DOCSLIB.ORG

WTP39 May 1985 Cocoa Production Public Disclosure Authorized Present Constraints and Priorities for Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WTP39 May 1985 Cocoa Production Public Disclosure Authorized Present Constraints and Priorities for Research WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 39 WTP39 May 1985 Cocoa Production Public Disclosure Authorized Present Constraints and Priorities for Research 3ECTrORAI LIBRAR'Y INVTERNATIO.NALHANK R. A. Lass and G. A. R. Wood, editors REcONSTucloN DEVELOPMENT JUL9 1985 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 267 X.59 1985 FILECOpy ,1 Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK TECHNICALPAPERS No. 1. IncreasingAgricultural Productivity No. 2. A Model for the Developmentof a Self-helpWater Supply Program No. 3. Ventilated ImprovedPit Latrines: Recent Developmentsin Zimbabwe No. 4. The African Typanosomiases: Methods and Concepts of Control and Eradicationin Relation to Development (No. 5.) StructuralChanges in World Industry: A QuantitativeAnalysis of Recent Developments No. 6. LaboratoryEvaluation of Hand-operatedWater Pumps for Use in DevelopingCountries No. 7. Notes on the Design and Operation of Waste StabilizationPonds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries No. 8. InstitutionBuilding for Traffic Management (No. 9.) Meeting the Needs of the Poor for Water Supply and Waste Disposal No. 10. Appraising Poultry Enterprisesfor Profitability: A Manual for Investors No. 11. Opportunitiesfor BiologicalControl of AgriculturalPests in Developing Countries No. 12. Water Supply and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook: Guidelines No. 13. Water Supply and SanitationProject PreparationHandbook: Case Studies No. 14. Water Supply and SanitationProject PreparationHandbook: Case Study (No. 15.)Sheepand Goats in Developing Countries: Their Present and Potential Role (No. 16.)ManagingElephant Depredationin Agriculturaland Forestry Projects (No. 17.)EnergyEfficiency and Fuel Substitutionin the Cement Industry with Emphasis on DevelopingCountries No. 18. Urban Sanitation.PlanningManual Based on the Jakarta Case Study No. 19. LaboratoryTesting of Handpumps for Developing Countries: Final TechnicalReport No. 20. Water Quality in HydroelectricProjects: Considerationsfor Planning in Tropical Forest Regions ( ) Indicatesnumber assigned after publication. (List continues on the inside back cover) WORLD BANK TECHNICALPAPER NUMBER 39 Cocoa Production Present Constraints and Priorities for Research R. A. Lass and G. A. R. Wood, editors The World Bank Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Copyright (© 1985 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLDBANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1985 This is a document published informally by the World Bank. In order that the information contained in it can be presented with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The publication is supplied at a token charge to defray part of the cost of manufacture and distribution. The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein, which are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of research supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank. The designations employed, the presentation of material, and any maps used in this document are solely for the convenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliates concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or national affiliation. The most recent World Bank publications are described in the annual spring and fall lists; the continuing research program is described in the annual Abstracts of Current Studies.The latest edition of each is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department T, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from the European Office of the Bank, 66 avenue d'Ina, 75116 Paris, France. R. A. Lass in an agricultural manager for, and G. A. R. Wood was, until his retirement, an advisor on, cocoa production and research for Cadbury Schweppes Limited. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Cocoa production. (World Bank technicalpaper, ISSt 0253-7494 ; no. 39) 1. Cacao. 2. Cacao--Research. 3. Cocoa. 