DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical and Mechanical Bioerosion of Boring Sponges from Mexican Pacific Coral Reefs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical and Mechanical Bioerosion of Boring Sponges from Mexican Pacific Coral Reefs 2827 The Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 2827-2831 Published by The Company of Biologists 2008 doi:10.1242/jeb.019216 Chemical and mechanical bioerosion of boring sponges from Mexican Pacific coral reefs Héctor Nava1,2,* and José Luis Carballo1 1Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Joel Montes Camarena, s/n. apartado postal 811, 82000 Mazatlán, México and 2Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, ICML, UNAM, Mexico *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 7 July 2008 SUMMARY Species richness (S) and frequency of invasion (IF) by boring sponges on living colonies of Pocillopora spp. from National Park Isla Isabel (México, East Pacific Ocean) are presented. Twelve species belonging to the genera Aka, Cliona, Pione, Thoosa and Spheciospongia were found, and 56% of coral colonies were invaded by boring sponges, with Cliona vermifera Hancock 1867 being the most abundant species (30%). Carbonate dissolution rate and sediment production were quantified for C. vermifera and Cliona flavifodina Rützler 1974. Both species exhibited similar rates of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution (1.2±0.4 and –2 –1 –2 –1 0.5±0.2 kg CaCO3 m year , respectively, mean ± s.e.m.), and sediment production (3.3±0.6 and 4.6±0.5 kg CaCO3 m year ), –2 –1 resulting in mean bioerosion rates of 4.5±0.9 and 5.1±0.5 kg CaCO3 m year , respectively. These bioerosion rates are close to previous records of coral calcification per unit of area, suggesting that sponge bioerosion alone can promote disequilibrium in the reef accretion/destruction ratio in localities that are heavily invaded by boring sponges. The proportion of dissolved material by C. vermifera and C. flavifodina (27 and 10.2%, respectively) confirms that chemical bioerosion plays an important role in sponge bioerosion and in the CaCO3 cycle in coral reefs. Key words: coral reef, boring sponge, bioerosion rate, carbonate dissolution, sediment production, Mexican Pacific Ocean. INTRODUCTION compared with the material removed mechanically (Rützler and The growth and maintenance of coral reefs is the result of an Rieger, 1973; Rützler, 1975; Acker and Risk, 1985). However, it equilibrium between the deposition and the erosion of carbonate was recently shown that Pione cf. vastifica (Hancock 1849) dissolves (Hutchings, 1986). A significant part of the erosion process is of a three masses of reef CaCO3 framework per each part of carbonate biological nature and is termed bioerosion (Neumann, 1966). In coral removed mechanically, suggesting that chip production represents reefs, bioerosion is driven by a high diversity of organisms but, only a small fraction of the sponges bioerosion capacity usually, the dominant groups around the world are boring sponges (Zundelevich et al., 2007). (MacGeachy and Stearn, 1976; Hudson, 1977). The activity of these The coral communities of the Eastern Pacific coast are distributed sponges and other bioeroders can weaken the reef by causing between 30deg. N and 5deg. S (Glynn and Ault, 2000), and the dislodgment of the framework, especially during wear and tear Mexican Pacific coast comprises 46% of their total distributional caused by waves (Stearn and Scoffin, 1977; Macdonald and Perry, range. The present study was carried out in the National Park Isla 2003) and in some Caribbean coral reefs they are thought to be Isabel (México), which harbors a typical coral community from the responsible for reef destruction (Rose and Risk, 1985; Ward-Paige Eastern Pacific, formed mainly by corals of the genus Pocillopora et al., 2005). (Reyes-Bonilla, 1993). As the sponge penetrates the coral, the substrate is gradually We addressed the hypothesis that boring sponges may have a destroyed as a result of the sponge hollowing out an extensive major role in the incorporation of dissolved CaCO3 to the water system of cavities and tunnels (López Victoria et al., 2006; column. Calcinai et al., 2007). These excavations are produced by the This work had four goals: (1) to study the species richness (S) expulsion of small lenticular calcareous chips (15–100μm in and the frequency of invasion (IF) by boring sponges on living diameter) through the aquiferous system of the sponge colonies of Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis and Solander 1786) at Isla (mechanical boring) (Rützler and Rieger, 1973). Boring sponges Isabel; (2) to quantify the carbonate dissolution rate of Cliona can remove large amounts of calcareous material from the reef vermifera Hancock 1867 and Cliona flavifodina Rützler 1974, two –2 –1 framework by chip production (up to 22kg CaCO3 m year ), of the most abundant