692 · Family 125. Nemonychidae Superfamily CURCULIONOIDEA 125. NEMONYCHIDAE Bedel 1882 by Robert S. Anderson Family common name: The pine flower snout beetles mong the weevils, these rarely collected beetles are easily recognized by their straight antennae, and elongate rostrum combined with the presence of a distinct labrum. Adults are found in association with the male pollen- Abearing flowers of Pinus species. Description (based on ing four pairs of setae. Antenna of a single membranous article Lawrence 1982). Shape elon- bearing an accessory appendage. Mandible with two apical teeth, gate, slightly convex; length an obtuse protuberance on cutting edge, a distinctly produced 3.0-5.5 mm; color pale brown molar area with a flattened grinding surface, and one pair of setae. to black; vestiture of fine short Hypopharyngeal bracon present. Maxillary palp with three ar- to moderately long appressed ticles, palpiger present or absent. Labial palp of two articles. or suberect pubescence. Ros- Premental sclerite present, may be divided medially. Thorax with trum moderately to very long pronotal sclerite transverse, lightly pigmented or unpigmented, and mostly narrow. Antennae sparsely covered with setae. Legs very small, subconical, of two or straight, ending in a weak, three segments, with or without a terminal claw. Abdomen with loose club of three articles; an- first eight segments with two dorsal folds and bearing annular or tennal insertions lateral at the bicameral spiracles. Anal opening terminal. middle or near the apex of the Pupae are undescribed. rostrum. Labrum distinct, not Habits and habitats. These beetles are rarely collected, likely fused with clypeus. Mandibles because of their specialized habits and life history. In North with a small but distinct mola. America, adults are found on male flowers of several pine species Maxillae with separate galea and very early in the season, often while snow is still on the ground. lacinia and maxillary palps flex- Adults feed on pollen. After mating, females lay eggs in the ible. Labial palps attached ven- flowers where the larvae also feed on pollen. Mature larvae drop FIGURE 1.125. Cimberis compta trally near the base of the from the flowers to the ground and pupate in the soil. Pupation (LeConte) (from Bright 1993, prementum. Gular sutures can take from a few months to two years. In some instances reproduced with the permission of well-developed and separate. larvae have been observed feeding on plant parts other than the Minister of Public Works and Proventriculus lacks sclerotized pollen (Thomas and Herdy 1961). In other areas of the world Government Services, 2001) plates. Procoxae contiguous gymnosperms such as Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, and some and the procoxal cavities nar- primitive angiosperms (Fagaceae and Ranunculacaeae) also serve rowly closed posteriorly. Mesocoxal cavities either not closed lat- as host plants. Whereas pines are the only documented hosts in erally or narrowly so. Elytra without an inner subcostal flange. North America, other genera of conifers may serve as hosts. Hind wing mostly with four anal veins or fewer. Tarsal claws of Status of the classification. This family is bipolar in distri- some cleft. Visible sternites of the abdomen are free; pygydium bution with approximately similar numbers of taxa found in the concealed by the elytra. Tegmen simple or bilobed apically and the southern temperate zones of South America, New Zealand and median lobe with a distinct dorsal plate. Australia, and in the northern Holarctic Region. Whereas the Eggs are undescribed. family was once considered to be absent in tropical areas, a few Larvae (based on Anderson 1991) when mature about 4.0- species have recently been collected in Panama and Venezuela on 4.8 mm in length, of moderate thickness throughout length, Podocarpus and appear to represent an undescribed genus. The strongly “C”-shaped. Body white, covered with mixture of long North American fauna has recently been revised (Kuschel 1989) and short setae. Minute legs present on thorax. Head hypogna- and is well-known. A catalog of the North American species was thous, rounded at sides, pigmented, with few to many setae on prepared by Hamilton (1994). frons and epicranium. Frontal sutures complete, reaching articu- Distribution. There are 5 genera and 15 species in North lating membrane of mandible. Clypeus not distinguishable from America. Two additional species in the genus Atopomacer are known frons and incompletely separated from labrum. One pair of ante- from Pinus at high elevations in far northern Mexico. North rior stemmata. Labrum short, the anterior margin rounded, bear- American nemonychid species are generally distributed in the Family 125. Nemonychidae · 693 5 23 4 6 78 91011 FIGURES 2.125-11.125. 