4. Cocoa-- Research. I. Lass, R. A., 1943- . II. Wood, G. A R. (GeorgeAlan Roskruge), 1920- . III. Internationai Bank for Reconstructionand Development. IV. Series. SB267.C59 1985 633.7'4 85-9290 ISBN 0-8213-0512-3 - iii - ABSTRACT Cocoa is produced almost exclusivelyby developingnations in the tropics. Although it is in many ways a suitable crop for small farmers, yields are seriously reduced by several major pests and diseases. This paper identifiesthe major constraints,summarizes the present state of knowledge,and suggests priorities for research that would be expected to have the greatest impact at the farm level. Financialconstraints and thus lack of continuity in research have hindered progress. The botany, historicaldevelopment, social aspects, and environmentalrequirements of cocoa are covered. The agronomy section deals with rehabilitatingold cocoa, the role of cocoa in farming systems, and the general husbandry of the crop. This is followed by discussion of cocoa physiology,and the relation of shade and nutritionalrequirements. There are both economic and social constraintsto the adoption of more sophisticatedfarming systems by small farmers. Much effort has been devoted to developingresistance to pests and diseases. The relative merits of Amelonado and the more recent hybrid varieties are discussed,and the genetic resource base is summarized. Priority should be given to further genetic prospection,broadening the range of genotypes in the current programs,as well as to establishingnew collections. Conventionalmethods of vegetativepropagation need more work on stock-scionrelations, while micro-propagationtechniques should be developed. Black pod disease (Phytophthoraspp.), is estimated to destroy 10 percent of the world crop annually. Research is required to improve current chemical and phytosanitarycontrol measures. While breeding for resistanceis the ideal long-term solution, there are many difficulties. The report also covers witches' broom, frosty pod rot, and vascular streak dieback. Of the viruses, swollen shoot disease receives the greatest attention. Pest managementin cocoa is generally inadequate. For mirid control priority should be given to testing new insecticidesand studying the present status of resistanceto gamma-HCH. The possibilityof biological control should be re-explored. For the other pests, the programs need to be intensified. Primary processing is described and the shortcomingsof the present methods are identified. Quality at the farm level could in many instancesby improved by greater attention to the incentive system. Also proposed are closer contacts between producersand the major buyers to promote a better understandingof market requirements. I v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE xi I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THE COCOA TREE AND ITS CULTIVATION (G.A.R. Wood) 3 2.1 Botany 3 2.2 Historical Development 4 2.3 Social Aspects 6 2.4 Environmental Requirements 6 Climate 6 Soils 6 2.5 Cultivation 7 2.6 Processing 8 III. AGRONOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 9 3.1 Perspectives 9 The Problem of Declining Yields with Time 9 The Problem of Rehabilitating Old Cocoa 9 Cocoa Production and the Farming System 9 3.2 Cocoa Agronomy (R.W. Smith) 10 3.3 Cocoa Physiology (W. Hadfield) 13 Seed 13 Seedlings 13 Planting Out 15 Shade 15 Mature Cocoa 16 Disease and Decline 17 3.4 Shade and Nutrition (M. Wessel) 18 Shade Requirements 18 The Interrelationship between light Intensity 19 and Nutrition Nutrient Requirements 20 Leaf Analysis 21 Fertilizer Recommendations 22 Needs for Further Research 22 3.5 Pollination (R.A. Lass) 23 3.6 Replanting and Rehabilitation of Old Cocoa Farms 24 (R.A. Lass) Partial Replanting Method 25 Complete Replanting after Clear Felling 25 Phased Farm Replanting 25 The "Turrialba " Method or Planting under Old 25 Cocoa Trees - vi - Rehabilitation of Existing Trees 26 Chupon Regrowth 27 Coppicing 27 3.7 Priorities for Research 27 Agronomy 27 Physiology 28 Rehabilitation 28 IV. SELECTION AND BREEDING 29 4.1 Prespectives 29 4.2 Genetic Resources and Breeding in Cocoa 30 (G.Lockwood) Quarantine 31 Breeding Objectives and Methods 31 Variety Evaluation 34 Yield-limiting Factors 35 