and amply distributed boring sponges from generating up to 40% of the sediment deposited on some reef the east Pacific Ocean (Carballo et al., 2004; Carballo et al., 2008). ecosystems (Neumann, 1966; Rützler and Rieger, 1973; Fütterer, This is especially important to ensure the validity and generality of 1974; Rützler, 1975). previous results for Pione cf. vastifica (Zundelevich et al., 2007), In addition, boring sponges are able to dissolve part of the which would allow us to establish a confident prediction about the carbonate during the bioerosion process (chemical boring) (Rützler real importance of boring sponges in coral reef environments; (3) and Rieger, 1973; Pomponi, 1977). Traditionally, it was considered to quantify the sediment production of C. vermifera and C. that the amount of chemically dissolved material was minimal flavifodina; and (4) to quantify the bioerosion rate of these species. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2828 H. Nava and J. L. Carballo MATERIALS AND METHODS selected and transported to the laboratory. Boring sponges were Study site allowed to recover for 24 h. Before the beginning of the The Mexican Pacific coast harbors only a few important reef experiment, each coral fragment was externally cleaned with a structures due to coastal upwelling and high river discharge (Reyes- soft brush to remove particles that could confound the Bonilla, 1993). Isla Isabel (21deg. 50Ј35ЉN–105deg. 53Ј04ЉW) is measurements of sediment production. It was then placed in a an oceanic island located 32km off the coast (Fig.1) that harbors plastic container with 2.5 l of filtered, aerated seawater. Another a diverse coral community (14 species), dominated by corals of the five coral fragments without sponges were cleaned and used as genus Pocillopora, a common Eastern Pacific species (Reyes- controls (Zundelevich et al., 2007). Bonilla, 1993). Since the island is protected by natural reserve there The experiment started once all fragments of both species were is no significant human impact. laid in plastic containers, under aeration and at room temperature. To record the initial total alkalinity (AT) in the water, a 100ml aliquot Quantification of the diversity and abundance of boring of seawater was taken from each plastic container and 25ml of sponges 0.01moll–1 hydrochloric acid was added. The aliquot was then The species richness and abundance as frequency of invasion (IF) homogenized and its pH was measured when it reached room of boring sponges was quantified by examining living colonies of temperature. AT was determined from the following equation P. verrucosa (Carballo et al., 2008). (modified from Rosales-Hoz, 1980): Sampling was carried out by scuba diving, collecting 25 fragments A = {[1000 (VN) / X] – [1000 (X + V) / X] [antilog pH / of the basal portion of live corals approximately 90cm3 along 10 T f +]}/1000, (1) transects 25m long perpendicular to the shoreline (Carballo et al., H –1 2008). The samples were examined in the laboratory for the where AT is expressed in equiv.l , V is the clorhidric acid volume presence of boring sponges. Each sample was broken into small used in each measurement (25ml), N is the normality of the pieces. When a sponge was found, a sample of its tissue was digested hydrocloric acid (0.01), X is the aliquot volume of each plastic with sodium hypochlorite, and its spicular characteristics were container (ml) and fH+ (0.758) is the activity coefficient. examined under an optical microscope. The identification was done The procedure to calculate AT was carried out after 24h, when to the highest taxonomic level using the available literature (Carballo the experiment concluded. The mass of CaCO3 dissolved by the et al., 2004; Carballo and Cruz-Barraza, 2005; Bautista-Guerrero sponges, M (kg), was calculated from the change in total alkallinity –1 et al., 2006). The IF for each species (mean ± s.e.m.) was recorded [⌬AT (equiv.l )] during the experiment (AT at the end of the as the proportion (%) of fragments where boring sponges were experiment minus AT at the beginning, 24h earlier) using the found. following equation adapted from Zundelevich et al. (Zundelevich et al., 2007): Quantification of the carbonate dissolution rate M = [0.5(mol equiv.l–1) ΔA 100V ρ ] / 1000, (2) The variation in the alkalinity of the seawater has been accepted as T SW SW a reliable and rapid methodology to quantify small changes in the where 100 is the molecular mass of CaCO3, Vsw is the volume (l) dissolved carbonate concentration in the water (Smith and Kinsey, of the water in the plastic container and ρsw is the density of the 1978). It was initially utilized to calculate bioerosion rates by seawater (1.026kgl–1). litophagid molluscs (Lazar and Loya, 1991) and calcification in corals (Chisholm and Gattuso, 1991). Recently, this technique has Quantification of the sediment production been successfully tested to calculate the sponge bioerosion rate of Since the size of the chips produced by boring sponges range from Pione cf. vastifica (Zundelevich et al., 2007). 15 to 100μm (Rützler and Rieger, 1973), the water in each plastic Five fragments of dead corals invaded by the boring sponge container was passed through a sieve (150μm mesh) to eliminate C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Patterns in Marine Community Assemblages on Continental Margins: a Faunal and Floral Synthesis from Northern Western Australian Atolls
    Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 94: 267–284, 2011 Patterns in marine community assemblages on continental margins: a faunal and floral synthesis from northern Western Australian atolls A Sampey 1 & J Fromont 2 1 Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986 [email protected] 2 Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986 [email protected] Manuscript received November 2010; accepted January 2011 Abstract Corals and fishes are the most visually apparent fauna on coral reefs and the most often monitored groups to detect change. In comparison, data on noncoral benthic invertebrates and marine plants is sparse. Whether patterns in diversity and distribution for other taxonomic groups align with those detected in corals and fishes is largely unknown. Four shelf-edge atolls in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were surveyed for marine plants, sponges, scleractinian corals, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and fishes in 2006, with a consequent 1521 species reported. Here, we provide the first community level assessment of the biodiversity of these atolls based on these taxonomic groups. Four habitats were surveyed and each was found to have a characteristic community assemblage. Different species assemblages were found among atolls and within each habitat, particularly in the lagoon and reef flat environments. In some habitats we found the common taxa groups (fishes and corals) provide adequate information for community assemblages, but in other cases, for example in the intertidal reef flats, these commonly targeted groups are far less useful in reflecting overall community patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Revised Classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3*
    Morrow and Cárdenas Frontiers in Zoology (2015) 12:7 DOI 10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8 DEBATE Open Access Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3* Abstract Background: Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today’s marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification. Discussion: We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida).
    [Show full text]
  • Light Exposure Enhances Urea Absorption in the Fluted Giant Clam
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb176313. doi:10.1242/jeb.176313 RESEARCH ARTICLE Light exposure enhances urea absorption in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and up-regulates the protein abundance of a light-dependent urea active transporter, DUR3-like, in its ctenidium Christabel Y. L. Chan1, Kum C. Hiong1, Mel V. Boo1, Celine Y. L. Choo1, Wai P. Wong1, Shit F. Chew2 and Yuen K. Ip1,3,* ABSTRACT Symbiodinium, which are also known as zooxanthellae (Trench, Giant clams live in nutrient-poor reef waters of the Indo-Pacific and rely 1987). Giant clams (Phylum: Mollusca, Family: Cardiidae, on symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp., also known as Subfamily: Tridacninae, Genus: Tridacna or Hippopus)are zooxanthellae) for nutrients. As the symbionts are nitrogen deficient, common inhabitants of coral reefs in the tropical Indo-Pacific. the host clam has to absorb exogenous nitrogen and supply it to them. The host clam harbors symbiotic zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium This study aimed to demonstrate light-enhanced urea absorption in the clade A, C and D; LaJuenesse et al., 2004; Takabayashi et al., 2004; fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and to clone and characterize Hernawan, 2008; Lee et al., 2015) which live extracellularly in a the urea active transporter DUR3-like from its ctenidium (gill). The branched tubular system surrounded by hemolymph (Norton et al., results indicate that T. squamosa absorbs exogenous urea, and the 1992). Zooxanthellae reside mainly inside the tiny tertiary tubules rate of urea uptake in the light was significantly higher than that in located below the surface of the fleshy and colorful outer mantle darkness.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Upwelling and El Niño Impact Coral Reef Growth? a Guided, Inquiry-Based Lesson
    OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEn ogOF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy CITATION Gravinese, P.M., L.T. Toth, C.J. Randall, and R.B. Aronson. 2018. How do upwelling and El Niño impact coral reef growth? A guided, inquiry-based lesson. Oceanography 31(4):184–188, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.424. DOI https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.424 PERMISSIONS Oceanography (ISSN 1042-8275) is published by The Oceanography Society, 1 Research Court, Suite 450, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. ©2018 The Oceanography Society, Inc. Permission is granted for individuals to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full texts of Oceanography articles. Figures, tables, and short quotes from the magazine may be republished in scientific books and journals, on websites, and in PhD dissertations at no charge, but the materi- als must be cited appropriately (e.g., authors, Oceanography, volume number, issue number, page number[s], figure number[s], and DOI for the article). Republication, systemic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any material in Oceanography is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Please contact Jennifer Ramarui at [email protected]. Permission is granted to authors to post their final pdfs, provided byOceanography , on their personal or institutional websites, to deposit those files in their institutional archives, and to share the pdfs on open-access research sharing sites such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTPS://TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY HANDS-ON OCEANOGRAPHY How Do Upwelling and El Niño Impact Coral Reef Growth? A GUIDED, INQUIRY-BASED LESSON By Philip M. Gravinese, Lauren T. Toth, Carly J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Endolithic Fungi in Bioerosion and Disease in Marine Ecosystems. II. Potential Facultatively Parasitic Anamorphic A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Dundee Online Publications University of Dundee The roles of endolithic fungi in bioerosion and disease in marine ecosystems. II. Potential facultatively parasitic anamorphic ascomycetes can cause disease in corals and molluscs Gleason, Frank H.; Gadd, Geoffrey M.; Pitt, John I.; Larkum, Anthony W.D. Published in: Mycology DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1371802 Publication date: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Gleason, F. H., Gadd, G. M., Pitt, J. I., & Larkum, A. W. D. (2017). The roles of endolithic fungi in bioerosion and disease in marine ecosystems. II. Potential facultatively parasitic anamorphic ascomycetes can cause disease in corals and molluscs. Mycology, 8(3), 216-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2017.1371802 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Mycology An International Journal on Fungal Biology ISSN: 2150-1203 (Print) 2150-1211 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tmyc20 The roles of endolithic fungi in bioerosion and disease in marine ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biodiversity Survey of Mermaid Reef (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reef Western Australia 2006 Edited by Clay Bryce
    ISBN 978-1-920843-50-2 ISSN 0313 122X Scott and Seringapatam Reef. Western Australia Marine Biodiversity Survey of Mermaid Reef (Rowley Shoals), Marine Biodiversity Survey of Mermaid Reef (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reef Western Australia 2006 2006 Edited by Clay Bryce Edited by Clay Bryce Suppl. No. Records of the Western Australian Museum 77 Supplement No. 77 Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 77 Marine Biodiversity Survey of Mermaid Reef (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reef Western Australia 2006 Edited by Clay Bryce Records of the Western Australian Museum The Records of the Western Australian Museum publishes the results of research into all branches of natural sciences and social and cultural history, primarily based on the collections of the Western Australian Museum and on research carried out by its staff members. Collections and research at the Western Australian Museum are centred on Earth and Planetary Sciences, Zoology, Anthropology and History. In particular the following areas are covered: systematics, ecology, biogeography and evolution of living and fossil organisms; mineralogy; meteoritics; anthropology and archaeology; history; maritime archaeology; and conservation. Western Australian Museum Perth Cultural Centre, James Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6000 Mail: Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986 Telephone: (08) 9212 3700 Facsimile: (08) 9212 3882 Email: [email protected] Minister for Culture and The Arts The Hon. John Day BSc, BDSc, MLA Chair of Trustees Mr Tim Ungar BEc, MAICD, FAIM Acting Executive Director Ms Diana Jones MSc, BSc, Dip.Ed Editors Dr Mark Harvey BSC, PhD Dr Paul Doughty BSc(Hons), PhD Editorial Board Dr Alex Baynes MA, PhD Dr Alex Bevan BSc(Hons), PhD Ms Ann Delroy BA(Hons), MPhil Dr Bill Humphreys BSc(Hons), PhD Dr Moya Smith BA(Hons), Dip.Ed.
