the new Forestry Law.

1 RGC: Statement of the Royal Government on Forest Policy, Final Draft 5.7.02, unofficial English Translation 2 Yoshida, Kengo: Study on Development of Forest Management Plans for Forest Rehabilitation and Extension Stations; Draft Final Report;30.8.02

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These centers should co-ordinate extension services and develop regionally viable concepts. Forestry Extension ideally should be linked to agricultural extension wherever feasible. Mainly land in Category 1 (agricultural areas) will be concerned. Therefore a co- operation with provincial Departments of Agriculture are recommended.

Most importantly: Forestry Extension comes at a high cost. Major ultimate goal will be to develop a financing mechanism for Extension !! This can only be achieved by involvement of big multi-lateral donors, like ADB, WB or EU. As many experiences in the agricultural sector worldwide have shown, it is not possible to create a functioning extension service without safeguarding the financing, at least not in the initial stages or years. The ultimate goal will be, that farmers are in a position to finance provided extension services by themselves (as is happening in some Forest User Groups in Nepal for example). Therefore the development of a Forestry Extension Strategy, as the driving vehicle for Community Forestry, shall be made available to donors (for example through the NRM Donor Working Group), in order to attract future financing.

Summarizing future steps to develop a Forestry Extension Strategy:

• Consensus amongst stakeholders how to develop a future Forestry Extension Strategy

• Selection of pilot provinces in order to develop and test extension packages (tools and methods) on a wider scale with technical support from DFW-FEU, DFW-CFU and GTZ-CGFP in co-operation with government-, non-government institutions and forest concessionaires

• Establishment of Regional Extension Centers ( at Inspection level)

• To develop financing mechanisms for the establishment of Extension Services under guidance from NRM Donor Working Group

5.2 Potential areas for CF

As mentioned in Chapter 3.3, the total presently known area in Cambodia managed as Community Forests (including mangroves) is approximately 83.000 hectares or 0.65 % of Cambodia’s total forest cover ( pls. also refer to explanations in Table 5 with regard to figures of Cambodia's total forest cover).

47 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Discussions about the need to increase the forest areas under the management of local communities have a long history, but up to now activities have remained limited. One major reason for this was the lack of the legal instruments for Community Forestry. With passing of the new Forestry Law, for the first time Cambodia’s civil society will be given the legal means to manage state property as Community Forests. Additionally, the developed CF Subdecree will further specify the provisions made in the Forestry Law.

CF of course is not the sole answer to the management of natural resources, and several options are possible ( for example a mix of CF management, forests managed by MAFF and forests managed by concessionaires). The discussion about the amount of potential areas for CF has not been quantified so far. Henderson for example states in April '991: "The potential for Community Forestry is large although undefined. The World Bank recently suggested that approximately half the area currently allocated to concessions should be withdrawn from concessions, with a large portion presumably shifted to non-industrial forest management including Community Forestry……………". Some believe that most forest areas are eligible for CF Management, others believe that potentials for CF only exist to a limited extent. The CDRI baseline assessment report2 for example quotes a 1999 World Bank report (Cambodia: A vision for Forestry Sector Development, 1999) in which "small forest areas and scattered trees are proposed to be managed by local communities". CDRI further states that "more recently, Community Forestry has received considerable attention as a potential alternative (or complement) to forest concession management………"

Controversial discussions are also led on the questions which kind of forests could be managed by communities.

The government tends to be ready to hand over either barren land or degraded forest land for rehabilitation, but does not believe in management of mature forests by communities. Henderson3 in 1998 remarked: "…….At present, government policies and commitment for community based forest management are mixed—partially favourable, partially opposed—and without clarity………". These discussions are ongoing and represent a process, in which stakeholders will have to balance different views.

The authors would like to contribute to the discussion on potential areas for CF regardless of the state of the forest to be handed over for community management.

The most important criterion for CF is, that there have to be people living in a given area, which could protect and manage their forest. The location of a settlement or village therefore has to be taken into consideration when discussing potential areas. The second pre-condition would be, that the inhabitants of this settlement are able to reach their forest on a day to day basis, in order to successfully protect and manage it. Therefore one can take the walking distance between settlement and forest area as one crucial criterion when discussing potential CF areas in Cambodia.

1 Henderson, Doug: The Forest Sector in Cambodia-Crisis and Opportunity- 4/1999; p. 20 2 Working Paper No. 23, Natural Resources and rural livelihoods in Cambodia, 7/2202, p. 86 3 Henderson, Doug: Community Forestry in Cambodia, May 1998

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One can easily argue about the walking radius, it may range between 5 and 20 Km on average. Some villagers of course walk longer distances to obtain forest products (like for resin tapping), but in general the average walking distance to a forest area is somewhere between 5 and 10 Km, at least according to our experiences during this survey. The World Food Programme, in it's 2001 Forestry and Food Security study1, also used walking buffers in order to determine areas with increasing concern for their food security. WFP identified 'communes of concern for food insecurity' in 'forest dependant areas'. In their methodology areas were identified, which combined 3 levels of criteria: Dependency on forests, physical loss of forests and poverty level (see explanations in quoted study for further reference). The WFP study thus identified communes located within a concession area or within 30 Kms around it. The buffer of '30 Km' was mainly used for 2 reasons: "to compensate for the crudeness of concession boundary maps and anecdotal reports, that villagers often go over 30 kms to the forest in order to collect forest products". The methodology used in the WFP study cannot be used for the purpose of this CF assessment study. This has mainly 2 different reasons: Firstly, when defining potential areas for CF, no jurisdiction, user rights or concession boundaries were included , because in a first step only one criterion, namely a 10 Km walking distance, was used in order to determine potential areas. Jurisdiction, user rights or concession boundaries would have to be considered in a next step. Secondly, a walking distance of 30 Km (as used in the WFP study) does not consider forest protection or management on a day-to-day basis, but only considers collection of forest products.

Very interesting however is to mention the result of the WFP study. Altogether 209 potential communes were identified, which bear high risks of food insecurity in the near future due to rising poverty, physical loss of forest resources and a rising dependency on the forest resource. A total of 829.000 people (7% of Cambodia's population) are thus affected according to the WFP findings.

Under the assumption that a maximum of 10 Km walking distance is the major criterion to determine potential areas for Community Forestry, one can pre-determine these areas with the use of GIS.

Even though some errors may occur due to overlap of walking buffers (because of villages located closely together), the potential areas for CF are enormous in Cambodia.

Not included in this calculation is the competition of villages for the resource, but this problem mainly occurs in densely populated agricultural areas, which were classified as 'Farm Forestry Category' by the authors (78% of Cambodia's population live in this category ). In other more sparsely populated areas, where degraded, forested or inundated forests are to be found, competition for the forest resources seems to be less severe since only the remaining 22% of Cambodia's population is to be found there !

1 World Food Programme (WFP): Forestry and Food Security- A first attempt at nationwide analysis-; 2001

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Map 2 (next page) provides a graphic overview of 10 km buffer zones around known settlements in Cambodia (see chapter 2.2, Methodology for details). The 10 Km buffers, indicating a 10 km average walking distance from village to forest resource, are done for all 4 Extension Categories, including agricultural areas which account to 3.9 Mio hectares and bear huge potentials for Farm Forestry.

However, these agricultural areas have not been considered in following Table 8 when discussing potential CF areas. This table only provides potential area figures for CF in relation to Cambodia's Forest Cover. As already explained in Chapter 2.1.3 (Methodology), for the purpose of this study, figures for Cambodia's Forest Cover have been amended in such a way, that also 3 landuse types, specified as 'non-wood forests' have been included in our calculations, because these areas bear high potentials for CF. Therefore the original amount of 10.6 Mio hectares (or 58% of Cambodia's land area) has been amended to 12.7 Mio hectares of Forest Land ( then representing nearly 70% of Cambodia's land area). This figure will be referred to for the calculation in Table 8.

Table 8 shows the amount of hectares feasible for CF in 10 km buffer zones around villages in Cambodia in 3 Extension Categories, but excluding agricultural land. The reason is that only the amount of potential hectares for CF in relation to the Forest Cover of Cambodia was examined.

All figures are based on 1998 population census data and based on analysis of landsat image data from 1997 (for details of these sources pls. refer to the respective Annexes 5,6 and 7 and references).

Category Hectares Percentage of Population1 Within 10 Cambodia Km buffer Forest cover zones ( from a total of 12.7 Mio ha ) Extension Category 2 2.3 Mio ha 18 % 622.195 people ( heavily degraded forests) (6 % of Cambodia's population ) Extension Category 3 5.5 Mio ha 43 % 299.024 people ( slightly degraded up to (3 % of Cambodia's undisturbed) population ) Extension Category 4 0.6 Mio ha 5 % 144.605 people (mangroves/inundated (1 % of Cambodia's forests) population ) Total 8.4 Mio ha 66 % 1.1 Mio people1 (10 % of Cambodia's population)

Table 8: Figures for 10 Km buffers around settlements in Cambodia in 3 Extension Categories feasible for Community Forestry

1 Please also refer to chapter 2.3.2, Methodology, for explanations on population figures

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According to the figures shown in above table, 66 % or 8.4 Million hectares of Cambodia's forest land could be managed as Community Forests, if the major criterion of a 10 Km walking distance is used and if agricultural land is excluded. If in addition all agricultural areas are included in these equations, the amount of hectares feasible for Community Forestry would substantially increase, namely by 3.9 Mio hectares (with 8.4 Mio people residing there) !

The given hectares are only providing a trend and cannot be taken as final figures of course ( pls. refer to remarks on potential errors in Chapters 2.3.2 and 2.4 under Methodology ). Another source of error is rooted in the fact that the figures are obtained from landsat imagery with a 30 m resolution.

Even with these mentioned possibilities of errors, the shown figures may provide some more substantial scientific feedback into the ongoing forest policy discussions on potential areas for CF. The authors suggest to take above given figures on hectares for potential CF areas as first step to determine priority areas for CF.

It is suggested, that in connection with the establishment of Inspections under the new Forestry Administration, Regional Extension Centers will clearly delineate priority CF areas in the respective region. These areas can then be pre-determined by using GIS data as shown here.

Another very important criterion in this regard is the amount of hectares, which can be sustainably managed by one village. In Nepal for example, the maximum amount considered for possible sustainable management by one person is 1 ha ! A village, consisting of 250 people for example, would be eligible for 250 hectares of CF in this case1. These figures are also taken into consideration for the reason of competition among villages for one resource. The weakness of such a model is, that the state of the forest resource is left out. A possible area of course has to be linked to the potential of the forest itself. It is natural that 1 ha of mature forest bears a different potential than 1 ha plantation.

The question of management capabilities of the rural population especially is of utmost importance due to Cambodia's population distribution. Table 8 on previous page provides an overview of population percentages per Extension Category and underlines the tendency of a very unfortunate population distribution with regard to potentials in management of natural resources by local communities. Walking distances and population distribution are important but of course not the only criteria. Not included in the described model are existing use rights of land- or forest concessions (or areas reserved for the armed forces) and questions of jurisdiction. Walking distance near known settlements therefore can only be the first step towards defining potential areas for Community Forestry. Further steps have to include other above mentioned criteria in order to confirm potential CF areas.

This model has to be understood as one viable option of determining priority areas for Community Forestry !

1 Presentation of Shambu Prasad Dangal in connection with SMRP's CF Seminar on 'CF practices in Nepal', held at DFW on 15.8.02

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5.3 Networking - the roles of CF Working Group and local CF Networks

Networking is a key element in the efforts to promote Community Forestry and plays a central role as basis for the formulation of necessary forest policies. Networking of local CF Initiatives at provincial and regional levels are as important as their representation at the national level in order to exchange ideas and experiences from the field. Networks will contribute towards defining strategies how to best promote CF as well as how to safeguard people's participation in the management of natural resources in respective legal documents. Networking will be crucial in all efforts of Forestry Extension and can act as communication channels between the government and the rural population.