Future Prospects 36 4.3 Priorities for Research 36 V. PROPAGATION 38 5.1 Perspectives 38 5.2 Seed Production 38 5.3 Vegetative Propagation 41 5.4 Priorities for Research 41 VI. DISEASES OF COCOA 43 6.1 Perspectives 43 6.2 Phytophthora Disease (P.H. Gregory) 44 Control by Fungicide Spraying 45 Breeding Resistant Cultivars 46 Phytophthora as a Cocoa Root Pathogen 46 Speculative Long Term Projects 47 6.3 Witches' Broom and Frosty Pod Rot Diseases 48 (H.C. Evans) Control of Witches' Broom 48 Control of Moniliophthora 49 Brazil 49 Ecuador 49 Conclusions 50 6.4 Vascular-Streak Dieback Disease (C. Prior) 51 Historical Background 51 Distribution 51 Symptoms 51 Life Cycle 52 Epidemiology 52 - vii - Control 53 Quarantine 54 Current Research 55 6.5 Virus Diseases of Cocoa (A.F. Posnette) 56 The Viruses 56 Swollen Shoot Disease 56 Ecological Aspects 57 Virus Resistant Cocoa 58 Future Policy 58 6.6 The Swollen Shoot Eradication Campaign in Ghana 59 (J.M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biological Aspects of Tiracola Grandirena (Herrich-Schäffer, 1868
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12212 Biological aspects of Tiracola grandirena (Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a polyphagous armyworm Specht, A.a,b*, Iltchenco, J.b, Fronza, E.b, Roque-Specht, VF.c, Luz, PC.b and Montezzano, DG.b aLaboratório de Entomologia, Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, Km 18, CP 08223, CEP 73310-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil bPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade de Caxias do Sul – UCS, CP 1352, CEP 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil cFaculdade UnB Planaltina, Universidade de Brasília - FUP/UnB, Área Universitária n. 1, Vila Nossa Senhora de Fátima, CEP 73345-010, Planaltina, DF, Brazil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: July 4, 2012 – Accepted: November 27, 2012 – Distributed: February 28, 2014 Abstract We studied the biology of Tiracola grandirena (Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hours of photo phase. Three experiments, using 150 larvae each, were conducted for the larval stage. In the first, used to assess the duration and survival of all stages, insects were reared individually and fed an artificial diet (Grenee). In the second, individuals were also reared separately, but were fed leaves of 10 plants from different families. In the third, the larvae were not individualised, the food plants were rotated such as to provide three plant species every 48 hours. In the first experiment, the viability of the eggs, larvae, pupae and prepupae was 91.9, 94.7, 32.49 and 43.5%, respectively. The average duration of the egg, larvae, prepupae, pupae and adult were 6.0, 25.3, 25.7, 21.4 and 12.7 days, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Ghats), Idukki District, Kerala, India
    International Journal of Entomology Research International Journal of Entomology Research ISSN: 2455-4758 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.24 www.entomologyjournals.com Volume 3; Issue 2; March 2018; Page No. 114-120 The moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of vagamon hills (Western Ghats), Idukki district, Kerala, India Pratheesh Mathew, Sekar Anand, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu* Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract The present study was conducted at Vagamon hill station to evaluate the biodiversity of moths. During the present study, a total of 675 moth specimens were collected from the study area which represented 112 species from 16 families and eight super families. Though much of the species has been reported earlier from other parts of India, 15 species were first records for the state of Kerala. The highest species richness was shown by the family Erebidae and the least by the families Lasiocampidae, Uraniidae, Notodontidae, Pyralidae, Yponomeutidae, Zygaenidae and Hepialidae with one species each. The results of this preliminary study are promising; it sheds light on the unknown biodiversity of Vagamon hills which needs to be strengthened through comprehensive future surveys. Keywords: fauna, lepidoptera, biodiversity, vagamon, Western Ghats, Kerala 1. Introduction Ghats stretches from 8° N to 22° N. Due to increasing Arthropods are considered as the most successful animal anthropogenic activities the montane grasslands and adjacent group which consists of more than two-third of all animal forests face several threats (Pramod et al. 1997) [20]. With a species on earth. Class Insecta comprise about 90% of tropical wide array of bioclimatic and topographic conditions, the forest biomass (Fatimah & Catherine 2002) [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnoentomological and Distributional Notes on Cerambycidae and Other Coleoptera of Guerrero and Puebla,Mexico