    [Show full text]
  • A General Ecological Survey of Some Shores in Northern Moçambique
    A GENERAL ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SOME SHORES IN NORTHERN MOÇAMBIQUE by MARGARET KALK (University of ?he Wilwciersrand, Johannesburg) /Hm*iW August, Ji, iQfS) CONTENTS h Introduction............................................................................................. 1 Li. General physical conditions in northern Mozambique . » . 2 iii. The fauna on the shores of Mozambique Island .... 3 iv. Strong wave action on the Isle of Goa mui at Chakos . « 8 v. Sheltered shores in northern Mozambique . • • 9 vi. Ecological patterns on shores of southern Mozambique . ■ IO vii, Discussion............................................................................................. in v iii. Acknowledgments * . * . *............................... 10 Appendix — A list of animals collected in northern Mozambique 11 References ............. 211 i. INTRODUCTION The shores of northern Moçambique are well within the tropics, reaching latitude IO0 S at the northern limit. Collections ol shore animals have been made from time to time and authors of taxonomic studies have frequently pointed out affinities of the fauna with that of the west Pacific. The coast is considered part of tile Indo-west-pacific province of Ekman. Tropical features such as confluent corai reefs, fields of Cymodocea on intertidal flats and zoned mangrove swamps persist as far south as Inhaca Island (latitude 26° S) in Southern Moçambique (Kalk, 1954 and 1958, Macxae and Kalk, 1958), aâ a result of the influence of the warm equatorial waters of the southward flowing Moçambique current. A number of tropical species intrude even into Natal in South Africa for the same reason (Stephexson 1944 and 1947, Smitii 1952 and 1959). But in Natal and to a lesser extent at Inhaca the gross facies of the upper levels of the rocky shores are not unlike wami temperate South African shores and might be termed sub-tropical in character.
    [Show full text]
  • Baeria Rocks Ecological Reserve - Subtidal Survey 2018
    BC Parks Living Lab for Climate Change and Conservation Final Report (Contract #TP19JHQ008) Baeria Rocks Ecological Reserve - Subtidal Survey 2018 Isabelle M. Côté and Siobhan Gray Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University/ Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre [email protected], [email protected] 8 February 2019 Dive surveys of fish and invertebrates were carried out at Baeria Rocks Ecological Reserve on 7 June 2018, to continue a monitoring effort that began in 2007. Twelve divers (7 students from the Scientific Diving class of the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (BMSC), two Sci Diving Instructors, two course teaching assistants, and one additional diver) were present. All divers were well trained in survey techniques and identification. On each dive, one diver was assigned to tending duties, leaving 11 divers in the water. Surveys were conducted between 10.00 and 13.30 by five dive teams. Two teams conducted timed roving surveys and three teams conducted transects. As in previous years, the teams were deployed around the north islets for the first dive, and around the south islet for the second dive, alternating roving and transect teams along the shore (Figure 1). Roving survey method Each roving team carried out a 40-50 min roving survey, from a maximum depth of 50 ft (14.5 m) depth (where possible), to the top of the reef, swimming in a semi- systematic zigzag pattern from deep to shallow water. Both divers counted every individual observed of each species listed on an underwater roving survey sheet. When a species was very abundant (i.e. more than ~100 individuals), surveyors recorded numbers as ‘lots’.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovations in Animal-Substrate Interactions Through Geologic Time
    The other biodiversity record: Innovations in animal-substrate interactions through geologic time Luis A. Buatois, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, luis. [email protected]; and M. Gabriela Mángano, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, [email protected] ABSTRACT 1979; Bambach, 1977; Sepkoski, 1978, 1979, and Droser, 2004; Mángano and Buatois, Tracking biodiversity changes based on 1984, 1997). However, this has been marked 2014; Buatois et al., 2016a), rather than on body fossils through geologic time became by controversies regarding the nature of the whole Phanerozoic. In this study we diversity trajectories and their potential one of the main objectives of paleontology tackle this issue based on a systematic and biases (e.g., Sepkoski et al., 1981; Alroy, in the 1980s. Trace fossils represent an alter- global compilation of trace-fossil data 2010; Crampton et al., 2003; Holland, 2010; native record to evaluate secular changes in in the stratigraphic record. We show that Bush and Bambach, 2015). In these studies, diversity. A quantitative ichnologic analysis, quantitative ichnologic analysis indicates diversity has been invariably assessed based based on a comprehensive and global data that the three main marine evolutionary on body fossils. set, has been undertaken in order to evaluate radiations inferred from body fossils, namely Trace fossils represent an alternative temporal trends in diversity of bioturbation the Cambrian Explosion, Great Ordovician record to assess secular changes in bio- and bioerosion structures. The results of this Biodiversification Event, and Mesozoic diversity. Trace-fossil data were given less study indicate that the three main marine Marine Revolution, are also expressed in the attention and were considered briefly in evolutionary radiations (Cambrian Explo- trace-fossil record.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Inhibition of Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) Infested with an Endolithic Sponge (Cliona Sp.)