2. Atopomacer orites Kuschel 1989, tarsus; 3. Cimberis elongata (LeConte 1876), tarsus; 4. Atopomacer orites Kuschel 1989, tarsal claw; 5. Cimberis turbans Kuschel 1989, tarsal claw; 6. Lecontellus pinicola Kuschel 1989, rostrum apex; 7. Pityomacer carmelites Kuschel 1989, rostrum apex; 8. Cimberis decipiens Kuschel 1989, rostrum apex; 9. Acromacer bombifrons (LeConte 1876), rostrum apex; 10. Pityomacer pix Kuschel 1989, head; 11. Acromacer bombifrons (LeConte 1876), head. western montane and boreal regions and likely occur anywhere 4(3). Labrum trapezoidal or broadly rounded at apex, with where pines are present. six peg-like apical setae in addition to three pairs of dorsal setae (Fig. 7); base of rostrum moder- ately saddled against obliquely rising frons (Fig. KEY TO THE NEARCTIC GENERA 10) in dorsal view, with 1-3 low carinae flanked with rows of confluent punctures; females with 1. Second tarsomere truncate at middle, not projected setiferous patches mostly present on one or two over base of third (Fig. 2); hind tibia with single ventrites ........................................... Pityomacer apical spur; tarsal claw with broad basal flange — Labrum triangular, pointed at apex, without any peg- (Fig. 4); elytra with punctures arranged into indis- like setae in addition to three pairs of dorsal se- tinct striae (Rhinorhynchinae)......... Atopomacer tae (Fig. 9); base of rostrum very deeply saddled — Second tarsomere lobed at middle, projected over against vertically rising frons (Fig. 11) in dorsal base of third (Fig. 3); hind tibia with two apical view, smooth or sparsely punctate, not carinate; spurs; tarsal claw simple, lacking broad basal females without setiferous patches on ventrites flange (Fig. 5); elytra with punctures not arranged .......................................................... Acromacer into striae (Cimberidinae) ................................. 2 2(1). Mandibles inserted dorsally, the sockets fully ex- CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEARCTIC GENERA posed in dorsal view (Fig. 6); in lateral view, man- dibles directed obliquely downwards in relation to rostral plane; antennae situated at middle or Nemonychidae Bedel 1882 after middle of rostrum, as distant from mandibu- lar sockets as combined length of first three ar- Cimberidinae Gozis 1882 ticles (Doydirhynchini) .................... Lecontellus — Mandibles inserted laterally, the sockets only par- tially exposed in dorsal view (Figs. 7-9); in lateral Cimberidini Gozis 1882 view, mandibles continuous with rostral plane; antennae situated at middle or before middle of Acromacer Kuschel 1989, 1 sp., A. bombifrons (LeConte 1876), Brit- rostrum, distinctly closer to mandibular sockets than combined length of first three articles ish Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho (Cimberidini) ..................................................... 3 and Nevada. Adults collected on Pinus species. 3(2). Mandibles evenly curved on outer margin, each Cimberis Gozis 1881, 7 spp., generally distributed. Adults col- armed with well-developed tooth on inner margin (Fig. 8) .................................................. Cimberis lected on Pinus species. — Mandibles angulate on outer margin, unarmed on inner margin (Figs. 7, 9) .................................... 4 694 · Family 125. Nemonychidae Pityomacer Kuschel 1989, 3 spp., British Columbia, Alberta, Wash- BIBLIOGRAPHY ington, Oregon, California and Montana. Adults collected on Pinus species. ANDERSON, D. M. 1991. Nemonychidae (Curculionoidea). Pp. 585-586. In: F. W. Stehr, ed. Immature Insects. Volume 2. Doydirhynchini Pierce 1916 Kendall/Hunt. Dubuque, Iowa. BRIGHT, D. E. 1993. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part. Lecontellus Kuschel 1989, 3 spp., Washington, Oregon, California 21. The Weevils of Canada and Alaska: Volume 1. Centre for and Nevada. Adults collected on Pinus species. Land and Biological Research. Ottawa, 217 pp. HAMILTON, R. W. 1994. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America Rhinorhynchinae Voss 1922 north of Mexico. Family: Nemonychidae. USDA Agriculture Handbook 529-134, x + 8 pp. Rhinorhynchini Voss 1922 KUSCHEL, G. 1989. The Nearctic Nemonychidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Entomologica Scandinavica, 20: 121-171. Atopomacer Kuschel 1989, 1 sp., A. ites Kuschel 1989, Colorado LAWRENCE, J. L. 1982. Coleoptera. Pp. 482-553. In: S. P. Parker, and Arizona. Adults collected on Pinus species apparently at high ed. Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. Volume elevations. 2. McGraw Hill. New York. THOMAS, J. B. and H. HERDY. 1961. A note on the life history of Cimberis elongatus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae). Cana- dian Entomologist, 93: 406-408. Family 126. Anthribidae · 695 126. ANTHRIBIDAE Billberg 1820 by Barry D. Valentine Family