    The Coleopterists Bulletin, 71(2): 301–314. 2017. ETHNOENTOMOLOGICAL AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON CERAMBYCIDAE AND OTHER COLEOPTERA OF GUERRERO AND PUEBLA,MEXICO JONATHAN D. AMITH Research Affiliate, Department of Anthropology, Gettysburg College, Campus Box 2895, Gettysburg, PA 17325, U.S.A. and Research Associate, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. AND STEVEN W. LINGAFELTER Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. Current address: 8920 South Bryerly Ct., Hereford, AZ 85615, U.S.A. ABSTRACT This article presents both ethnoentomological notes on Nahuatl and Mixtec language terms as they are applied to Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) and distributional records for species collected during three projects carried out in the states of Guerrero and Puebla, Mexico. Some comparative data from other Mesoamerican and Native American languages are discussed. Indigenous common names are mapped onto current taxonomic nomenclature, and an analysis is offered of the logical basis for Indigenous classification: the exclusion of some cerambycids and the inclusion of other beetles in the nominal native “cerambycid” category. New state distributional records for the Cerambycidae collected in this study are offered for Guerrero: Bebelis picta Pascoe, Callipogon senex Dupont, Neocompsa macrotricha Martins, Olenosus ser- rimanus Bates, Ornithia mexicana zapotensis Tippmann, Stenygra histrio Audinet-Serville, Strongylaspis championi Bates, Lissonotus flavocinctus puncticollis Bates, and Nothopleurus lobigenis Bates; and Puebla: Juiaparus mexicanus (Thomson), Ptychodes guttulatus Dillon and Dillon, and Steirastoma senex White. Key Words: linguistics, etymology, Nahuatl, Mixtec, longhorned beetle, wood-borer DOI.org/10.1649/0010-065X-71.2.301 The present article emerges from two language shapes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lepidoptera Rapa Island
    J. F. GATES CLA, The Lepidoptera Rapa Island SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1971 NUMBER 56 .-24 f O si % r 17401 •% -390O i 112100) 0 is -•^ i BLAKE*w 1PLATEALP I5 i I >k =(M&2l2Jo SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 56 j. F. Gates Clarke The Lepidoptera of Rapa Island SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1971 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Pest Management in Organic Cacao
    20 Pest Management in Organic Cacao Régis Babin* International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya Introduction Americas produced around 14% of total world production of cocoa (FAOSTAT, 2014). General information on cacao Cacao crop expansion in Africa and Asia came with the emergence of major pests Cacao, Theobroma cacao, is a small tree and diseases, which have adapted to the from the family Malvaceae, and originated crop from their local host plants. The most in different forest areas of South and Central infamous examples are the cocoa mirids America (Wood, 1985). During the 20th cen- Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiel- tury, the cacao-growing belt spread consid- la theobroma Dist. (Hemiptera: Miridae), and erably over tropical areas of America, Africa the black pod disease due to Phytophthora and Asia, and is around 10 million ha today palmivora Butler and Phytophthora mega- (FAOSTAT, 2014). Cocoa beans are pro- karya, which became major threats for West duced for butter and powder that are used African-producing countries in the 1960s mainly in chocolate manufacture. In 2014, and 1970s, respectively (Entwistle, 1985; chocolate confectionery produced