    GROWTH INHIBITION OF RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) INFESTED WITH AN ENDOLITHIC SPONGE (CLIONA SP.) By Kirby Gonzalo Morejohn A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Natural Resources: Biology May, 2012 GROWTH INHIBITION OF RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) INFESTED WITH AN ENDOLITHIC SPONGE (CLIONA SP.) HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERSITY By Kirby Gonzalo Morejohn We certify that we have read this study and that it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully acceptable, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Sean Craig, Major Professor Date ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Tim Mulligan, Committee Member Date ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Frank Shaughnessy, Committee Member Date ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Laura Rogers-Bennett, Committee Member Date ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Michael Mesler, Graduate Coordinator Date ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Jená Burges, Vice Provost Date ii ABSTRACT Understanding the effects of biotic and abiotic pressures on commercially important marine species is crucial to their successful management. The red abalone (Haliotis rufescensis) is a commercially
    [Show full text]
  • Sponge Diversity in Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs: an Interoceanic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Sponge diversity in Eastern Tropical Pacifc coral reefs: an interoceanic comparison Received: 20 December 2018 José Luis Carballo1, José Antonio Cruz-Barraza1, Cristina Vega1, Héctor Nava2 & Accepted: 14 June 2019 María del Carmen Chávez-Fuentes2 Published: xx xx xxxx Sponges are an important component of coral reef communities. The present study is the frst devoted exclusively to coral reef sponges from Eastern Tropical Pacifc (ETP). Eighty-seven species were found, with assemblages dominated by very small cryptic patches and boring sponges such as Cliona vermifera; the most common species in ETP reefs. We compared the sponge patterns from ETP reefs, Caribbean reefs (CR) and West Pacifc reefs (WPR), and all have in common that very few species dominate the sponge assemblages. However, they are massive or large sun exposed sponges in CR and WPR, and small encrusting and boring cryptic species in ETP. At a similar depth, CR and WPR had seven times more individuals per m2, and between four (CR) and fve times (WPR) more species per m2 than ETP. Perturbation, at local and large scale, rather than biological factors, seems to explain the low prevalence and characteristics of sponge assemblages in ETP reefs, which are very frequently located in shallow water where excessive turbulence, abrasion and high levels of damaging light occur. Other factors such as the recurrence of large-scale phenomena (mainly El Niño events), age of the reef (younger in ETP), isolation (higher in ETP), difculty to gain recruits from distant areas (higher in ETP), are responsible for shaping ETP sponge communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiome Structure of Ecologically Important Bioeroding Sponges (Family Clionaidae)
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.28.923250; this version posted January 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 2 Microbiome structure of ecologically important bioeroding sponges (family Clionaidae): 3 The role of host phylogeny and environmental plasticity. 4 Oriol Sacristán-Soriano1,2, †, Xavier Turon2 and Malcolm Hill1,3 5 6 7 1Department of Biology; University of Richmond; Richmond, VA 8 2Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB, CSIC), Blanes, Spain 9 3Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240 10 †Corresponding author 11 12 13 Keywords: symbiosis, bioerosion, microbiome, Symbiodinium, Cliona, Spheciospongia, 14 Cervicornia 15 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.28.923250; this version posted January 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 16 Abstract 17 The potential of increased bioerosion by excavating sponges in future environmental scenarios 18 represents a potential threat to coral reef structure and function. If we are to predict changes to 19 coral reef habitats, it is important to understand the biology of these sponges. Little is known 20 about prokaryotic associations in excavating sponges despite the fact that evidence indicates they 21 contribute to the sponge growth through their heterotrophic metabolism and may even act as 22 microborers. Here, we provide the first detailed description of the microbial community of 23 multiple bioeroding sponges from the Clionaidae family (Cliona varians, C.
    [Show full text]