Role of the CF Working Group

Presently the CF Working Group is undergoing changes and is in the middle of defining it's adapted role in a changing environment. The ongoing discussions about goals and objectives, composition of the WG, topics to be dealt with and it’s future administrative set up are important steps towards this adaptation process.

One of the major objectives of the CFWG is to promote an increasing involvement of the rural population in the management of forest resources in order to improve their livelihoods and ensure sustainable use of forests.

The findings presented in this assessment of ongoing CF Initiatives in Cambodia undermine the importance of the CFWG.

In conclusion the role of the CF Working Group is suggested by the authors as follows:

To collect and document CF field experiences, to prepare recommendations based upon those and to feed them into relevant decision making processes ( for example the committee for forest policy formulation or the NRM Donor WG) To facilitate the formulation of legal documents (like the subsequent CF sub decree and the future by –laws) To facilitate the preparation of technical guidelines through task forces (e.g. guidelines on the preparation of CF Management Plans) To facilitate the preparation of a national CF Programme, which will be integral part of a long term National Forest Programme (NFP) as anticipated in the statement of the RGC on forest policy. To initiate further research on technical, institutional and social aspects of CF To establish a formal link with the NRM Donor Working Group to add political weight and to seek financing To strengthen regional linkages, e.g. with RECOFTC (for example on establishing a forestry data base) To support the efforts of local CFNetworks

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Role of the CF Networks

The major role of the CF Networks at regional, provincial and local levels is to exchange experiences among CF Initiatives and to feed these results, suggestions and recommendations into the CFWG for follow up.

Networks can be easily used to channel information from national level to field sites and on the other hand to transmit information from grass root level up to the decision making level in Phnom Penh. Networks will play an increasingly dominant role in the facilitation of the implementation of new CF strategies and approaches and to extend the implications of the new Forestry Law (and later on of the CF Sub Decree) to the CF field sites all over the country. This shall be achieved upon request and in co-operation with the CFWG.

Another important role would be to provide updated information on CF activities in their respective CF Initiatives, which is needed for the upgrading of information in the planned CF database (pls. see next chapter).

5.4 Community Forestry Database

Discussions on the establishment of a CF database have been led over the past 2 years in the context of the CF Working Group. A Task Force had been formed in order to come up with proposals and recommendations, but had been inactive for quite some time. The original idea of a CF database was: To provide interested users in- and outside Cambodia with information on ongoing CF activities in Cambodia (as data sheet overview of organizations at provincial level stating major goals, objectives and other relevant details of each Project or Initiative).

GTZ-SMRP took the lead in early 2002 in the development of a CF database software. This software enables query functions according to the field of interest of the user. The software presently is in it's testing stage and will be presented to interested users in the future.

Once the software is technically functional, two more aspects have to be dealt with in the near future:

Which kind of data will be entered into the system? A number of different surveys on CF activities have been conducted recently (DFW/GTZ-CGFP; DFW/CFU; DFW/CFU/SMRP; WWF; CDRI1), but the scope and objectives of these surveys differ. A comparison of the different data sets will have to be done with the objective to decide which kind of data are feasible for entry into the new CF database.

1 Annex 15: Information on other CF survey data

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Maintenance of the database: A database is only as good as it's state of up-to-date information, which requires systematic and periodic updating. In this context the 'ownership' of the database will be of importance in order to safeguard the usefulness of the new tool. Therefore a 'parent organisation' will have to be determined, which could shoulder this responsibility.

The CF database should enable the interested user to retrieve information from the system, which suits the user's interest regarding detail concerning CF in Cambodia. One more general layer of information could provide an overview of goals & objectives, locations and other general information of CF Initiatives according to provinces. This information could be available via mouse click on CF locations on a map (similar to Map 1 in this report). Most likely users for this kind of information are from outside Cambodia or users, who are only interested in a general overview. Another, more detailed layer of information, would enable the user to access field reports, baseline studies, maps and all kind of other field level information through an Access data base. This kind of user will be most likely the practitioners from within Cambodia, dealing with CF on a frequent basis. For the time being, the developed software is in the process of being tested for it's extent of use, and discussions are ongoing. The authors suggest, that there will be one government agency responsible to maintain and update this database, once it is technically sound and workable. Since most CF activities take place on land under jurisdiction of MAFF, it would be most likely that DFW will take over the responsibilities in connection with the forestry database. But it has to be made clear, that access to any CF related data (basic version and updates) by any interested person, is guaranteed. A small core group of persons, including representatives from stakeholders in CF (like MoE, RUA) and the NGO scene, should be in charge of determining on the correctness of new data before the updates (which should take place twice yearly).

Another important aspect will be the question how to link the Cambodia CF database with regional efforts. RECOFTC for example is presently developing a similar Management Information System, which would enable to store data on CF activities in the region. A co-operation with RECOFTC would be a necessary and fruitful co-operation in this regard. Lessons can be learnt with a regional scope.

We suggest that the CF Working Group will deal with above questions through a new Task Force.

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5.5 Scope for further research

The conducted survey on presently ongoing CF activities in Cambodia and it's implications for the development of a Forestry Extension Strategy have to be seen as a first step towards the goal to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the situation regarding Community Forestry in the country. In the course of the survey and the following data analysis it became obvious, that there exist a number of open questions and a clear need for further in-depth knowledge on mainly socio-economic and technical aspects. The authors would like to elaborate on these needs for further future research and suggest to divide research topics into above mentioned 2 major categories:

Research on socio-economic topics Research on technical topics

5.5.1 Research on socio-economic topics

Extension Demands of villagers - As mentioned under Chapter 2, Methodology, extension demands have been expressed by field representatives of Initiatives, but have not been obtained directly from villagers. These demands have to be confirmed or re-assessed in connection with developing future forestry extension tools and methods). Forestry Extension Services – As mentioned under Chapter 2, Methodology, no sufficient conclusions can be drawn at this stage on desired and needed Forestry Extension Services to be provided by CF Initiatives (and/or other supporting agencies/partners. There are a number of open questions like: Who provides which service? In partnership? If yes with whom? Who is the extension target group? What are adequate extension tools and methods for this target group? Who finances? These and other questions require further in-depth studies. Forest Management potentials of forest users / Indigenous Knowledge – As mentioned in Chapter 5.2, potential areas for CF, one important criterion to determine potential CF areas, is the management potential of a village. In order to determine the potential, more research is needed on already existing indigenous knowledge. Is this indigenous knowledge restricted to NTFP use, does it include forest management practices, if yes to what extent? What are training needs in this regard? How much forest area do villagers regard as necessary themselves in order to sustain their livelihood? These topics (and others) will contribute to answer the question on suitable and necessary forest sizes under community management. Benefit Sharing – presently one Task Force under the CFWG is preparing recommendations regarding benefit sharing mechanisms. Benefit sharing shall be understood as sharing of profits among forest users themselves and with the government. Based upon recommendations of the Task Force, more field studies will be necessary in order present justifiable benefit sharing options. Benefit sharing options are an essential part of Forest Management Plans. CF in (ex)concession areas – On several occasions throughout this report efforts have been mentioned to co-operate with concessionaires on a possible involvement of CF activities in concession areas or to establish CF in ex-concession areas. These efforts have been met with reluctance from government side so far, but bear huge potentials. Efforts have to be intensified in this regard and research to be continued

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(or newly initiated) on the question how CF can either supplement Forest Management in concession areas or how to establish CF on former concession land. Conflict resolution – First hints at conflict resolution mechanisms have been obtained during this survey (Chapter 4.3.1 and Annex 13), but no satisfactory conclusions can be drawn at this stage. It will be important to gain more knowledge on this very important topic in order to develop new strategies (also in connection with the provisions made in the new Forestry Law and CF Sub-decree). Research would include comparisons of conflict resolution mechanisms in the land management – and fishery sectors and prepare recommendations based upon these findings.

5.5.2 Research on technical topics

CF Management Plans (incl. inventory, demarcation, mapping) – One of the most urgent present technical requirements is the development of guidelines for CF Management Plan preparation (as stipulated in the CF Sub-decree). The established Task Force under the CFWG will work out recommendations on technical aspects like suitable inventory methods for community forests, details on demarcation practices as well as required standards of mapping. Further research is mandatory in all these regards. The most important question in this regard will be to find a balance between a minimum scientific standard and a practical, easy to understand approach, which guarantees the necessary participation of the local population in this process. Lessons can be learnt from other countries in the region (e.g. Nepal, Laos and Vietnam). Costs occurring in Community Forests – On a general note: Presently community forestry mainly takes place in degraded areas or even areas without forests, with no prospects of a substantial income from CF in the near future. Instantly needed cash to start CF activities may not be available or may deter interested communities, because no direct return on the investment is to be expected for a number of years. Mechanisms for financing CF and the needed cash for CF activities are not guaranteed or in place. Opportunities for these needed mechanisms have to be explored in more detail in the near future. On a more practical note: CF Management Plans will have to include a financial plan, which states benefits but will also have to include expenditures in connection with CF activities. Costs for labour for example have not been considered so far in such calculations. In order to determine costs, a guideline is needed providing a frame work for working hours –and days needed for specific forest related works. Based upon these, expenditures for labour can be calculated. Experiences from other countries can be used for this kind of research, but have to be adapted to the Cambodia situation. In addition expenditures for minor roads, materials and tools needed in connection with CF activities would have to be added to expenditures. Zoning for CF priority areas – In Chapter 5.2 ( potential areas for CF) a first attempt has been introduced how to determine potential CF areas with the help of GIS. It has to be seen if this planning tool proves to be feasible also at field level and/or which modifications or additional data are necessary. More research is necessary in order to make it functional for planners. CONCERN WORLDWIDE presently co-operates with DED personnel in the DFW GIS Unit on this topic. If proven feasible, research could be extended to other provinces.

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Forest Cover and Inventory data – Figures for forest cover based upon Landsat images date back to 1997. Forest inventory data for all of the country are not available altogether. For future planning, an update of landsat image data and initiation of up to date inventory data are very necessary.

CDRI1 defined 4 major areas for possible future socio-economic research. It is strongly recommended to co-operate with CDRI on future research in order to avoid duplication and to streamline research efforts. It is felt, that a co-operation in certain research areas could supplement each other and would be of mutual benefit because a number of above defined research topics are strongly related to CDRI's future research areas (for example 'costs and benefits associated with CF' or 'conflict resolution mechanisms').

1 Working Paper No. 23, Natural Resources and rural livelihoods in Cambodia, 7/2202, p. 96-98

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6 Conclusions

The assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia provides important baseline information for the future development of a Forestry Extension Strategy. The report provides quantitative and qualitative data on presently ongoing Community Forestry activities throughout Cambodia, which had not been available so far in such a compiled form. Information collected during the survey did not only serve the purpose of data acquisition, but largely also served as awareness creation exercise for the involved CF Initiatives. In the course of the survey, they became more sensitized for questions related to CF and Forestry Extension. Especially topics like conflicts, demands and legal implications for CF were an essential part of this awareness rising.

CF Initiatives are active in most Provinces in Cambodia, but with differing concentration. Most CF sites are to be found in Siem Reap, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Koh Kong, Takeo and Ratanakiri, because they have a longer history of support from donor agencies. Other Provinces are just starting to establish CF activities.

