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A Search for Identity and Memory in Sharon Kay Penman's Novel Here Be Dragons

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ALAN FEAR A SEARCH FOR IDENTITY AND MEMORY IN SHARON KAY PENMAN’S NOVEL HERE BE DRAGONS PORTO ALEGRE 2016 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE LETRAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS LINHA DE PESQUISA: SOCIEDADE, (INTER)TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS E TRADUÇÃO NAS LITERATURAS ESTRANGEIRAS MODERNAS LEM: LITERATURAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA A SEARCH FOR IDENTITY AND MEMORY IN SHARON KAY PENMAN’S NOVEL HERE BE DRAGONS AUTOR: PROF. MESTRE ALAN PETER FEAR ORIENTADORA: PROFA. DRA. SANDRA SIRANGELO MAGGIO Tese de Doutorado em Literaturas de Língua Inglesa submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Porto Alegre 2016 ACKNOWLEGMENTS Firstly I would like to thank the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and PPG Letras for accepting me on this course and giving me this wonderful opportunity to study these past four years on the Phd. Doctorate Programme. Thanks especially to my supervisor Professor Sandra Maggio for all the sound advice and positive energy and encouragement. My very good friends Gareth and Carolyn deserve a special mention for the castle tours in Wales and for being the best ever hosts with an unlimited supply of beers and fun! Thanks go also to another great friend, Victor, for the translation of the abstract and his encouraging and witty remarks. My partner Bibs, for the love and support and understanding that I needed my “free” time to get this thing done! Finally, a very very special HUGE thank you must go to Sharon Kay Penman, who has kindly found the time to reply to my e-mails, despite being under constant pressure from the “Deadline Dragon”, for giving me permission to include those e-mails in the thesis as annexes, providing us with some wonderful background information and insight into the mind of a best-selling author. And most of all, for giving the world the most incredible medieval history of Wales in the form of The Welsh Princes Trilogy, Here Be Dragons, Falls the Shadow and The Reckoning. Thank You Sharon! RESUMO A ideia do País de Gales como uma nação que detém sua identidade própria foi-se diluindo aos poucos, na medida em que se incorporou à história geral e à cultura do Reino Unido, as quais por sua vez são determinadas pela Inglaterra e pelos valores ingleses. A identidade galesa, como qualquer outra identidade nacional, é uma construção feita a partir de muitos fatores determinantes, entre eles os eventos históricos. Nesta tese, apresento minha leitura do romance histórico Here Be Dragons, da autora estadunidense Sharon Kay Penman, para explorar e analisar a questão da identidade nacional galesa e para examinar como o conceito de Identidade Galesa se configura naquele universo ficcional. Este trabalho representa também uma busca pessoal e uma investigação sobre minha identidade e memória galesa, já que fui criado e educado numa Gales gerida pelo sistema educacional inglês, que excluía dos currículos quase todas as referências à história, ao idioma e aos valores do País de Gales. O romance estudado se passa em um período da Baixa Idade Média em que Gales luta por manter sua cultura e sua identidade, ao ser confrontada com um poder maior, o dos reis e barões anglo-normandos que buscam construir seu império. Como se trata de um romance histórico, considero importante explorar as relações entre narrativa histórica e narrativa histórica ficcional. Para tanto, apresento um esboço historiográfico e certas considerações sobre o romance histórico como gênero literário. Mais ainda, acredito ser necessário apresentar um pouco da história do País de Gales, não apenas para termos uma ideia do que seja a identidade galesa, mas também para colocar o romance analisado no seu contexto histórico apropriado. Esta tese está construída em três partes. Na primeira, examino os conceitos de identidade e memória cultural e nacional e aspectos históricos formadores da identidade galesa. Para tanto, me apoio em obras escritas por Anthony D. Smith, professor de Etnia e Nacionalismo da Escola de Economia de Londres, como embasamento teórico para os conceitos de nacionalismo e identidade cultural. A segunda parte, que trata sobre História, é dividida em três subseções. Na primeira apresento um esboço sobre historiografia, com considerações sobre como a História é apreendida e estudada. A segunda trata sobre o romance histórico, comentando como se tornou um gênero literário e como se relaciona com a narrativa histórica. A última subseção apresenta traços da história do País de Gales, para estabelecer as ligações com as questões de identidade nacional. A terceira seção da tese apresenta a minha leitura de Here Be Dragons, na qual examino como é construída na narrativa a questão da identidade galesa através das personagens principais e nas descrições das paisagens e de estruturas medievais como castelos e mansões. Na conclusão, apresento as últimas considerações sobre os processos que levaram ao apagamento e à consequente busca de resgate da identidade nacional galesa. Acredito assim estar cumprindo minha parte neste processo que é tão bem representado no romance Here Be Dragons de Sharon Kay Penman. Palavras-chave: 1. Literatura e cultura. 