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Indian Polity – Part 30, 31
30] Unity In Diversity - National Integration Notes
Notes
Indian states are separated by several states based on language in the year of 1956. A great tamil poet Umar done an islamic tamil literature about nabigal nayagam story in an effective tamil poem form called viruttham .That is popularly known as Seerap puraanam. Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.It is one of the largest South Indian temples and an exemplary example of a fully realized Tamil architecture.It is called as Dhakshina Meru of south. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples", along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively. Meenakshi Temple, also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Minakshi- Sundareshwara Temple,is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai Riverin the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Meenakshi, a form of Parvati, and her consort, Sundareshwar, a form of Shiva. The kanchi Kailasanathar temple is the oldest structure in Kanchipuram. Located in Tamil Nadu, India, it is a Hindu temple in the Dravidian architectural style. It is dedicated to the Lord Shiva, and is known for its historical importance. The temple was built from 685-705AD by a Rajasimha (Narasimhavarman II) ruler of the Pallava Dynasty.
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The Tirukkural or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil text consisting of 1,330 couplets or Kurals, dealing with the everyday virtues of an individual.Considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, chiefly secular ethics, it is known for its universality and non-denominational nature.It was authored by Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 7th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE. Thembavani , one of the Tamil classics, a poetical work of Veeramamunivar (Constanzo Beschi), on the life of St.Joseph, earthly father of Jesus Christ. This Tamil Divina Commedia is divided into thirty-six cantos, containing 3,615 stanzas. "It is," says Baumgartner, "the noblest epic poem in honor of St. Joseph written in any literature, East or West". It begins with the birth of Joseph and ends with his "coronation" by the Triune God in heavenly glory. Guru Nanak Gurpurab, also known as Guru Nanak's Prakash Utsav, celebrates the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak.This is one of the most sacred festivals in Sikhi.
National Integration Day
19th November, is celebrated as national Integration Day in India, an honour to India’s first Woman Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. Commonly known as Iron Lady of India, this day is the birth anniversary of Indira Gandhi. India observes National Integration Day, also known as Quami Ekta Divas, each year on 19th November.
Factors affecting the National Integration
1. Casteism
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2. Communalism
3. Linguistic Fanaticism
4. Regionalism
5. Social Disparity
6. Economic Inequalities
31] Socio-Economic Problems Notes
National Policy on Education
The National Policy on Education (NPE) is a policy formulated by the Government of India to promote education amongst India's people. The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986. The government of India has appointed a new committee under K. Kasturirangan to prepare a Draft for the new National Education Policy in 2017.In 1992 Karumpalagai Thittam was introduced.
Tamil Nadu Population 2011
As per details from Census 2011, Tamil Nadu has population of 7.21 Crores, an increase from figure of 6.24 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Tamil Nadu as per 2011 census is 72,147,030 of which male and female are 36,137,975 and 36,009,055 respectively. In 2001, total population was 62,405,679 in which males were 31,400,909 while females were 31,004,770.
The total population growth in this decade was 15.61 percent while in previous decade it was 11.19 percent. The population of Tamil Nadu forms 5.96 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 6.07 percent.1/3 people were below the poverty line in the population.
Literacy 80.09 %
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Male Literacy 86.77 % Female Literacy 73.44 % Total Literate 51,837,507 Male Literate 28,040,491 Female Literate 23,797,016
International Literacy Day
September 8 was declared International Literacy Day by UNESCO on October 26, 1966 at 14th session of UNESCO's General conference. It was celebrated for the first time in 1967. Its aim is to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies.
World Population Day
World Population day is an annual event, observed on July 11 every year, which seeks to raise awareness of global population issues. The event was established by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme in 1989.
Jawahar Rozgar Yojna
Jawahar Rozgar Yojna was launched on April 1, 1989 by merging National Rural Employment Program (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). At the end of Seventh Five Year Plan So this was a consolidation of the previous employment programs and it was largest National Employment Program of India at that time with a general objective of providing 90-100 Days Employment per person particularly in backward districts. People below Poverty Line were main targets. The Yojna was implemented on rural scale. Every village was to be covered through Panchayati Raj Institutions. The village got aide and support from District Rural Development Authority. Expenditures were born by central & state in 80:20 ratios.
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Since 1993-94 the Yojna was made more targets oriented and expanded substantially through increased budgetary allocations. It was divided into 3 streams:
First Stream:
Comprising general works under JRY and also two sub schemes Indira Awas Yojna and Million Wells Scheme. This stream got 75% of the total allocation. In Indira Awas Yojna the allocation was increased from 6% to 10 % and in Million Wells Scheme from 20% to 30 % during that period.
Second Stream:
This was also called intensified JRY and was implemented in selected 120 backward districts. It got 20% allocation.
Third Stream:
This was left with 5 % allocation for Innovative programs which included Prevention of labor migration, drought proofing watershed etc. programs.
List of all Five Year Plans of India
The concept of economic planning in India is derived from the Russia (then USSR). India has launched 12 five year plans so far. First five year plan was launched in 1951. Now the present NDA government has stopped the formation of five year plans. So 12th five year plan would be called the last five year plan of India.
First Five Year Plan:
It was made for the duration of 1951 to 1956. It was based on the Harrod-Domar model. Its main focus was on the agricultural development of the country. This plan was successful and achieved growth rate of 3.6% (more than its target)
Second Five Year Plan:
It was made for the duration of 1956 to 1961.
