Infestation of Gorse Pods by Cydia Ulicetana and Exapion Ulicis in The
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Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.21(1) 2006 39 pods damaged by the two seed feeders, C. ulicetana and E. ulicis, when both were Infestation of gorse pods by Cydia ulicetana and active. Exapion ulicis in the South Island of New Zealand Materials and methods Sample collection Craig R. SixtusA, R. Roderic ScottA and George D. HillB A Sites were chosen at Bainham, Onekaka, Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, East Takaka, (collectively later referred to New Zealand. as Golden Bay sites), Hinewai, McLeans B Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Island, Trotters Gorge and Lake Ohau New Zealand. (Figure 1). Fifteen gorse bushes were chosen randomly at each site. The start- ing point was selected without conscious Summary especially where there is abundant au- bias and successive bushes were those at The effectiveness of Cydia ulicetana tumn fl owering (Hill et al. 1991). the distance given by a random number (Haworth) (gorse pod moth) and Exa- To improve control of gorse seed pro- (in metres), from the previous bush in a pion ulicis (Förster) (gorse seed weevil) duction, Cydia ulicetana (Haworth) (previ- straight line. at reducing annual production of gorse ously referred to as C. succedana (Denis & Gorse growth was dense at Hinewai, seed (Ulex europaeus L.) was compared Schiffermüller) (Fowler et al. 2004), was Onekaka and Trotters Gorge and formed at six sites over the South Island, New introduced into New Zealand in 1992 after a complete canopy, whereas at the other Zealand. The highest percentage (45%) completion of research into host-plant spe- sites gorse bushes were scattered in pas- of pods damaged by C. ulicetana was at cifi city in 1991 (Hill and Gourlay 2002). In ture. Sites were inspected monthly and East Takaka in May 2002, and E. ulicis, Europe, C. ulicetana has two generations a samples of 25 mature seed pods were col- was most effective at Lake Ohau (76%) year and larvae attack gorse seed in spring lected, when available. in January 2003. The percentage of dam- and the seed of other Ulex species in the aged pods fluctuated. Although there autumn. The moth is now abundant in Climate data were climatic differences among sites, New Zealand at the original release sites From March 2002 to March 2003 the month- they did not differ signifi cantly in the such as Darfi eld, Canterbury (Hill and ly average daily minimum and maximum proportion of gorse pods damaged by C. Gourlay 2002). temperatures (Figure 2) were recorded at ulicetana. However, there was a signifi - Cydia succedana lays its eggs on Ulex, all sites using thermo-hygrographs. cant seasonal difference (P <0.001) over Genista, Sarothamnus or Lotus plants in Eu- all observations and C. ulicetana was re- rope (Emmet 1988) and it is assumed C. Plant phenology sponsible for damaging approximately ulicetana does the same. In New Zealand, In New Zealand, gorse grows profusely in 20% of gorse pods. C. ulicetana completes both generations in many areas and a mean canopy height of Key words: Gorse, Ulex europaeus, the pods of Ulex europaeus and larvae are 4 m has been recorded with a maximum gorse pod moth, Cydia ulicetana, gorse active from September to June, depend- height of 7 m (Lee et al., 1986). The fl ower seed weevil, Exapion ulicis, effective- ing on the climatic conditions. The second is pea-like, approximately 2 cm long and ness. generation over winters fully-fed from bright yellow with a distinct keel con- October (in Europe) in a cocoon spun in taining the stamens and stigma. A single Introduction leaf-litter or the soil and pupates in the branch 50 cm long can produce 500–1000 Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) has been a nox- cocoon. fl owers over a two to three month fl ower- ious weed in New Zealand since 1900 The insect is bivoltine in the south of ing period (Markin and Yoshioka 1996). (Moss 1960). To combat gorse spread, vari- the British Isles and is univoltine in Scot- ous insect biological control agents have land (Bradley et al. 1979). A similar trend Monthly sampling been introduced (Harman et al. 1996). Exa- has occurred in New Zealand where the Monthly observations were made of the pion ulicis (Förster) was fi rst released at agent is univoltine in the cooler, southern proportion, in 5% steps, of the phenologi- Nelson and Alexandra in February 1931 regions, e.g. Mackenzie Basin, and bivolt- cal stage of the gorse (i.e. the presence of and the insect is now widespread through- ine further north, e.g. Golden Bay. buds, fl owers, green pods and black pods) out New Zealand (Kuschel 1972). The purpose of these studies was two- at the same time as sampling of pods. The Female E. ulicis