Presently approximately 83.000 hectares are under CF management (including mangroves) supported through altogether 57 CF Initiatives. This area only represents 0.7 % of Cambodia's forests suitable for Community Forestry, and only 3.6% of Cambodia's population presently benefits from CF activities. These figures show, that on the one hand tremendous efforts have been made by different stakeholders in order to promote CF, but that on the other hand a too small amount of Cambodia's population benefits from these efforts so far. Before the background of extreme poverty, either induced by natural disasters like floods and droughts, or other factors (like increasing debts due to expenditures for health care), Community Forestry could play a much larger role as one means of poverty reduction.

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Community Forestry could also play a much bigger role as one viable option for sustainable management of natural resources before the background of quickly vanishing forestry resources and accelerated forest degradation, which takes place in Cambodia. So far legal instruments have not been in place in order to safeguard community participation in natural resource management, but with the passage of the new Forestry Law and the drafted CF Sub-decree, a legal basis for CF has been created.

Based upon the vision presented in the National Community Forestry Strategic Plan of DFW, the authors developed assumptions and a model in order to simplify the Cambodia forest situation for future Forestry Extension purposes. The creation of Forestry Extension Categories and Forestry Development Goals proved to be useful during the assessment of ongoing CF activities because:

CF Initiatives could largely identify themselves through this model CF Initiatives made useful comments in order to improve the model CF Initiatives responses showed, that the model presents a useful tool from a national and planner's point of view, but needs adaptation at field level.

Especially the definition of Forest Development Goals need adjustments in order to fit the diversity of field situations. It has to be considered to add goals and to adopt a greater mixture of goals per category. It would make sense for example to add goals like protection and conservation. Especially with regard to watershed management or protection of spirit forests, these goals will gain more importance. The suggested 4 Forestry Extension Categories sufficiently describe general conditions in the country, under which CF Initiatives operate. The used combination of description of forest resource in connection with population density proved to be suitable to categorize Cambodia into regions of similar environmental conditions as a first and general step. A future Forestry Extension Strategy will surely have to consider the diverse field situations as a next step (as mentioned above). Future adjustments will for example include an additional sub-category in category 4, flooded forests, namely a category for areas which are densely populated.

The findings also show that CF Initiatives have a very high demand for a variety of extension topics. More than 50% of these demands are of technical nature, and roughly 25% of the demands deal with a lack of legal knowledge and an equal amount deals with demands for HRD topics and other support. Throughout this report it has been shown, that especially the demand for legal topics is essential and has to be addressed urgently. A direct implication is, that no time should be lost in the preparation of suitable training material on rights and responsibilities deriving from Land Law, Forestry Law and CF Sub-decree ! Even though the demand for technical topics is higher, a number of conflicts derive from lack of knowledge of legal rights.

Land grabbing by military (or other powerful outsiders) and conflicts over boundary demarcations have been named as major conflicts. Especially these problems could be solved with help of the 'Land Conflict Settlement Committees', which have been established at the Provinces according to the provisions in the Land Law.

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Astonishingly only one Initiative recognized the need for conflict resolution measures as a demand. Even though certain and traditional conflict resolution measures have been named and are obviously in place, not all conflicts can be solved this way, especially not if they include military or powerful business people from outside. Therefore an important conclusion for the authors is, that conflict resolution mechanisms have to be integral part of a future Forestry Extension Strategy in order to address various types of conflicts.

Another potential area of conflict concerns CF on village –or communal land. So far these forests in general are under MAFF jurisdiction, but are claimed as communal property by some communes. These conflicts could be resolved with help of the Provincial Offices of Land Management. According to the Land Law the registration of all state land falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Land Management. State land registration however will be a long and conflict bearing process. Therefore co-operation especially between commune, MAFF and MLMUPC are essential in future. Questions of land ownership, use rights, boundary demarcation and conflict resolution are essential topics for CF Initiatives and have to become integral part of Forestry Extension! The good experiences made with Participatory Landuse Planning (PLUP) courses in this regard shall be expanded. PLUP can play an important role in a future Forestry Extension Strategy by introducing participatory landuse planning techniques, but also serve as conflict resolution measure. Co-operation in CF Initiatives in general depends on the location of the concerned CF sites. Depending on MAFF or MoE jurisdiction, these government agencies are strongly involved as partners. The good experiences made with a multi-stakeholder field team approach in Koh Kong (Participatory Management of Mangrove Resources Project) can be regarded as a model. Here all concerned government agencies (Forestry, Fishery, Environment) are included , and in addition the Provincial Offices of Rural Development and Women's affairs. Missing here is a representative from the Provincial Land Management Office, but this may be a requirement of the future. A co-management of natural resources may seem to bear more potential for friction (because more 'players' are involved), but could also bear a big opportunity for conflict resolution, because all relevant stakeholders are in constant dialogue. A multi-stakeholder field team approach therefore is regarded as a very promising future step towards conflict resolution. This approach will have to include the Commune Councils, whose role and mandate will surely increase in the future. Therefore either a member of the Commune Council could be integrated in the field teams, or at a minimum, strong working relationships with Commune Councils have to be established.

The findings presented in this report also show the necessity for further research in a number of fields. Chapter 5.5 describes these research topics in detail. Co-operation in concession forests, CF Management Plan preparation, the development of benefit sharing mechanisms and conflict resolution are regarded as high priorities by the authors. A co-operation with other research institutions, especially with CDRI, is highly recommended in order to avoid duplication of research.

60 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

An attempt by the authors to identify potential areas for CF in Cambodia by using the criterion of 10 Km walking distances between villages and forest resources revealed, that 8.4 Mio hectares of forest land are feasible for CF. In addition 3.9 Mio hectares of agricultural land are feasible to be managed under Farm Forestry aspects (as part of the CF strategy). These are rough figures and include errors, they show however a clear trend. The figure of 8.4 Mio hectares, as a first step to determine potential CF areas, has been generated with the help of GIS and is based on different data sets for population, village locations and landsat imagery interpretation from 1997. Future steps will aim at verification of findings at field levels. These future steps will include checks on existing use rights by other parties and population density in these areas. The latter topic is of importance in connection with the question of management capacities of the local population. Status quo of the forest resource and amount of people available for management will be guiding criteria for decisions on management capacities. In this context this report points out the Cambodia specific problem of population density in relation to forest resources. Nearly 80% of Cambodia's population lives in densely populated agricultural areas, whereas remaining areas with forest resources are often sparsely populated. Population pressure in the large agricultural areas (named as Category 1 in this report) is highest. Areas of concern are the borders of agricultural areas and the neighbouring forest resources. It is speculated, that forest resources either degrade quicker in these border areas (due to rising demand for forest products), or that they are directly converted into agricultural land. Future CF activities in conclusion therefore should focus on these border areas in order to prevent further degradation of forests or even conversion into agricultural land !

The importance of the roles of CF Working Group and CF Networks will increase drastically in future before the background of existing potentials for CF in Cambodia. An essential role for the CF Working Group will be to attract future funding for CF activities. The CFWG has to be structured in such a manner, that budgets for CF from donors can be easily and transparently channeled in order to carry out a number of tasks (basically the tasks mentioned under chapter 5.5, scope for further research). The first mandatory step for the CFWG therefore is to present a solid concept for their future role to the NRM Donor Working Group. This concept has to spell out the goal, objectives and planned activities of the CFWG. The role of the CF Networks clearly is to be seen as the direct link between national level and the rural population. This direct feedback mechanism would guarantee forest policies, which are based on field needs and experiences. Networks also play an important role in providing regular information on changes of numbers and hectares in field projects, which can be directly fed into the planned CF data base. This data base, which is presently under crucial discussions, can be a very useful tool for all persons committed to and interested in CF in Cambodia. Once ownership and maintenance questions are decided, this CF data base could be a model in the South East Asian Region.

The next step is the development of a Forestry Extension Strategy, which will be based on the findings and experiences mentioned in this report. It is recommended to select 2-3 pilot Provinces, where these Extension approaches can be developed and tested.

61 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

These provinces preferably should be in regions of Cambodia, which include the crucial borders between agricultural land and forest resource, because there the pressure on the forest resource is highest due to high population density, as explained earlier.

Details on how and where to begin the development of a Forestry Extension concept shall be discussed amongst concerned stakeholders in the nearest future. A maximum of consensus amongst stakeholders is crucial in order to plan for necessary future steps involving the co-operation of interested CF Initiatives.

Forestry Extension has to become integral part of a national CF Programme, which needs to be prepared. This CF Programme will be part of a long term National Forest Programme (NFP) as anticipated in the Statement of the RGC on Forest Policy. The CF Working Group would be the most appropriate institution to facilitate this process.

References

1. Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI): Natural Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia, A Baseline Assessment, Working Paper 23, 7/2002

2. CBNRM Presentation: Lessons Learned from the Field, Toby Carson 11/2001

3. DFW: National Community Forestry Strategic Plan; 6/2000

4. DFW, Forest Management Office, Forest Cover Assessment, page 5, 1997

5. Forest Cover Monitoring Project MRC/GTZ, Technical Notes 2, Interpretation and Delineation of Satellite Imagery, H.J. Stibig, June/1997

6. Gum, Wayne (Oxfam): Inland Aquatic Resources and Livelihoods in Cambodia; 11/2000

7. Henderson, Doug: Community Forestry in Cambodia, May 1998

8. Henderson, Doug: The Forest Sector in Cambodia-Crisis and Opportunity- 4/1999

9. Henderson, Doug: Field Level CF Initiatives in Cambodia by Province (update 2/02); list of initiatives circulated by e-mail on 26.2.02

10. Kingdom of Cambodia, Second Five Year Socio-economic Development Plan 2001- 2005, 2nd Draft, 31 March 2001

62 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

11. Ministry of Planning (MoP)/National Institute of Statistics (NiS), 1999, General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Final Census Results

12. RGC: Statement of the Royal Government on Forest Policy, Final Draft 5.7.02, unofficial English Translation

13. RGC: Sub-Decree on Community Forestry; Official Final Draft; 8.2.02

14. RGC: Sub-Decree on The Forest Concession Management; 4/2000

15. RGC: Draft Forestry Law; 8/2001

16. RGC: Commune Administration Law; 19.3.2001

17. RGC: Land Law; 9/2001

18. WWF Scoping Report, Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Cambodia, Hou Kalyan & Toby Carson, 12/2000

19. WWF: Draft Training Materials on Resource Rights and Responsibilities; 12/01

20. WWF: Initial Assessment of Community Resource Use in four communities of Mondulkiri Province, Draft Report, 2/2001

21. World Food Programme (WFP): Identifying Poor Areas in Cambodia; 2/2001

22. World Food Programme (WFP): Forestry and Food Security- A first attempt at nationwide analysis-; 2001

23. Yoshida, Kengo: Study on Development of Forest Management Plans for Forest Rehabilitation and Extension Stations; Draft Final Report;30.8.02

63 ANNEX 1 List Of Visited CF Initiatives

Nº Nºof Name of Support Commune Area Population Nº Province District Commune Of CF Villa Jurisdiction Initiative Agency Code (in ha) Affected sites ges VISITED CF SentiSena Oxfarm GB / MAFF 1 1a ( CF Chamkar Prey Svay Rieng Chantrea Bati 1 5 200101 414 3,360 (Managed By CIDSE/ CRS Koki) Monks) Ausaid/ SIDA 2 2a MCC Concern/ Takeo Tram Kok Leay Bour 1 18 210904 500 11,730 MAFF Prassac 2b Takeo Tram Kok Srae Ronoung 210911 2c Takeo Tram Kok Ang Tasom 210901 2d Takeo Treang Roneam 211008 2e Takeo Doun Kaev Rokar Krau 210803

Community Co- WETLANDS 3 3a Management of International K-Som Prey Nob Boeng Taprum 1 10 180202 1,800 5,500 MOE Fisheries In REAM