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It was based on the P.C. Mahalanobis Model. Its main focus was on the industrial development of the country. This plan was successful and achieved growth rate of 4.1%
Third Five Year Plan:
It was made for the duration of 1961 to 1966. This plan is called ‘Gadgil Yojna’ also. The main target of this plan was to make the economy independent and to reach self active position of take off. Due to china war, this plan could not achieve its growth target of 5.6%
Plan Holiday:
The duration of plan holiday was from 1966 to 1969. The main reason behind the plan holiday was the Indo-Pakistan war & failure of third plan. During this plan annual plans were made and equal priority was given to agriculture its allied sectors and the industry sector.
Fourth Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 1969 to 1974. There were two main objective of this plan i.e. growth with stability and progressive achievement of self reliance. During this plan the slogan of “Garibi Hatao” is given during the 1971 elections by Indira Gandhi. This plan failed and could achieve growth rate of 3.3% only against the target of 5.7%.
Fifth Five Year Plan:
Its duration was 1974 to 1979. In this plan top priority was given to agriculture, next came to industry and mines. Overall this plan was successful which achieved the growth of 4.8% against the target of 4.4%.
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The draft of this plan was prepared and launched by the D.P. Dhar. This plan was terminated in 1978.
Rolling Plan:
This plan was started with an annual plan for 1978-79 and as a continuation of the terminated fifth year plan.
Sixth Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 1980 to 1985. The basic objective of this plan was poverty eradication and technological self reliance. It was based on investment yojna, infrastructural changing and trend to growth model. Its growth target was 5.2% but it achieved 5.7%.
Seventh Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 1985 to 1990. Objectives of this plan include the establishment of the self sufficient economy, opportunities for productive employment. For the first time the private sector got the priority over public sector. Its growth target was 5.0% but it achieved 6.0%.
Annual Plans:
Eighth five Plan could not take place due to volatile political situation at the centre. So two annual programmes are formed in 1990-91& 1991-92.
Eighth Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 1992 to 1997. In this plan the top priority was given to development of the human resources i.e. employment, education, and public health. Duing this plan Narasimha Rao Govt. launched New Economic Policy of India. This plan was successful and got annual growth rate of 6.8& against the target of 5.6%.
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Ninth Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 1997 to 2002. The main focus of this plan was “growth with justice and equity”. It was launched in the 50th year of independence of India. This plan failed to achieve the growth target of 7% and grow only at the rate of 5.6%.
Tenth Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 2002 to 2007. This plan aims to double the per capita income of India in the next 10 years. It aims to reduce the poverty ratio 15% by 2012. Its growth target was 8.0% but it achieved only 7.2%.
Eleventh Five Year Plan:
Its duration was from 2007 to 2012. It was prepared by the C. Rangarajan. Its main theme was “faster and more inclusive growth” Its growth rate target was 8.1% but it achieved only 7.9%
Twelfth Five Year Plan:
Its duration is from 2012 to 2017. Its main theme is “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”. Its growth rate target is 8%. It is the current five year plan of India.
Poverty
Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money. Poverty is a multifaceted concept, which may include social, economic, and political elements. Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or destitution refers to the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing and shelter
Regional imbalance
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Regional imbalance is the disparity in economic and social development of two regions. One region/city/area is stronger than another region/city/area. Regions develop when investments are made to set up industries, service sectors, educational institutions, health care facilities etc.It is also called as socio-economic imbalances are seen in people living in different areas socio-economic imbalances are seen in people living in different areas.
International Literacy Year
In 1987, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 1990 as International Literacy Year. The event intended to be not so much as a celebration of progress as an urgent call to action as part of a worldwide campaign to eradicate illiteracy by the year 2000.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Education for All Movement or SSA, is an Indian Government programme aimed at the universalisation of elementary education "in a time bound manner", as mandated by the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 (estimated to be 205 million children in 2001) a fundamental right. The programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Above 300 people should be there in a place according to the program of education for everyone to create a school. “Minimum Learning level” was introduced by Thave.
National Child labor policy
The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act was enacted based on the recommendations of the committee in 1986. A National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987 to focus on rehabilitating children working in hazardous occupations.
Plantation Labour Act, 1951
The Plantation Labour Act, 1951 provides for the welfare of plantation labour and regulates the conditions of work in plantations. According to the
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Act, the term 'plantation' means "any plantation to which this Act, whether wholly or in part, applies and includes offices, hospitals, dispensaries, schools, and any other premises used for any purpose connected with such plantation, but does not include any factory on the premises to which the provisions of the Factories Act,1948 apply."
The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986]: As per the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 ("CLPR Act"), a "Child" is defined as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help (except helping own family in non-hazardous occupations). It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as "Adolescent" and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948.
Twenty Point Programme
The Twenty Point Programme was initially launched by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975 and was subsequently restructured in 1982 and again on 1986. With the introduction of new policies and programmes it has been finally restructured in 2006 and it has been in operation at present. The Programmes and Schemes under TPP-2006 are in harmony with the priorities contained in the National Common Minimum Programme, the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations and SAARC Social Charter. The restructured Programme, called Twenty Point Programme – 2006 (TPP-2006), was approved by the Cabinet on 5th October, 2006 and operated w.e.f 1.4.2007.
Indian labour law
Indian labour law refers to laws regulating labour in India. Traditionally, Indian governments at federal and state level have sought to ensure a high degree of protection for workers, but in practice, form of government and
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because labour is a subject in the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution. Indira Gandhi launched this law.
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