revenues Lass, 1985). In Latin America, witches’ of around US$120 bn, and these are ex- broom disease due to the basidiomycete fun- pected to grow with the developing markets gus Moniliophthora perniciosa highly im- in countries with rising middle classes pacted production of cocoa in Brazil in the (Hawkins and Chen, 2014). At the same time, 1990s (Meinhardt et al., 2008), while the cocoa world production rose constantly for frosty pod rot, due to Moniliophthora roreri, decades and reached 5 million t in 2012 that is widely spread in Latin America, cur- (FAOSTAT, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • WALKER) [LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAEJ by D
    !ltc. IDOZ. Surv. India, 76 : 87-92, 1980. REDESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES TIRACOLA PLAGIATA (WALKER) [LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAEJ By D. K. MANDAL AND J. P. N. SHUKLA Zoological Survey oj India, Oalcutta .. ( With 2 Text-figures) INTRODUC'1;'ION While studying an unnamed collection of moths from Arunachal Pradesh of North-Eastern India, the all:thors have come across one female specimen of the monotypic genus Tiracola Moore. It has been compared with material from Sri Lanka available in the named collections of the Zoological Survey of India. The species appears from the earlier litera­ ture to 'have been described inadequately particularly the antennae, tarsi, wing venation and the clothing and colouration of the wings and body. Some of these features are sexually' dimorphic, wJ:tile still a few others show morpho-variations in female. The diagnostic characters of the genus have, therefore, been reviewed and the species redescribed, including the genitalia. Moore (1881, 1884-1887) erected the genus TiracQla with type species Agrotis plagiata Walker (1857) from Ceylon {now Sri Lanka}. Cotes and Swinhoe {1888} retained Tiracola plagiata in Agrotis Ochsenheimer. Hampson (1894), howev~r, treated Tiracola as a subgenus of Arcilasisa Walker and referred it to his heterogeneous subfamily, Trifinae. Later, Hampson(1905) raised- Tiracola to its original generic status and, chiefly on the basis of its hairy eyes, referred it to the subfamily Hadeninae. Moore (1881) included a second species, Agrotis spectabilis Walker from Australia, ~ Tiracola, but Hampso~ {1894} treated this and Agrotis pZagijera Walker and also later (1905), Agrotis grandirena Herr.-Schaffer as synonyms of plagiata~ thus giving the genus ,its monotypic status.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerambycid Beetle Species with Similar Pheromones Are Segregated by Phenology and Minor Pheromone Components
    J Chem Ecol (2015) 41:431–440 DOI 10.1007/s10886-015-0571-0 Cerambycid Beetle Species with Similar Pheromones are Segregated by Phenology and Minor Pheromone Components Robert F. Mitchell1,4 & Peter F. Reagel 1,5 & Joseph C. H. Wong1 & Linnea R. Meier1 & Weliton Dias Silva3 & Judith Mongold-Diers1 & Jocelyn G. Millar2 & Lawrence M. Hanks1 Received: 1 December 2014 /Revised: 11 February 2015 /Accepted: 27 February 2015 /Published online: 16 April 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Recent research has shown that volatile sex and periods of adults, and/or by minor pheromone components that aggregation-sex pheromones of many species of cerambycid act as synergists for conspecifics and antagonists for beetles are highly conserved, with sympatric and synchronic heterospecifics. species that are closely related (i.e., congeners), and even more distantly related (different subfamilies), using the Keywords Reproductive isolation . Sex pheromone . same or similar pheromones. Here, we investigated mecha- Aggregation pheromone . Cerambycidae . Longhorned nisms by which cross attraction is averted among seven beetle . Anelaphus pumilus . Cyrtophorus verrucosus . cerambycid species that are native to eastern North America Euderces pini . Neoclytus caprea . Phymatodes aereus . and active as adults in spring: Anelaphus pumilus (Newman), Phymatodes amoenus . Phymatodes varius Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Olivier), Euderces pini (Olivier), Neoclytus caprea (Say), and the congeners Phymatodes aereus (Newman), P. amoenus (Say), and P.