(Mangrove 3b MOE/ADB K-Som Prey Nob Ou Chrov 180205 Forest) (Before ETAP 3c K-Som Prey Nob Prey Nob 180207 /UNDP) 3d DANIDA K-Som Prey Nob Ream 180208 3e PMMR K-Som Prey Nob Ou Ounha Heng 180206 Integrated Sustainable MAFF 4 4a AFSC Koh Kong Srae Ambil Dang Peaeng 1 1 90606 2,872 1,071 (managed by Livelihood Program concession) ( ISLP-AFSC)

4b There are currently only CF in Dang Paeng commune , Srae Ambil which include one big village named Preah Ang Kaev of which 05 sub villages form part of CF Participatory Managemnet 10,000 5 5a IDRC/MOE Koh Kong Koah Kong Koah Kapi 1 4 90302 4,000 MOE Of Mangrove Resource (PMMR)

5b (Peam Krarsaob Koh Kong Koah Kong Chrouy Pras 90301 (mangrove

5c Wildlife Sanctuary) Koh Kong Mondol Sema Peam Krasaob 90502 Forest) 5d Koh Kong Mondol Sema Tuol Kokir 90503

CF Chambak MLUB 6 6a k- Speu Phnom Sruoch Cham Bak 1 4 50601 400 1,010 MAFF-MOE (MLUB BAITONG) BAITONG

CF Initiative - LWS 7 7a LWS k- Speu Phnom Sruoch Cham Bak 1 2 50601 130 1,408 MAFF Kampong Speu Farm Forest - 8 8a PRASSAC k- Speu Chbar Mon Sopor Tep 3 3 50204 35 469 MAFF PRASAC Damnak 8b k- Speu Ou Dong 50513 Reang Phnum 8c k- Speu Ou Dong 50515 touch Kchem 9 9a Forestry Extension GTZ-CGFP k- Speu Ou Dong 3 3 50504 100 1,224 MAFF Kcham Damnak 9b k- Speu Ou Dong 50513 Reang CF program- PFO ADDESS 10 10a Battambang /IFAD Batdambang Banan Takream 16 16 20108 3,950 13,583 MAFF (SEILA Supporting ) /LWS 10b Batdambang Aek Phnom Prey Chas 20506 Rotanak 10c Batdambang Sdau 20701 Mondol Ampil 10d Batdambang Bavel 20405 Pram Daem 10e Batdambang Kamrieng Takrei 21206 Phnum 10f Batdambang Phnum Proek 21101 Proek CFprogram ADDESS/ Banteay Preh Netr 11 11a PFO-MOE CARERE Chob Veari 6 6 10402 523 3,815 MAFF Meanchey Preah (SEILA Supporting) LWS

Banteay Preh Netr Preh Netr 11b 10405 Meanchey Preah Preah Banteay 11c Meanchey Svay Chek Slar Kram 10803

Participatory Natural Resource FAO/IFAD 12 12a SiemReap Soutr Nikom Chan Sar 30 90 171101 20,000 68,951 MAFF-MOE Management /SEILA In Tonle Sap

12b SiemReap Soutr Nikom Dam Daek 171102 Kampong 12c SiemReap Soutr Nikom 171104 Kleang

12d SiemReap Soutr Nikom Khnar Pou 171107 12e SiemReap Soutr Nikom Popel 171108 12f SiemReap Puok Lvea 170707 12g SiemReap Prasat Bakong Kampon Pluk 170904 12h SiemReap Prasat Bakong Bakong 170902 12i SiemReap Prasat Bakong Ballangk 170903 12j SiemReap Siem Reab ChongKhnies 171007 12k SiemReap Chi Kraeng Khvav 170402 12l SiemReap Chi Kraeng SangVaeuy 170411 12m SiemReap SvayLeu AnlongThom(?) ? 12n SiemReap SvayLeu Boeng Mealea 171301 12o SiemReap AngkorThom Peak Snaeng 170203 12p SiemReap AngkorThom Svay Chek 170204 12q SiemReap Puok Doun Kaev 170702 12r SiemReap Srei Snam Tram Sasar 171203 12s SiemReap Srei Snam Slaeng Spean 171206 12t SiemReap BanteaySrei Tbaeng 170306 12u SiemReap BanteaySrei Khnar Sanday 170301 CF conservation 13 13a In The area of APDO/UNV SiemReap Siem Reab Kouk Chak 4 4 171003 100 4,965 APSARA Angkor Temple 13b SiemReap BanteaySrei Preak Dak 170303 14 14a CF program Concern CONCERN SiemReap BanteaySrei Rum Chek 1 1 170304 133 1,517 MAFF CF Program 15 15a CONCERN K-Chnang Kampong Tralach Ta Ches 8 12 40509 940 10,343 MAFF Concern 15b K-Chnang Kampong Tralach Chres 40503 15c K-Chnang Rolier B'ier Rolea B'ier 40610 15d K-Chnang Rolier B'ier Kouk Banteay 40605 15e K-Chnang Rolier B'ier Chrey Bak 40604 CF program, PFO ADESS/ 16 16a Pousat KraKor Ou Sandan 14 14 150308 1,030 13,100 MAFF Pursat CARERE

16b Pousat BaKan Snam Preah 150107 16c Pousat Phnum Kravanh Progil 150404 16d Pousat Sampov Meas Roleab 150506 Pousat Sampov Meas Chamraeun Phal 150501 Pousat Kandieng Svay Luong 150207 17 17a CFProgram, PFO CONCERN Pousat BaKan Snam Preah 11 11 150107 631 6,255 MAFF 17b /CONCERN, Pursat Pousat Boeung Khnar 150102 17c Pousat KraKor Tnoat Chum 150311 17d Pousat Sampov Meas Lolok Sa 150503 UNDP/ 18 18a CF program , MOE Pousat KraKor KampongPou 5 5 150306 2,162 3,418 MAFF-MOE CARERE 18b Pousat Bakan Snam Preah 150107

CF program, AUSAID/UNDP/ 19 19a Pousat KraKor KampongPou 3 3 150306 328 1,105 MAFF EPDO CARERE/SEILA

Buddhist for CWS/ Kampong Trapaing 20 20a Development K-Thom 3 6 60209 2,402 3,519 MAFF CONCERN Svay Reussei Of Kampuchea(BFDK) Kampong 20b K-Thom Chey 60201 Svay 20c K-Thom Prasat Balangk Sala Visai 60405 CFRP 21 21a ( Boeng Pe wildlife IDRC/ RECOFF K-Thom Prasat Balangk Sala Visai 1 1 60405 N/A N/A MAFF santuary) 21b K-Thom Stoung Popok 60808

22 22a RDP/ GTZ GTZ K-Thom Santuk Tipu 5 5 60709 750 4,004

22b (Former PDP/GTZ) K-Thom Santuk Kakaoh 60704 22c K-Thom Stueng Saen Tboung Krapeu 60311 IDRC 23 23a CBNRM Ratanakiri LumPat Seda 5 32 160506 8,496 MAFF /PLG-SEILA 23b Ratanakiri LumPat Kalaen 160502 23c Ratanakiri Banlung Yeak Laom 160203 23d Ratanakiri Ou Ya Dav Saom Thum 160706 23e Ratanakiri OuChum Ou Chum 160605 Pouy 24 24a NTFP NTFP Ratanakiri OuChum 1 6 160602 5,399 MAFF (or Chan)

25 25a SMRP MRC/GTZ Mondulkiri Pechr Chenda Srae Ampum 2 5 110403 5,000 1,687 MAFF 25b Mondulkiri Saen Monourom Romonea 110504 26 26a CFRP IDRC/RECOFTC Kampot Chum Kiri SraeKnong 1 3 70405 690 2,840 MOE SMRP/ IDRC/RECOFTC 27 27a Kratie Prek Prosob Kampong Kor 2 2 100303 583 4,248 MAFF CFRP/KAFDOC /KAFDOC

Total Number of Visited CF Initiatives 27 Total Number of CF Sites 131 Total Number of Provinces 15 Total Number of Districts 48 Total Number of Communes 86 Total Number of Participating Villages 272 Total Affected Population 173,121 (No infos from CBNRM, NTFP (Ratanakiri),CFRP ( Beung Pe)) Total Area of Forest 59,368.30 ha (No info from CFRP ( Beung Pe)) ANNEX 2 List of non visited Initiatives

Nº Nºof Populatio Name of Support Nº Province Commune District Code Of CF Villa Area n Juridiction orgarnization Agency sites ges Affected 28 BFD BanteayMeanchey 6 22 15 17045 29 NPA BanteayMeanchey 30 BFD BattamBang 10 17 20 15905 31 DFW/ITTO Kampot 32 AEC K-Chnang 2 25000 33 LWS K-Chnang 2 2 60 1516 34 SSP Kratie 6 28811 35 CED Kratie 9 9 3000 5762 36 HRVC Kratie 37 EDCO Kratie 4 15 1200 11605 38 RPFD K-Thom 3 5 3593 39 KVOD K-Thom 8 8 6920 40 KCAD K-Thom 6 6 1200 3624 41 SSP Mondulkiri 4 16040 42 WCS Mondulkiri 1 1 300 43 FLOW Pailin 5 5 20 35050 44 BPS PreahVihear 6 14 150 15538 45 WCS PreahVihear 11 46 WFP Prey Veng 47 Chet Thor Prey Veng 2 7 3897 48 PADEK Prey Veng 7 70 15619 49 CARE Prey Veng 50 AEC Pursat 15 10000

51 BDASE Pursat 23 600 600 MOE 52 Vireakchey National Ratanakiri Park CARERE/ 53 IDRC/ Ratanakiri RNRMWG 5 10000 18277 54 CIDSE Ratanakiri 6 55 PADEK SiemReap 5 2 7000 8942 56 SSP SteungTreng 4 5 130.64 547 57 CWS SvayRieng 1 3 50 973

Total Number of Visited Cf Initiatives 30 Total Number of CF Sites 97 For 22 initiatives only Total Number of Provinces 15 Total Number of Participating Villages 132 For 19 initiatives only Total Affected Population 245,564 For 22 initiatives only Total Area of Forest 23,522.64ha For 15 initiatives only - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Annex 3: Survey Questionnaire Sample Form

Cambodian-German Forestry Project

Phnom Penh

DEPARTMENT OF Cambodia German Technical Cooperation FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE

Phnom Penh, December 27th, 2001

Questionnaire for the assessment of CF – Initiatives in Cambodia

Note: All existing Community Forestry Activities (CF activities) in Cambodia are referred to by the word 'Initiative' in this context and can be 'Projects' in the traditional sense ( mostly funded by international agencies/donors ) or can be activities started by local communities/organizations/institutions, which are not officially registered or documented so far !!

1. General Information on CF - Initiative

• Name of

Initiative:......

• Location:......

....

• Duration of Initiative ( when did it start; is there any official agreement; which

duration is

planned;):......

......

.....

• Major

Objectives:......

......

.....

73 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

......

.....

......

.....

• Under whose jurisdiction (MAFF (DFW), MoE, DoF, concessionaire etc.) are

areas of the Initiative?

......

.....

......

.....

......

.....

......

.....

• How many Hectares of (forest) land are covered under the CF initiative?

......

.....

......

.....

• Initiative contact person and details

......

.....

......

.....

74 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

......

.....

• List of Project/Initiative documents/publications

......

.....

......

.....

• Are there any other known CF initiatives in the area? If yes, pls. provide address

of contact persons

......

.....

......

.....

2. Geographical features of CF-Initiative area

• Please check if your Initiative location falls into following categories:

Highly Low Low Flooded Populated; population; populatio forest or little or no degraded n; mainly mangrove forest; forests; forested

Other main features

If so, which features?? Please specify !

