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Medicinal, Nutritional and Industrial Applications of Salvia Species: a Revisit

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Medicinal, Nutritional and Industrial Applications of Salvia Species: a Revisit Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 43(2), March - April 2017; Article No. 06, Pages: 27-37 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Medicinal, Nutritional and Industrial Applications of Salvia species: A Revisit Anita Yadav*1, Anuja Joshi1, S.L. Kothari2, Sumita Kachhwaha3, Smita Purohit1 1 The IIS University, 2Amity University Rajasthan, 3University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 31-01-2017; Revised: 18-03-2017; Accepted: 05-04-2017. ABSTRACT Salvia species have been used for culinary, medicinal, nutritional and pharmacological purposes. In recent years, studies have highlighted the effect of Salvia plants in preventing and controlling various diseases naturally in a more safe manner. They have many biologically active compounds like essential oils and polyphenolics, which have been found to possess antimicrobial, anti- mutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase properties. Currently, the demand for these plants and their derivatives has increased in food and pharmaceutical industries because they are recognized as safe products. This review summarizes the nutritional, medicinal and industrial applications of genus Salvia. Keywords: Salvia species, Essential oil, Polyphenolic compounds, Medicinal applications. INTRODUCTION flavonoids and phenolic acids3. Essential oils are mixture of several hundred constituents, which can be alvia, a member of the mint family ‘Lamiaceae’ categorized into monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated comprises the largest genus of the family. The genus monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, diterpenes has complex and rich diversity with healing qualities S and polyphenols further classified into two subgroups: of different species occurring throughout the world. The phenolic acid and flavonoids. The major components of genus Salvia is derived from the Latin word “Salvare” essential oil from Salvia comprise 1, 8-cineole, β-pinene, meaning “to heal” or “to be safe and unharmed” referring α-pinene, camphene, borneol, α-thujene, caffeic acid, to the medicinal properties of the genus. It encompasses rosmarinic acid, flavonols, camphor, salvimanolic acid about 900 species, widespread throughout the world with whichare responsible for different pharmacological three distinct region of diversity: central and South properties4. Terpenes possess anti-allergic, anti- America (500 species), Central Asia/Mediterranean (250 histaminic properties, while α-pinene, β-pinene species) and Eastern Asia (90 species)1. The center of andborneol are responsible for antibacterial and origin of this genus has been reported to be Afghanistan antifungal activity5. Compositions of the essential oils and Soviet Central Asia. Although Mexico has the highest diverge in species owing to environmental, number of species (about 250), Salvia species have been phytopathological and genetic factors. used against common cold, bronchitis, tuberculosis and menstrual disorders. It is used as herbal tea, food flavors, Volatile Compounds (Essential oils) cosmetics, perfumery and the pharmacy2. Diverse Essential oils are intricate mixtures of volatile substances, medicinal applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. They antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, contain mixture of terpenes (mono and di) aliphatic sedative, analgesic are attributed to pharmacologically hydrocarbons, acid alcohols, aldehydes, acyclic esters or active compounds. The present review aims to critically lactones etc.6 The essential oil composition in different analyze the medicinal, nutritional and industrial Salvia species varies from one species to another. These applications of the Salvia species and to present a essential oils possess various pharmacological activities. comprehensive account of the scientific studies Therapeutic effects attributed to essential oils of genus conducted. Salvia are discussed below: Medicinal Applications Antimicrobial activity Medicinal applications of Salvia are attributed to different The antimicrobial activities of essential oils have been phytochemicals present in various species. These are well well recognized since ancient times. These were used in known for their antiseptic, antipyretic, analgesic, clinical microbiology and for food preservation7. Volatile antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anti- mono terpenoids, the major constituents of S. officinalis, inflammatory properties. The main bioactive compounds S. lavandulifolia