weevils lay eggs fold: fi rst, to ascertain the percentage of number of damaged pods in each sample through a hole chewed in the side of an gorse pods damaged by C. ulicetana; sec- of 25 pods was recorded as well as the un- immature gorse pod. This hole closes and ond, to determine the percentage of gorse damaged seed. An accurate count of the the hatching larvae proceed to destroy the seed in the pod (Hill et al. 1991). The adults are released from the pod when /NEKAKA it dehisces (Hoddle 1991). Exapion ulicis "AINHAM larvae cannot move between gorse pods and must complete their development in %AST4AKAKA -C,EANS)SLAND the pod chosen by the adult female. Lar- val survival depends on adult oviposition (INEWAI2ESERVE (Hoddle 1991). ,AKE/HAU Weevils oviposit only in the spring. In many areas, the low availability of ovipo- 4ROTTERS'ORGE sition sites, coupled with intense pressure on female weevils to deposit eggs, leads to a very high percentage of weevil-infested pods in the spring and they can infest up to 90% of immature pods. However, seed Figure 1. Map of the South Island, New Zealand showing the location of produced at other times escapes attack, each sample site. 40 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.21(1) 2006 number of seeds damaged by Cydia uli- cetana or Exapion ulicis was not obtained, however, calculating the average number of seeds in undamaged pods and multi- plying this fi gure by the number of dam- aged pods gave an estimate of the number of seeds that were damaged each month. "AINHAM /NEKAKA Data collection and statistical analysis !VERAGEDAILYTEMPERATURE %AST4AKAKA Data were transformed using an arc sine (INEWAI 4ROTTERS'ORGE transformation of percentages for analysis ,AKE/HAU of variance with the SYSTAT 9 package. To compare among results at the differ- -AR !PR -AY *UN *UL !UG 3EP /CT .OV $EC *AN &EB -AR ent sites, two analyses were done. The -ONTHS fi rst was among the Golden Bay sites over Figure 2. Monthly average daily temperatures at each experimental site. the whole study because this area differed in that plants bore seed pods for most of the year and Cydia ulicetana larvae were present for most of the year (Figure 3). The A second analysis was a comparison among all the sites over summer when seed pods were commonly produced and both in- IN'OLDEN"AY sects were present. Results Insect activity OFGORSEPODSDAMAGEDBY %XAPIONULICIS Cydia ulicetana larvae were active at the -AY *UNE *ULY !UG 3EPT /CT .OV $EC *AN &EB Golden Bay sites throughout the winter B "AINHAM until September to early October 2002 /NEKAKA (Figure 3), when the damaged pods were %AST4AKAKA sampled. There was no winter activity at the southern sites. Larvae began feeding IN'OLDEN"AY again during mid-November 2002 at the Golden Bay sites. There was no activity at the southern sites during March 2002. Lar- val activity started in December 2002 and ended in January (Lake Ohau) and March OFGORSEPODSDAMAGEDBY #YDIAULICETANA -AY *UNE *ULY !UG 3EPT /CT .OV $EC *AN &EB 2003 at Trotters Gorge and Hinewai (Fig- -ONTH ure 4). Exapion ulicis larvae were active in November-December in Golden Bay and Figure 3. Percentage (±SD) of gorse pods damaged by insects at the Golden in December-January further south (Fig- Bay sites. a) Exapion ulicis, b) Cydia ulicetana. ure 3). Flowering time enter another pod. The highest percent- climates, buds develop and fl ower in au- Gorse fl owers and pods were present at age (45%) of pods damaged by C. ulicetana tumn and winter, while in cooler climates, all Golden Bay sites throughout the year was at East Takaka (Figure 3) in May, (es- peak fl ower production can continue af- presumably due to the milder climatic timated to be 70 seeds per 25 pods) and ter the peak of weevil oviposition activity. conditions (Figure 2). At Hinewai, Trotters 76% by E. ulicis at Lake Ohau in January Gorse reproductive development does not Gorge and Lake Ohau gorse fl owered only (Figure 4), (estimated to be 39 seeds per 25 appear to be affected by day length, but by once and no gorse fl owered in autumn – pods). climate; seed production is seasonal (Hill winter (April – September). At Lake Ohau, Although there were climatic differenc- et al. 1991). The position on the hillside gorse fl owered from September – October es between sites, there was no signifi cant affected plant phenology. The pod abun- with some fl owers still present in Novem- difference between sites in the proportion dance peaked in autumn at the top and in ber. A high percentage of sample plants of gorse pods damaged by C. ulicetana. spring at the bottom (Suckling et al. 1999). bore green pods in November. At Lake However, there was a signifi cant differ- Ripe seed production was continuous at Ohau, mature pods were present in De- ence between collection dates (P <0.001).