• How would you classify the forest development goal of the forest resources in your area:

Farm Forestry Forest Forest Foresty Other (main Rehabilitati Managem and Objective emphasis on ent of Fishery s agriculture (replanting, natural and the land enrichment forests is managed by individuals 75 rather than a - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

3. Socio-Economic features of CF-Initiative area

• Population density in CF-Initiative area (per sqKm, number of males, females if

known)

......

• Number of households involved in CF-Initiative activities

......

• Which ethnic groups are represented?

......

• Major source of income of villagers

......

76 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

......

• Average landholding size

......

4. Forestry Extension Demands in villages related to forestry and NTFP

This chapter is of highest importance of the future forestry extension strategy, therefore please be as precise as possible!!

• Have there been detailed assessments of villager's demands? If yes, what kind (for

example baseline surveys, PRA, RRA etc)?

......

77 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

......

• If no, how did you assess demands ?

......

• Which are the desired needs or demands expressed by villagers in your CF-Initiative

area? Please specify

......

• Which trainings are needed (for villagers and 'Project' staff) in order to improve living

conditions?

......

78 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

5. Required Extension Services to fulfill these demands

How does the CF-Initiative respond to forestry related demands ?

• Institutionally (co-operating with whom and how)

......

• Do field extensions exist ( staff , who give technical advice to villagers ) ?

......

• How do they advice or counsel villagers already or what is planned or suggested by

Project Team (group sessions, individually, using demonstration plots.. etc.) =

Methods

......

• Which tools are used, planned or suggested to be used to train villagers ( for

example brochures, posters, videos…..etc.)

......

79 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

......

6. Areas of conflict

• Please specify areas of conflict: With concessionaires, land tenure problems, with

other villages etc.

......

• Please describe problems in detail for each problem nature

......

• Which are proposed measures to overcome these conflicts?

......

80 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

....

......

....

7. Institutional Arrangements and co-operating partners

• With which institutions, agencies (government and non-government), donors etc.

does the CF-Initiative co-operate?

......

• In which fields?

......

• What are desirable future co-operating strategies?

......

81 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

8. Attachments

• Agreements with authorities ( for example CF Agreements)

......

• Management Plans

......

• Maps

......

• CF Committee member list

......

• Any other documents, which are of importance for the functioning of the initiative

82 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

......

Thank you very much for your time and dedication to help us gathering all this useful information and be assured, that it will be of benefit for your initiative and the people in your target villages!!

83 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Annex 4 - Population and Density by Province

Province Land Area Population No. of Household Density Urban % (km2) Households Size

Banteay Meanchey 6,679 577,772 111,856 5.1 86.5 17.1 Battambang 11,702 793,129 148,356 5.3 67.8 17.6 K. Cham 9,799 1,608,914 312,841 5.1 164.2 2.8 K. Chhnang 5,521 417,693 82,638 5 75.7 10 K. Speu 7,017 598,882 115,728 5.1 85.3 6.9 K. Thom 13,814 569,060 106,908 5.3 41.2 11.6 Kampot 4,873 528,405 104,993 5 108.4 6.3 Kandal 3,568 1,075,125 206,189 5.2 301.3 5.4 Koh Kong 11,160 132,106 24,964 5.2 11.8 22.2 Kratie 11,094 263,175 49,326 5.3 23.7 30.1 Mondolkiri 14,288 32,407 5,657 5.7 2.3 21.7 Phnom Penh 290 999,804 173,678 5.7 3,447.6 57 Preah Vihear 13,788 119,261 21,491 5.5 8.6 18.1 Prey Veng 4,883 946,042 194,185 4.9 193.7 5.8 Pursat 12,692 360,445 68,235 5.2 28.4 16 Rattanakiri 10,782 94,243 16,758 5.6 8.7 18 Siem Reap 10,299 696,164 127,215 5.4 67.6 17.2 Sihanoukville 868 155,690 28,015 5.5 179.4 100 Stung Treng 11,092 81,074 14,323 5.6 7.3 30.2 Svay Rieng 2,966 478,252 98,244 4.8 161.2 4.4 Takeo 3,563 790,168 155,030 5.1 221.8 5 Oddar Meanchey 6,158 68,279 12,531 5.3 11.1 32.7 Krong Kep 336 28,660 5,369 5.3 85.3 100 Krong Pailin 803 22,906 4,133 5.2 28.5 100

TOTAL 178,035 11,437,656 2,188,663 5.2 64.2 15.7

Source : National Institute of Statistics, 1999

84 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

ANNEX 6

86 Annex 7: Data of 10 km buffers in defferent land use- and extension categories

Extension cat population Villages total no data Villages with data POP average/vil Population after corr. % 0 1130195 1161 111 1050 1076.37619 1249673 12 1 8124939 10538 328 10210 795.7824682 8385956 78 2 544868 869 108 761 715.9894875 622195 6 3 209720 519 155 364 576.1538462 299024 3 4 140223 132 4 128 1095.492188 144605 1

Total 10149945 13219 706 10701452 100

CF extension group Landuse class 0 62, 63, 81, 82, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99 191 2 13, 19, 22, 40, 54, 61, 64 3 11, 12, 17, 18, 20 4 41, 52, 53, 56, 65

Population data based on villages dataset GAZET (13219 villages) and Population census 1998 (13716 villages)

Population total according to population census 1998: 11,437,656 (13,716 villages) Population total according to combine GAZET with pop census: 10,149,945 (13,219 villages)

Comment: 706 Villages in the combination village/gazet has no population data; the average village size is used within CF extension cat. to calculted the total population (= population after correction ) Error caused through missing coordinates villages GAZET dataset (497 villages), this will be eliminated in the updated version based on CMAC data.

CF extension area within 10 km buffer zone

CF extension cat Area (ha) Area (ha) % of total Cambodia area % of Cambodia Forest cover (12.7 mio ha) 0 1358860 1 3888434 21 31 2 2254343 12 18 3 5489008 30 43 4 629422 3 5 total 12261207 total Cambodia 18152985

Source: Ignas Dümmer, German Development Service (DED) - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Annex 8: Responses of CF Initiatives regarding Forest abundance and population density in their CF sites

Highly Low Low Flooded Forest Populated Population; population or Total Nº of ProvinceName with little or degraded mainly Mangrove CF initiatives no forest Forest forest Count (Category 1) (Category 2) (Category 3) (Category 4) BANTEAY MEANCHEY 1 1 2 1 BATTAMBANG 1 1 1 3 1 KAMPONG CHHNANG 1 1 1 KAMPONG SPEU 4 4 4 KAMPONG THOM 2 2 4 3 KAMPOT 1 1 1 KOH KONG 1 1 2 4 2 KRATIE 1 1 1 MONDUL KIRI 1 1 1 PURSAT 4 2 6 4 RATANAK KIRI 2 2 2 SIEMREAP 1 2 2 1 6 3 SIHANOUKVILLE 1 1 2 1 SVAY RIENG 1 1 1 TAKEO 1 1 1 2 Grand Total 18 8 9 4 39 27 Note: In the questionnaire (Annex 1) interviewees had the choice to tick one of 4 boxes representing the 4 categories on the relationship between population and forest condition. It turned out, that in several provinces and initiatives choices for one box alone could not be made, because the interviewees felt that in their project area often more than one situation prevails (resulting in marking one or more boxes). For example: Whereas one (or more) CF sites may be in an area of high population and no forest, other sites are located in areas of low population density and degraded forests . The data in above table therefore is based on the count of how many times the category was mentioned in each visited initiative.

88 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

ANNEX 9a: CF Initiatives and their Forest Development Goals

Farm Forest Forest Forestry And CF Initiative Forestry Rehabilitation Management Fishery AFSC 5 APDO 5 BFDK,K-Thom 5 CBNRM Ratanakiri 5 CFRP-CIDSE, Kampot 5 CFRP-KAFDOC, Kratie 5 CFRP-K-Thom 5 CONCERN , SiemReap 5 CONCERN,K-Chang 5 5 EPDO, Pousat 5 5 5 FAO SiemReap 5 5 5 Fihery Com In REAM 5 5 GTZ-CGFP 5 5 LWS 5 5 MCC 5 MLUP BAITONG 5 5 MOE, Pousat 5 5 NTFP 5 PFO BDB 5 5 PFO Pousat 5 PFO-Concern Pousat 5 5 5 PFO-MOE B-Meanchey 5 5 PMMR 5 5 PRASAC 5 5 RDP/GTZ- K-Thom 5 5 Senti Sena 5 5 SMRP 5 Total 6 15 19 5

Note: In the survey questionnaire (Annex 1) interviewees had the choice to tick one of 4 boxes representing 4 different choices of forest development goals for their CF sites. It turned out, that in several provinces and initiatives choices for one box alone could not be made, because the interviewees felt that in their project area often more than one goal prevails . For example: Whereas one (or more) CF sites may be in an area without forest where rehabilitation is the major goal, other sites are located in areas with forests of older age where Forest Management is given as goal.

89 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Annex 9b: CF Initiatives and their Forest Development Goals by Province

Agro forestry Forest Forestry Total Nº of Forest and Farm Management of and fishery CF ProvinceName Rehabilitation countcoun Forestry Natural Forest t initiatives BANTEAY MEANCHEY 1 1 2 1 BATTAMBANG 1 1 2 1 KAMPONG CHHNANG 1 1 2 1 KAMPONG SPEU 1 4 3 8 4 KAMPONG THOM 1 1 1 1 4 3 KAMPOT 1 1 1 KOH KONG 2 1 3 2 KRATIE 1 1 1 MONDUL KIRI 1 1 1 PURSAT 2 3 2 2 9 4 RATANAK KIRI 2 2 2 SIEMREAP 1 2 2 5 3 SIHANOUKVILLE 1 1 2 1 SVAY RIENG 1 1 2 1 TAKEO 1 1 1 Grand Total 6 15 19 5 45 27 Note: In the survey questionnaire (Annex 1) interviewees had the choice to tick one of 4 boxes representing 4 different choices of forest development goals (as given in Table 1) for their CF sites. It turned out, that in several provinces and initiatives choices for one box alone could not be made, because the interviewees felt that in their project area often more than one goal prevails . For example: Whereas one (or more) CF sites may be in an area without forest where rehabilitation is the major goal, other sites are located in areas with forests of older age where Forest Management is given as goal. The data in above table therefore is based on the count of how many times the category was mentioned in each visited initiative. 27 initiatives have a total of 47 counts suggesting that each initiative on average pursues 2 goals !