and S. fruticosa show strong antibacterial of these medicinal species can be divided into (1) activity. The antibacterial efficacy of essential oils against essential oil, which contains a mixture of oxygenated different bacteria varies with the oil composition8. compounds such as phenolics, terpenes and Essential oils of S. cryptant has been active against C. hydrocarbons (2) nonvolatile phenolic compounds such as International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 27 Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net © Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 43(2), March - April 2017; Article No. 06, Pages: 27-37 ISSN 0976 – 044X albicans, C. krusei, M. smegmatis, A. lwoffii, S. azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) pneumoniae and C. perfringens microorganisms with MIC and 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods and it (Minimal inhibitory concentration) values ranging from was reported that extract of S. schlechteri was most 2.25 to 18 mg/ml and S. multicaulis hasbeen activity favourable for DPPH and extract of S. miurii was most against S. pneumoniae, C. krusei, C. perfringens, M. active for ABTS17. S. sclarea, S. lavandulifolia, S. officinalis smegmatis, C. albicans and S. aureus with MIC values Purpurascens, S. officinalis Tricolor and S. officinalis from 2.25 to 36 mg/ml9. S. chloroleuca extract exhibited Icterina antioxidant activity were evaluated by DPPH moderate to high anti-microbial activity especially against method. It was found that S. officinalis tricolor showed Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus highest (92.07%) and S. sclarea showed lowest (79.48%) with MIC values of3.75, 3.75 and 7.5 mg/ml activity18. respectively10. The essential oils of S. officinalis, S. Antimutagenic and anticancer activity fruticosa, S. santolinifolia, S. hydrangea and S.mirzayanii display remarkable bacteriostatic and bactericidal Naturally occurring anti mutagenic effects especially of activities against Bacillus cereus, B.subtilis, B.megaterium, plant origin, have recently become subject of intensive Aeromonas sobria, Klebsiella oxytoca11. The essential oil research. Most members of Lamiaceae family possess of Salvia species not only possesses antibacterial activity broad range of biological and pharmacological activities but also exhibit antifungal and antiviral activity. that may protect tissues against genotoxic effects of environmental toxicants and therefore, lower the risk of Various plant and human pathogenic fungi including yeast human chronic disease. Anti-mutagenic effects of are found to be susceptible to essential oils. The essential oils may be confined due to their ability to effectiveness of inhibition varies with the target organism inhibit penetration of mutagens inside the cells, free and the composition of oil12. S. fruticosa shows antifungal radical scavenging activity and activation of antioxidant activity against various plant pathogenic fungi including enzymes19.Chloroform and n- Hexane extracts of S. Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium officinalis repressed UV induced SOS response in spp. due to 1, 8- cineole and camphor components. S.typhimurium TA1535/psk100220. Tanshinones14 (Figure Mycelial growth of R.solani was completely inhibited by 1) isolated from ether extract of S. miltiorrhiza, were essential oil of S. fruticosa at concentration of 2000 µl/l13. recognized to be modulators of Trp-P-1 and BP mutagenic However, the oil showed no antimicrobial activity against activities in S.typhimurium TA9821. human pathogenic bacteria or fungi at concentration up to 200µg/ml. Crude extract of S. officinalis contain 2- abietane diterpenoids which showed a potent antiviral activity. Safficinolide14 and sageone showed virus inactivation activity against Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Herpes simplex virus15. Antioxidant activity In recent years, there is an upswing in the areas related to newer developments in prevention of disease especially highlighting the role of free radicals and antioxidants. Free radicals have been implicated in the aetiology of various diseases. Antioxidants can protect against the damage induced by free radicals acting at various levels. Antioxidant based formulation for prevention and Figure1: Structures of Tanshinones compounds treatment of complex diseases like atherosclerosis, Several biological studies have demonstrated that Salvia Alzheimer’s disease, etc. have appeared in last few years. species have potent anticancer activity against diverse Free radicals are responsible for oxidative stress which types of malignancies like gastric cancer, breast cancer, causes damage to cellular macromolecules and bio glioma, human liver tumor,
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