2. Identidade nacional. 3. Identidade galesa. 4. Sharon Kay Penman. 5. Here Be Dragons. 6. Crítica literária. ABSTRACT Wales, as a nation in itself, has to some extent been forgotten and absorbed into the general history and culture of the United Kingdom, which for the most part, is dominated by England and “English” values. Welsh identity, or indeed any national identity, is a construct of many determining factors, not the least of which are historical events. In this dissertation, I present my reading of the historical novel, Here Be Dragons by American author Sharon Kay Penman, in order to explore and analyze the question of Welsh national identity and to examine how the concept of Welshness is configured in this fictional universe. This work is also a personal search and exploration into Welsh identity and memory, as I was brought up and educated through an English educational system – in Wales – which excluded a greater part of Welsh history, language and values from the curriculum. The novel covers a late medieval period of between 1183 and 1234, during which Wales struggles to maintain its unique identity and culture against the greater power of the empire-building Anglo-Norman kings and barons. As this dissertation concerns a historical novel, in order to better understand the relationship between a history narrative and a historical- novel fictional narrative, an outline of historiography and a background to the genre of the historical novel are important. Furthermore, a description of the historical background of Wales is necessary, not only to give us an idea of the formation of the Welsh identity, but also to place the novel into its correct historical context. The dissertation is divided into three parts. In part one, I examine the concepts of national and cultural identity and memory and the cultural and historical aspects which form the identity of Wales. I have used the works of Anthony D. Smith, professor of Ethnicity and Nationalism at the London School of Economics as a theoretical basis for the concepts of national and cultural identity. Part two, which deals with history, is divided into three sub-sections. In the first sub-section I examine and briefly outline historiography, how history is studied and presented. The second sub-section deals with the historical novel, how it developed as a literary genre and its relationship with the history narrative. The final sub-section is a historical background to Wales in order to have a better understanding of Welsh identity. Part three of the dissertation is my reading of Here Be Dragons, in which I examine the construction of Welsh identity in the narrative in the principal characters and the symbols that represent Wales in the descriptions of landscapes and medieval structures such as castles and manor houses. To conclude, I present my final considerations of the processes which have led to the eradication and the consequent search to restore a Welsh national identity. Thus, I believe I am fulfilling my part in this process that is so well represented in Sharon Kay Penman’s novel Here Be Dragons. Keywords: 1. Literature and culture. 2. National identity. 3. Welshness. 4. Sharon Kay Penman. 5. Here Be Dragons. 6. Literary criticism. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ ..9 1 ON IDENTITY AND MEMORY ............................................................... 16 1.1 Identity .................................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Memory ................................................................................................................ 23 1.3 National Identity-Welshness .......................................................................... 27 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT ........................................................................... 31 2.1 On History ........................................................................................................... 31 2.2 The Historical Novel ........................................................................................ 36 2.2.1 Reading Fiction, Learning History ............................................................. 41 2.3 Historical Background: When was Wales?
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