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Annex 10: Frequency of mentioned Extension Demands and Topics in 27 CF Initiatives

Ext Local Need Total Code 1 Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations 8 2 Fruit tree grafting, hybridization, propagation 3 3 Tree planting techniques 4 4 Seed production 3 5 Nursery techniques 1 6 Fodder tree and grass planting 1 7 Production of natural Dipterocarpus seedlings 1 8 Share experiences with other projects 1 9 Conflict resolution 1 10 Networking and communication 1 Leadership and management skills 11 Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing, 11 12 Extension techniques 4 13 Sustainable management and protection of natural resources 4 Advantage of a forest' 14 CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) 9 15 PLUP, PRA 3 16 CF Management Plan preparation 5 17 Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) 7 18 CF regulations 2 19 Mapping, Land demarcation 3 20 Forest Management techniques (silviculture, fire protection) 5 21 Agro-Forestry techniques 3 22 Forest inventory, GIS 3 23 Forest Fire protection 5 24 Management of mangroves 2 25 Natural Resource Management 1 26 Wildlife Management 2 27 Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture, 6 28 Fund, rural credit, health care, Pumping well, infrastructure 4 29 Human resource development 2 30 Land use management and planning 3 31 Organizing CF committees 1 32 Awareness raising on fishing method 1 33 Awareness raising on environment protection 1 34 Training on rights of stakeholders 4 35 Knowledge on Forestry Law and CF Sub decree 3 Grand Total 118

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Annex 11: List of Extension Topics and Demands in 27 CF Initiatives

Extension Demands Category Code Technical manual on planting, Technical T a harvesting, maintaining plantations Fruit tree grafting, hybridization, Technical T a propagation Tree planting techniques Technical T a Seed production Technical T a Nursery techniques Technical T a Fodder tree and grass planting Technical T a Production of natural Technical T a Dipterocarpus seedlings Share experiences with other Networking, Organizing, support NOS projects Conflict resolution Networking, Organizing, support NOS Networking and communication Networking, Organizing, support NOS Leadership and management skills Networking, Organizing, support NOS Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing, Extension techniques Legal / CF concept L Sustainable management and Technical T c protection of natural resources 'Advantage of a forest' Legal / CF concept L CF concept (advantages, benefits) PLUP, PRA Technical T b CF Management Plan preparation T b Legal matters (land use rights, Legal / CF concept L forest law…..) CF regulations Legal / CF concept L Land demarcation Technical T b Forest Management techniques Technical T c (silviculture, fire protection) Agro-Forestry techniques Technical T c Forest inventory, GIS Technical T b Forest Fire protection Technical T c Management of mangroves Technical T c Natural Resource Management Technical T c Wildlife Management Technical T c Agriculture technique , animal Technical NOS raising, aquaculture, Fund, rural credit, health care, Networking, Organizing, support NOS Pumping well, infrastructure Human resource development Networking, Organizing, support NOS Land use management and Technical T c planning

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Annex 12: Clustering of Extension Topics and Demands in 27 CF Initiatives

Technical- 1. Tree planting techniques Banteay Manchey, Battambang, Siem Reap, Rehabilitation Takeo Techniques 2. Seed production Battambang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Mondulkiri, Pursat, Siem Reap, Takeo 3. Technical manual on planting, harvesting, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, maintaining plantations Mondulkiri, Pursat 4. Fruit tree grafting, hybridization, propagation Kampong Speu, Mondulkiri, Svay Rieng 5. Fodder tree and grass planting Kampong Speu 6. Nursery Techniques Pursat

Technical- Inventory and Planning 1. CF Management Plan preparation Kampong Chhnang, Kampot, Kratie, Koh Kong, K. Thom, Sihanoukville 2. Mapping and Demarcation Kampot, Kratie, Koh Kong 3. Forest inventory, GIS K. Chhnang, Pursat, Siem Reap 4. CF regulations K. Speu, S. Reap 5. PLUP, PRA K. Speu, Mondulkiri

Technical – 1. Forest Management techniques (silviculture, Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, K. Chhnang, NRM Concepts fire protection) K. Thom, Siem Reap

2. Wildlife Management Banteay Meanchey, Ratanakiri 3. Sustainable management and protection of Battambang, K. Speu, Koh natural resources Kong, Ratanakiri 6. Forest Fire protection Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Chhnang, Pursat, K.Thom 4. Agro-Forestry techniques Battambang, K. Thom 5. Awareness raising on fishing techniques Koh Kong 6. Awareness raising on environmetal Koh Kong protection 7. Management of mangroves Koh Kong, Sihanoukville 8. Land use management and planning Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap 9. Natural Resource Management Siem Reap

Networking/ 1. Leadership and management skills Battambang, K. Chhnang, K. Speu, K. Thom, Pursat, Organization/ Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Supporting writing, Sihanoukville, Svay Rieng, measures Takeo 2. Fund, rural credit, health care, Pumping well, Battambang, Koh Kong, Siem Reap

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infrastructure 3. Share experiences with other projects Koh Kong 4. Networking and communication Ratanakiri 5. CF committee organization Kampot, Kratie, Koh Kong, K. Thom 6. Training on rights of stakeholders Kampot, Kratie, Koh Kong, K. Thom 7. Conflict Resolution Kampot, Kratie, Koh Kong, K. Thom

Legal matters/ 1. Advantage of a forest' Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kratie, Koh CF Concept CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) Kong, Kampot, K. Speu, K. Thom, Pursat, Siem Reap, Sihanoukville 2. Extension techniques Battambang, K. Speu, Koh Kong, Siem Reap 3. Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) Kampot, Kratie, Koh Kong, K. Thom, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap , Sihanoukville

94 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Annex 13 : Summary of CF Initiatives by Province

Overview of CF Initiatives in Bantheay Meanchey

Number of visited initiatives 1 CF initiative of PFO-MOE Total CF sites 6 Total of CF area 523 hectares Number of involved villages 6 Number of affected population 3,815 people Co-operating partners • ADESS of MAFF • Local authorities • PDoE , CARERE

Forest condition and population • Highly populated; no forest land • Low population; degraded forest

Forest Development Goal(s) • Natural Forest Management and • Rehabilitation of Natural Forest resources Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands

• Tree planting techniques • Knowledge on CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • Forest Management techniques (silviculture, fire protection) • Forest Fire protection • Wildlife Management

Conflicts

No major conflict

Proposed conflict resolution activities

Information on non visited initiatives

BFD

95 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Overview of CF Initiatives in Battambang

Number of visited initiatives 1 CF Initiative of PFO Battambang Number of CF sites 16 Total of CF area 3950 hectares Number of involved villages 16 Number of affected population 13,583 Co-operating partners -ADESS , MAFF -Local authorities -MoE Forest condition and - High population; little or no forest land population - Low population; degraded forest land - Low population; mainly forested land

Forest Development Goal(s) - Natural Forest Management - Forest Rehabilitation Jurisdiction MAFF- MOE

Extension Demands • Tree planting techniques • Seed production • Leadership and management skills, coordination, budget raising, proposal writing • Extension techniques • Sustainable management and protection of natural resources • Advantage of a forest, CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • Forest Management techniques (silviculture, fire protection) • Agro-Forestry techniques • Forest Fire protection • Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture, • Fund, rural credit, health care, Pumping well, infrastructur

Conflicts • With outsiders • Land mines in the Forest • With powerful people (land conflicts)

Proposed conflict resolution activities • The people file a complain through village chief, commune chief, district governor and PFO for submitting to the provincial governor to solve the problem. • MAC support in mine clearing • Reference legal documents • Extension in order to improve understanding of participatory Resource Management Information on non visited initiatives 1) CF inistiative of BFD,( Community Forestry And People Empowerment ) 2) CF initiative of PED/ CARERE

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Kampot

Number of visited initiatives 1 (Interview in Phnom Penh) Community Forestry Research Project (CFRP) Total CF sites 1 Total of CF area 690 hectares Number of involved villages 3 Number of affected population 2,840 people Co-operating partners IDRC ,RECOFTC CIDSE, RUA,DFW,MoE Forest condition and population Low populated area , degraded forest Forest Development Goal(s) Natural forest Management of degraded forests Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands

• Training on rights of stakeholders • CF concept • Knowledge on forestry Law and CF sub decree • CF management plan preparation • Mapping and Demarcation • Organizing CF committees

Conflicts

• With Military • Land conflict amongst villagers on boundaries • Minor conflict with concessionaire in prohibiting villagers from collecting timber and NTFP

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Help coordinate the villagers through explanation, so they will solve the conflict peacefully and go to the authority for help • Boundary discussions • In general: conflict resolution mechanism not developed yet

Information on non visited initiatives

1) DFW / ITTO (Anchor Chey district)

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Kampong Chhnang

Number of visited initiatives 1 CF program, Concern Number of CF sites 8 Total of CF area 940 hectares Number of involved villages 12 Number of affected population 13,434 people Co-operating partners PFO Forest condition and population Highly populated area, little or no forest Forest Development Goal(s) • Farm Forestry • Forest Rehabilitation Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands • Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Leadership and management skills Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing, • CF Management Plan preparation • Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) • Forest Management techniques (silviculture, fire protection) • Forest inventory, GIS • Forest Fire protection

Conflicts

• Land conflict with cadastre office • Conflict over the demarcation between villages • Villagers opposed to the village and commune authority that sold the village land to land broker.

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Resolve conflicts by peaceful means (e.g the celebration of arbor day at the conflict site under patronage of Governor and provincial officials )

Information on non visited initiatives

1) AEC 2) LWS

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Koh Kong

Number of visited initiatives 2 • Participatory Management of Mangrove Resource (PMMR) supported by IDRC • Integrated Sustainable Livelihood Program (ISLP) in co-operation with CFRP

Total CF sites 2 Total of CF area 10,000 ha of mangrove forest ( For PMMR only) Number of involved villages 5 (PMMR: 4; AFSC:1= related to CF ! ) Number of affected population 5,071 people Co-operating partners For PMMR: Government (DOF, DAF, DOE, DOWVA, DRD); NGO (earlier: CARE); DANIDA For AFSC: PFO, Samling concession, CFRP

Forest condition and population • Low populated area , mainly forest • Flooded forest and mangrove forest

Forest Development Goal(s) • Forest Management of Natural Forest • Fishery & Forestry Jurisdiction • MAFF • MOE

Extension Demands

• Seed production • Share experiences with other projects • Conflict resolution • Extension techniques • Training on rights of stakeholders • CF Concept • Knowledge on Forestry Law and CF Sub decree • CF Management Plan preparation • Mapping and demarcation • Organizing CF committees • Sustainable management and protection of natural resources • Management of mangroves • Agriculture technique, animal raising, aquaculture, • Fund, rural credit, health care, pumping well, infrastructure • Awareness raising on fishing methods

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• Awareness raising on environmental protection • Human resource development and management skills

Conflicts • Conflict between villagers over small benefit • Illegal collection of timber and NTFP from outsider • Illegal fishing from outsiders with illegal fishing equipment • Illegal mangrove cutting for charcoal • With neighbors on new fishing techniques

Proposed conflict resolution activities • Training about peaceful way of conflict resolution • Train the village to make proposal and express idea to the authority • Management and sustainable way of resource extraction • Education, water check posts, Patrolling by boat, Mangrove re-planting, Disussions with governor

Information on non visited initiatives NO

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Kratie

Number of visited initiatives 1 ( Interview in Phnom Penh) Community Forestry Research Project (CFRP)/KAFDOC Total CF sites 1 Total of CF area 583 hectares Number of involved villages 2 Number of affected population 4,248 people Co-operating partners SMRP/CFRP/KAFDOC Forest condition and population Lowly populated area , degraded forest Forest Development Goal(s) Natural forest Management on degraded forests Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands

• Training on rights of stakeholders • CF Concept • Knowledge on forestry law and CF sub-decree • CF management plan preparation • Mapping and demarcation • Organizing CF committees • Training on rights of stakeholders • Organizing CF committees

Conflicts

• With Military • Land conflict amongst villagers on boundaries

Proposed conflict resolution activities

Information on non visited initiatives

• SSP • CED • EDCO

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Sihanoukville

Number of visited initiatives 1 Community of Co-management of Fisheries In REAM National Park

Total CF sites 1 Total of CF area 1,800 hectares of mangrove forest Number of involved villages 10 Number of affected population 5,500 people Co-operating partners Wetland Interntl., MoE, ADB (before ETAP/UNDP)

Forest condition and population • High population; degraded forest • Flooded forest or mangrove Forest Development Goal(s) • Forest Management of Natural Forest • Forestry and Fishery Jurisdiction MOE

Extension Demands

• Leadership and management skills, coordination, budget raising, proposal writing, • Advantage of a forest, CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • CF Management plan preparation • Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) • Management of mangroves • Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture,