    [Show full text]
  • PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPH Ll
    PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPH ll Lepidoptera of American Samoa with particular reference to biology and ecology By John Adams Comstock Published by Entomology Department, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. 1966 PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPHS Published by Entomology Department, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96819, U. S. A. Editorial Committee: J. L. Gressitt, Editor (Honolulu), S. Asahina (Tokyo), R. G. Fennah (London), R. A. Harrison (Christchurch), T. C. Maa (Honolulu & Taipei), C. W. Sabrosky (Washington, D. C), R. L. Usinger (Berkeley), J. van der Vecht (Leiden), K. Yasumatsu (Fukuoka), E. C. Zimmerman (New Hampshire). Assistant Editors: P. D. Ashlock (Honolulu), Carol Higa (Honolulu), Naoko Kunimori (Fukuoka), Setsuko Nakata (Honolulu), Toshi Takata (Fukuoka). Business Manager: C. M. Yoshimoto (Honolulu). Business Assistant: Doris Anbe (Honolulu). Business Agent in Japan: K. Yasumatsu (Fukuoka). Entomological staff, Bishop Museum, 1966: Doris Anbe, Hatsuko Arakaki, P. D. Ashlock, S. Azuma, Madaline Boyes, Candida Cardenas, Ann Cutting, M. L. Goff, J. L. Gressitt (Chairman), J. Harrell, Carol Higa, Y. Hirashima, Shirley Hokama, E. Holzapfel, Dorothy Hoxie, Helen Hurd, June Ibara, Naoko Kuni­ mori, T. C. Maa, Grace Nakahashi, Setsuko Nakata (Adm. Asst.), Tulene Nonomura, Carol Okuma, Ka­ tharine Pigue, Linda Reineccius, T. Saigusa, I. Sakakibara, Judy Sakamoto, G. A. Samuelson, Sybil Seto, W. A. Steffan, Amy Suehiro, Grace Thompson, Clara Uchida, J. R. Vockeroth, Nixon Wilson, Mabel Ya- tsuoka, C. M. Yoshimoto, E. C. Zimmermann. Field associates: M. J. Fitzsimons, E. E. Gless, G. E. Lip- pert, V. Peckham, D. S. Rabor, J. Sedlacek, M. Sedlacek, P. Shanahan, R. Straatman, J. Strong, H. M. Tor- revillas, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Catalogue of Family-Group Names in Cerambycidae
    Zootaxa 2321: 1–80 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ZOOTAXA 2321 Catalogue of family-group names in Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) YVES BOUSQUET1, DANIEL J. HEFFERN2, PATRICE BOUCHARD1 & EUGENIO H. NEARNS3 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 10531 Goldfield Lane, Houston, TX 77064, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by Q. Wang: 2 Dec. 2009; published: 22 Dec. 2009 Yves Bousquet, Daniel J. Heffern, Patrice Bouchard & Eugenio H. Nearns CATALOGUE OF FAMILY-GROUP NAMES IN CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA) (Zootaxa 2321) 80 pp.; 30 cm. 22 Dec. 2009 ISBN 978-1-86977-449-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-450-9 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2009 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2009 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • EU Project Number 613678
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Similarities and Contrasts in the Local Insect Faunas Associated with Ten Forest Tree Species of New Guinea!
    Pacific Science (1996), vol. 50, no. 2: 157-183 © 1996 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved Similarities and Contrasts in the Local Insect Faunas Associated with Ten Forest Tree Species of New Guinea! YVES BASSET,z,3 G. A. SAMUELSON, 2 AND S. E. MILLER 2 ABSTRACT: Insect faunas associated with 10 tree species growing in a sub­ montane area in Papua New Guinea are described and compared. In total, 75,000 insects were collected on these trees during the day and night by hand collecting, beating, branch clipping, intercept flight traps, and pyrethrum knock­ down over a l-yr period. Association of chewing insects with the hosts was in­ ferred from feeding trials. Characteristics of the fauna associated with each tree species are briefly outlined, with an emphasis on chewing insects. Four subsets of data, of decreasing affinity with the host, were analyzed by canonical corre­ spondence and cluster analyses: (1) specialist leaf-chewers, (2) proven leaf­ chewers, (3) all herbivores (including transient leaf-chewers and sap-suckers), and (4) all insects (including nonherbivore categories). Analyses of similarity between tree species were performed using number of either species or in­ dividuals within insect families. Analyses using number ofindividuals appeared more robust than those using number of species, because transient herbivore species artificially inflated the level of similarity between tree species. Thus, it is recommended that number of individuals be used in analyses of this type, par­ ticularly when the association of insects with their putative host has not been ascertained. Not unexpectedly, the faunal similarity of tree species increased along the sequence (1)-(2)-(3)-(4).
    [Show full text]