Conflicts

• Villager and local authority over being late in conflict resolution • Villager with fishery official over negligence in protection of fishery offenses • Villagers with military and police • Conflict among fishermen over fishing equipment Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Village files a complain to the community committee for representation in solving the conflict

Information on non visited initiatives

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Kampong Speu

Number of visited initiatives 4 - Mlub Baitong - CF initiative, LWS - Farm Forest, PRASAC - Forestry Extension, CGFP/GTZ Total CF sites 8 Total of CF area 665 hectares Number of involved villages 12 Number of affected population 4,111 people Co-operating partners • MOE, PFO, Mlup Baitong • PFO with LWS • PFO with PRASAC and GTZ • PFO and GTZ

Forest condition and population • Highly populated area , degraded forest or no forest Forest Development Goal(s) • Forest rehabilitation • Management of natural forest • Agro forestry

Jurisdiction • MoE • MAFF

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Fruit tree grafting, hybridization, propagation • Fodder tree and grass planting • Production of natural Dipterocarpus seedlings • Leadership and management skills, coordination, budget raising, proposal writing, monitoring and evaluation skills (M+E) • Extension techniques • Sustainable management and protection of natural resources • Advantage of a forest, CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • PLUP, PRA • CF regulations • Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture,

Conflicts

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• Minor conflict between the project with local authority and land broker; but now become quiet • Villager and ACLEDA over loan • Land conflict with other villages • Conflict with a company over sand collection causing landslide along the river

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Explain the purpose of the project to the local authority • Explain the reason causing the river to become shallow • Set up a commission responsible for planting the tree to prevent landslide • Promote people to participate in tree planting • Improve the quality of fruit trees

Information on non visited initiatives No

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Kampong Thom

Number of visited initiatives 3 1) Buddhist For Development of Kampuchea (BFDK) 2) Community Forestry Research Project (CFRP) 3) Rural Development Program (RDP/GTZ)

Total CF sites 9 Total of CF area 4,596 hectares Number of involved villages 22 Number of affected population 41,843 people Co-operating partners PFO,PDoE, Local authorities , Relevant institutions and government CWS, CFRP Forest condition and population • Highly populated; little or no forest • Low populated area, degraded forest Forest Development Goal(s) • Forest Rehabilitation. • Natural forest Management on degraded forests • Farm forestry • Forestry and Fishery Jurisdiction • MOE • MAFF

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Leadership and management skills • Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing, • Advantage of a forest' • CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • CF management plan preparation • Mapping and Demarcation • Organizing CF committees • Training on rights of stakeholders • PLUP, PRA • Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) • Forest Management techniques (silviculture, fire protection) • Agro-Forestry techniques • Forest Fire protection

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Conflicts

• Some dispute on land among villagers • With Military • With the Company Planting Cashew Tree • Conflict with military in CF Vor Yeav, Kampong Svay district • Conflict over use right in the area of natural resource management in Kokok commune Santuk district • In Vor Yeav , villagers and monk's want to manage and protect the existing gradually degraded forest. But concession slash the forest and claim the land • In Natural Resource Management Area, village slash forest for cultivation and cashew plantation causing gradual loss of forest • Proposed conflict resolution activities

• The people complain through village chief, commune chief district • governor and submit the complain to the provincial governor to solve problems • The people complain during workshops • Help coordinate the villagers through explanation, so they will solve the conflict peacefully and go to the authority for help • Boundary discussions • Adopt the forestry law, sub degree on community forestry as soon as possible

Information on non visited initiatives

• RPFD • KVOD • KCAD

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Mondulkiri

Number of visited initiatives 1 Sustainable Management of of Resource in Mekong Basin Project (SMRP) Total CF sites 2 Total of CF area 5,000 hectares Number of involved villages 5 Number of affected population 1,687 people Co-operating partners • MRC-GTZ/SMRP ( ended at end of 2001) • WWF(CBNRM) small grant for 2002 • Provincial department of rural development • Provincial department of Agriculture

Forest condition and population • Lowly populated area but mainly forested

Forest Development Goal(s) • Management of natural forest Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Fruit tree grafting, hybridization, propagation • PLUP, PRA • Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture • Land use management and planning

Conflicts

• Minor conflict over 'wet season issue' between Poloung village (Romonea commune) and Muy village ( Srae Ampum commune )

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Invite the old timers in the village, village leader, commune chief in the dispute area with coordination from provincial authority to help solving the conflict

Information on non visited initiatives

1) SSP 2) WSC

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Pursat

Number of visited initiatives 4

1) CF program, PFO (ADESS/CARERE) 2) CF program CONCERN-PFO 3) CF program of PDoE 4) CF program of EPDO (Environment Protection and Development Organization ) Number of CF sites 33 Total of CF area 3,823 hectares(not included EPDO)

Number of involved villages 33 Number of affected population 22,773 peoples ( not include EPDO) Co-operating partners CONCERN, ADESS, CARERE, SEILA, UNDP, CFDS, AUSAID,PFO.PDoE Forest condition and population • Highly populated area , degraded forest or no forest • Lowly populated area ,degraded forest • Lowly populated area ,mainly forested

Forest Development Goal(s) • Farm Forestry • Forest management of natural forest • Forest rehabilitation ( replanting , enrichment planting) • Forestry and fishery • Agro - Forestry

Jurisdiction MAFF,MOE

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Nursery techniques • Leadership and management skills, coordination, budget raising, proposal writing, • Advantage of a forest, CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • Agro-Forestry techniques • Forest inventory, GIS • Forest Fire protection • Fund, rural credit, health care, Pumping well, infrastructure • Human resource development

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Conflicts

• Land conflicts among villagers • Conflicts with ministry of industry and mine over digging laterite from CF land • Land conflict with nearby village • Some rice paddy from forest clearance • Some villagers illegally cut trees from CF forest • Permission of digging laterite from CF land without discussion between MAFF and MINE • Conflict with military • Conflict with military based in Cheu Teal • Forest Clearance for agriculture • Resource utilization in CF

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Inter ministry discussion (MAFF MINE) over the permission of laterite digging • With military, we conduct meetings with CF committee and supporters for advocacy • Prepare and file complaints to the provincial authority via local authority so that the provincial authority invites the relevant institution for finding solution. • With company, ask for a meeting with the representative to control any loss or damage and oblige the company to pay the fine or compensate for the loss to the CF

Information on non visited initiatives

1) Buddhist Development Association for environment (BDASE) 2) AEC 3) BFD

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Ratanakiri

Number of visited initiatives 2 1) Community Based Natural Resource Management(CBNRM / WWF) 2) Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) Total CF sites 6 Total of CF area 13,895 hectares Number of involved villages 38 Number of affected population Co-operating partners • Government :Provincial department of Environment, agriculture, woman's affairs, culture • NGO: IDRC, SIDA via SEILA Forest condition and population • Low populated area , but mainly forest

Forest Development Goal(s) • Management of Natural Forest Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demand

• Networking and communication • Leadership and management skills, coordination, budget raising, proposal writing, • Sustainable management and protection of natural resources • Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) • Wildlife Management • Land use management and planning

Conflicts

• Conflict with the nearby villages over the implementation of CF regulation The CF villagers collect natural resource from the other village, which is outside CF area. • The CF member villages have no conflict while other non-member villages have frequent problem with the concessionaire. • The wildlife and NTFP once were plentiful but now become rare.

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• Cooperation between the task force and the natural resource management committee at commune and village level to discuss on the kinds of resource should be allowed for extraction and what activities should be prohibited

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• NTFP should prepare a seminar with participation from the provincial governor, district governor, relevant institution( PFO, department of environment, agriculture ) and local people

Information on non visited initiatives

1) MOE ,Vireakchey National Park 2) CARERE/IDRC 3) CIDSE

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Siem Reap

Number of visited initiatives 3

1) Participatory Natural Resource Management In Tonle Sap Region(FAO) 2) CF Conservation in Area of Angkor Temple (APDO/UNV) 3) CF program of CONCERN Number of CF sites 35 Total of CF area 20,233 hectares Number of involved villages 95 Number of affected population 75,433 people Co-operating partners FAO, ADESS, PDoE, Concern, PFO, Local authorities UNV,APSARA authority,

Forest condition and population • Highly populated; little or no forest land • Low population; degraded forest lands • Low population; mainly forested lands • Flooded forest lands Forest Development Goal(s) • Farm forestry • Forest Rehabilitation • Natural Forest Management

Jurisdiction • MAFF • MOE • APSARA

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Tree planting techniques • Seed production • Leadership and management skills Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing • Extension techniques • Advantage of a forest' CF concept (advantages, benefits of CF) • CF Management Plan preparation • Legal matters (land use rights, forest law…..) • CF regulations • Land demarcation • Forest Management techniques (silviculture, fire protection) • Forest inventory, GIS • Natural resource management • Fund, rural credit, health care, Pumping well, infrastructure

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• Land use management and planning

Conflicts

• Land encroachments • Conflict over use of natural forest resources • Conflict over demarcation between CFs . • Conflict over the access to fuel wood • Land Conflict over village land boundary

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• The people complain through village chief. commune chief district • governor and PFO with reference to complain letter and submit to the provincial governor to resolve the problem • Resolving the conflict through commune or district authority together with PFO and distinct Cadastre and set up commission

Information on non visited initiatives

1) PADEK

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Overview of CF Initiatives in SvayRieng

Number of visited initiatives 1 CF CF initiative, Senti Sena (CF Chamkar Prey Koki) Number of CF sites 1 Total of CF area 414 hectares Number of involved villages 5 villages Number of affected population 3360 people Co-operating partners Forest condition and Highly populated; little or no forest land population Forest Development Goal(s) - Forest Rehabilitation - Natural Forest Management Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Fruit tree grafting, hybridization, propagation • Leadership and management skills Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing....

Conflicts • No conflict

Proposed conflict resolution activities

• No

Information on non visited initiatives

• CF initiative of CWS

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Overview of CF Initiatives in Takeo

Number of visited initiatives 1 Inter Village Community Forestry Development Association ,MCC Number of CF sites 1 Total of CF area 500 hectares Number of involved villages 18 villages Number of affected population 11.730 people Co-operating partners -MCC: fund supporting -WFP:rice Bank -PFO : technical advice Forest condition and population Highly populated; little or no forest land Forest Development Goal(s) - Natural Forest Management - Forest Rehabilitation. Jurisdiction MAFF

Extension Demands

• Technical manual on planting, harvesting, maintaining plantations • Tree planting techniques • Leadership and management skills Coordination, Budget raising, Proposal writing, ... • Agriculture technique , animal raising, aquaculture

Conflicts

No conflict

Proposed conflict resolution activities

No conflict

Information on non visited initiatives

None

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ANNEX 14

Community Forestry Initiative Contacts

Province Agency Contact Person(s) Contact Information (phone, email) or NGO

1. Pursat Concern Mr.Chean Thayuth Tel : 012-937-550 or 023-214-897 Email : [email protected] Mr.Khum Bunnath Tel : 012 914-394 :(855) 23 214-879/214-891 Fax : 855-23 210-314 Email : [email protected]

AEC Ms. Sor Sat, Director Tel :012-964467 EPDO Mr. Kong Samnang Tel :012-993-152 :011-855-190 CFDS Mr. Om Savath Tel :011-855190 or 012-993-152 Email :[email protected] Mrs.Lov Samnann Tel : 012-993-152 (Filed Manager) Email : [email protected]

BDASE Mr. Phum Phavath, Tel : 012 866 450 (Director) 2. B.Bang BFD Heng Mony Chenda, Tel :053-370041 Director.

PED/CAR Mr. Ros Thoeun Tel : 016-821-760 ERE 3. B. BFD ? ? Meanchey NPA ? ? 4.Seam ? ? Reap CONCER Mr. Long Vanda Tel : 063-964-310 N

PADEK Mr. Leng Sothat Tel : 023-216-224

UNV/APO Mr. Tek Sakana Savuth Tel : (855) 12- 630 -116 DO (Excecutive Director) Tel : (855) 63-964 –087 Email : ([email protected] Postal Address P.O Box : 65 Siem Reap, P.T Cambodia

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FAO Mr Patrick Evans Tel : 012-826-125 (CF team supervisor) Tel : 063-963-462 FAX : (855)63-963-525/380-127 Email : [email protected]

CFRP Mr. Sy Ramony Tel : 012-832-933 Email : [email protected]

5.Pailin FLOW Mrs. Touch Lina Tel :012 893 346

6.Kg. BFDK Mr. Ly Khom Tel : 012-734-467 Thom (Director, Monk) 062-961-349

RPFD CWS Tel :062-961-262 Email :[email protected] KVOD Mr.Put Bunkong Tel :012 967158 (Director) GTZ Peter Balzer Tel :012-928975

CFRP Mr. Beuy Phal Tel : 016-824-679 (RUA Lecturer) KCAD Ms. Chum Chan Vanny Tel :062-961-262 (Director) Email :[email protected] 7.Preah BPS Mr. Nhim Phan Tel :012-723-120 Vihear (Director) 012-984-797 WSC 8. NTFP/ICC Mr. Heng Sokha Tel :075-974-039 Ratanakiri Tel :012-998-531 Mr. Cheam Mony Tel : 012-967-818 Tel : 012-835-842 Mr.Chea Phalla Tel : 075-974-093 Email : [email protected] CARERE/I Nhem Sovanna Tel :075-974-058 DRC/ Tel : 075-974-016 CBNRM Tel : 012-959-429 Email :[email protected] CIDSE Mr. Samath Mr.Heng Sokha Tel : 012-99-85-31 Director : 075-974-039 MoE Mr.Hoa Hong Tel :012-957-228 (Director of provincial department) WWF 9. Stung SSP Mrs. Ouch Kimary Tel : 012 988560 Treng 10. Kratie CFRP/KA Mr.On Chan Socheat Tel : 012-930-248 FDOC EDCO Ms. Yim leng Hun Tel : 012-897-558

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CED Theary Tel :023-880-200 Email :[email protected] SSP Mrs. Ouch Kimnary, Tel : 012-988-560 Director 11.Mon- SSP Mrs. Ouch Kimnary Tel : 012 988 560 dulkiri SMRP/DF Mr.Bunnara Tel :012-839-960 W

Mr.Chan Chestda Tel :012-722-007 WCS Mr.Menn Sori Yon (Wildlife Office) 12.Kg.Chh AEC Mrs. Sar Sath Tel : 012 964467 nang Concern Mr. Chnaeng Kirivuth Tel :012-850-729 Mr.Tan Bun Leng Tel : 012-753-552 (Project manager) : (855-26)-988-771 Fax : (855-23)210 314 Email : [email protected]

LWS Mr. Try Tel :026 770036; 012-829096 Email :[email protected] 13. Takeo MCC Mr. Ngim Pheng Tel :011 936225

Mr.Sdaeng Joir Tel :023-215-994 023-216-387 Email : [email protected] 14. Koh PMMR Mr. Kim Nong Tel/Fax:(855-23)426-894 Kong (Project Director) (855-23)214-108 Email : [email protected] CFRP/AF Ms.Sous Siem Tel : 016 87 88 24 SC, Mr. Seang Darong Tel : 011-814-998 (RUA lecturer) 15. Mlup Ms. Amanda Bradley Tel :011-812200 Kg.Speu Baitong 023-214409 Email :[email protected] Mr. Meas Samsocheat Tel : 012-826-378 Email : [email protected] Website : www.mlup.org GTZ – CGFP/ DFW LWS Mr. Khim Channy Tel :016-886-953 025-987285

Mr.Um Bunnara Tel : 023-881-100 :023-881-616 16. CFRP/CID Mr. Sy Ramony Tel :012-832933 Kampot SE

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17.Prey Chet Thor ? ? Veng

Padek ? ? (regrowing by monks and local people 18. Svay CWS Mr. Pou Sovan Tel :012-839-940 Rieng Sate Sana Monk Ngem Kimteng Tel : 012-924-855 044-715-026

19. GTZ- Jurgen Fichtenau Tel :023-210-340 Phnom CGFP :012-895-620 Penh E-mail: [email protected]

CRRN ? ?

SADP Mr.Peter Swift Tel :023-217-218 015-839-420 Email :[email protected] Mr.Mam Kosal Tel :023-214-224 (National Coordinator) Email : [email protected] Mr. Wayne Gum Tel :023-720-928 ( Research and policy 012-889-620 consultant) Email : [email protected] NGO Tan Sokhom Tel :012 881-910 Forum Email: [email protected]

Andrew Cock Tel : 012-822-026 Email : [email protected] OXFAM/ Hak Sarom Tel : 016-992-399 GB Email : [email protected]

OXFAM/ Ms. Femy Pinto Tel : 023-210357 America (Regional Program Email : [email protected] Officer) Mr.Michael ounsted Tel : 023-210-357 (Rgional director) 012-803-644 Email : [email protected] ACR Sarinda Tel/Fax : (855-23)880-200 Email : [email protected] WWF- Toby Carson Tel : (855-23)-218-034 CBNRM Hou Kalyan : (855-12)-962-092 Srey Marona Fax : (855-23)-211-909 Cheam Mony Email : [email protected] Srey Marona Website: www.wwfindochina.org

119 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

Annex 15 Information on Community Forestry Data Survey (Source: GTZ-SMRP; sent as e-mail on August 27, 2002) Survey Who did How was the Which How were the Where are the the survey done? organizations survey results survey results? process survey? were completed? Who? surveyed? Indirectly by Concern, The results After the sending a format FAO, were combined verification, the final results have of questionnaire Santisena, together and to be completed. Mlup Baitong, typed into the been compiled into a list called CF Some information CFRP, format of CF NGO data list. The CF CFU/DFW was collected NTFP, data list, then data list is now survey through e-mail MCC sent to each available in and mail. organization for English. The verification documents can be obtained from IMU/DFW

CFU/DFW Indirect interview Provincial The The result is PFO based on Forestry questionnaire being analyzed Survey SMRP prepared Offices (PFO) was completed for producing the questionnaire. by each PFO CF directory and chief then it is now sending to CFU available in of DFW Khmer. The documents can be obtained from IMU/DFW Answers in the The report on Direct interview PFO questionnaire the assessment CGFP based on NGOs working were combined of CF-Initiatives survey DFW questionnaire related to CF and analyzed. in Cambodia is CGFP and The information being prepared Environment on CF was by CGFP. The MoE classified documents can according to be obtained from province and CGFP in both organization. English and Khmer. Direct interview FAO The information Compiled into a based on Concern collected was book called CF prepared CBNRM classified, site profile, questionnaire NTFP combined and available in WWF WWF and indirect PMMR analyzed for English and Survey interview by WI, MoE, ADB producing CF Khmer. The sending ETAP/UNDP site profile. documents can questionnaire to PED/CARERE be obtained from each organization BFD WWF. to complete. SMRP CAA CEPA Mlup Baitang AFSC

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ANNEX 16: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

Name And Position of Date Of Project Name Province Interviwee Interview -Mr Mom Chaychorn: (deputy 22-March-2002 CF initiative of PFO Bantheay chief of Administration office PoDE (Seila Support) Meanchey ,Provincial Department of Agriculture ) -Mr. Sann KimKheang, (Chief of forest affairs Unit of PFO) -Mr Touch Monny 01-April-2002 CF Initiative of PFO Battambang (Deputy chief of PFO Supported by ADESS Battambang)

-Mr Noy Samohl (Senior CF 15-Febuar-2002 CF program of Kampong coordinator ) Kampong Chang Channg -Mr Tan Bunleng (Director of CF project ) -Mr.Kmeang Kirivuth (Coordinator of CF project) -Mr. Suy Thea 22- February Community of Co Kampong (Chief of Participatory Coastal 2002 management of Som Zone Management project ) Fisheries Ream ( MOE) -Mr.Meas Samsocheat 15-March-2002 Community forestry of Kampong (CF project staff ) Cham Bak( MLup Speu baitong) -Mr. Kheum Channy 20-March –2002 Integrated Rural Kampong (Chief of Agriculture section of Development Project Speu LWS) -Mr. Pol Chantha 20-March- 2002 Farm Forest, Kampong ( PFO Staff ) PRASSAC Speu -Mr.So Than -Rural Development Kampong ( Deputy chief of Provincial Program (RDP-GTZ ) Thom forestry office )

-Venerable Ly khom 08/09-April-2002 -Buddhism For KampongTh (Monk at Vor Yeav Pagoda and Development of om Chief of BFDK in K. Thom) Kampuchea (BFDK).

-Mr.Sy Ramony (Team Leader) 05- March 2002 Community Forestry -Kampot -Mr. Doug Henderson Research Project -Kampong (Advisor) (CFRP) Thom -Koh Kong -Kratie

121 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

-Mr Chey Pichratana 21- February- Participatory Koh Kong (Project Team Leader ) 2002 Management Of - Mr. Nin Vanntha Mangrove Resource (Field Research Leader) (PMMR)

Mr-Duong Vuthy 11-February-2002 Integrated Koh Kong (Director of project ) Sustainable Mr.Seang Darong , Likelihood (Team leader) Program(AFSC-SLIP) Mr Meas Sothunvattanak (Project Staff)

-Mr. Chan Chestda 27-May 2002 Community Forestry Mondolkiri (Deputy chief of Provincial Srae Ampum (SMRP) Department Of Agriculture , project director) -Mr.Kuon Bunnat 26-Febuary CF program of Pousat (coordinator) 2002 Concern-PFO -Sun Sovan ,Pousat ( Coordinator of Concern in PouSat)

-Kaev Sokeun 27-Febuary-2002 CF program –PoDE, Pousat (Deputy chief of natural Pousat resource conservation office,PDoE ) -Sgnuon Chandy ( Chief of the Monitoring and Environmental education )

-Uy Savy 27-Febuary-2002 CF program of Pousat ( Financial and administration Environment Section of EPDO) Protection and Development Organization(EPDO) -Mr. Mom Eang 26-Febuary-2002 CF program –PFO Pousat (Chief of PFO, Pousat) ,Pousat -Mrs. Kim Srey 28-April-2002 Community Based Ratanakiri (CBNRM Advisor ) Natural Resource -Mr Kong Sror Noh Management(CBNRM (Assistant of PLG) ) -Mr.Heng Sokha 22 April-2002 Non Timber Forest Ratanakiri ( Project Director ) Product (NTFP) -Mr Prak Marina 10- Participatory Natural Siem Reap (Chief of CF Unit,PFO) 11/Fabruary/2001 Resource -Mr Leum Sothy Management in (Deputy Chief of CF Unit ) Boueng Tonle Sap Region.

122 - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002

-Mr Ty Sakana Savuth 12/February/2002 CF conservation in Siem Reap (Executive Director) the area of Angkor Temple –Angkor Participatory Development orgarnization(APDO) Mr.Peung Sylean 11-February-2002 CF program, Concern Siem Reap (Chief of the CF project)

Venerable Nhem Kimteng 15- CF initiative of Svay Rieng 16/Jauary/2001 Chamkar prey Koki (Environment Rehabilitation Program )

Mr. Gnim Pheng 17-January2002 Inter village Takeo (Project director) Community Forestry Association (Known as MCC)

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