MAPPING the POTENTIAL of the OLD CITY TOURISM (Study of the History, Region and Cultural Value of the Old City on Bangka Island)

P-ISSN 2622-8831 Berumpun Journal: An International Journal of Social, Politics and Humanities Vol. 2 No. 1 March 2019

MAPPING THE POTENTIAL OF THE OLD CITY TOURISM (Study of the History, Region and Cultural Value of the Old City on Bangka Island)

Jamilah Chollilah [email protected] Herdiyanti [email protected] Nurvita Wijayanti [email protected] Novendra Hidayat [email protected] University of Bangka Belitung Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung Archipelago, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This research is entitled Mapping the Tourism Potential of the Old City (Study of the History, Region and Cultural Value of the Old City on Bangka Island). The research objective was to map the tourism potential of the old city in Bangka Island, namely Belinyu and Muntok Districts. Overview this social mapping is divided into three aspects which include history, territory and cultural values. The problems in this study are formulated in three main questions, namely (1) How is the distribution of the old cities of Muntok and Belinyu based on Chinese, Malay and European clusters? (2) How does the distribution of the Chinese, Malay and European clusters affect the tourism promotion of the old city in Muntok and Belinyu? (3) How does Toponimi affect the tourism promotion of old cities in Muntok and Belinyu?The location of the study was conducted in Belinyu and Muntok Districts. The consideration is based on the search results of secondary data showing that these two regions were formerly known as the central areas of the Dutch colonial government (Muntok) and the center of tin mining activities (Belinyu).The research method used is descriptive qualitative research with social mapping techniques. Sources of data in this study include primary and secondary data. Primary data is obtained by means of interviews and direct observation from the speakers. Secondary data was obtained from reference books, research journals, and references through the internet that were related to the tourism potential of the old city.

Keywords: Old City Potential, Social Mapping, Local Herritage

of cultures. In Bangka Belitung there are several Old Cities including INTRODUCTION Muntok and Belinyu. The old city is The old city which is in the one of the most important historical structuring stage is also in the Province parts of the establishment of Bangka of Bangka Belitung Islands. Bangka Island. Each of these old cities has its Belitung besides being one of the own characteristics and uniqueness regions that is famous for the largest tin both in terms of history, region, culture mining sector in Indonesia, it is also and language. one of the provinces that has a diversity

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Belinyu has a connection with this study was to determine the the history of the Dutch colonial era at distribution of Muntok and Belinyu that time. Belinyu has a track record City based on Chinese, Malay and that greatly contributes to the city's European clusters; know the effect of progress. In Belinyu Subdistrict, cluster division; and language historical places such as Benteng and toponymy efforts in the promotion of Kuto Panji Temple, Gedong House, tourism in old cities in Muntok and Fuk Tet Che Temple, Goa Maria, Belinyu. Malay architectural houses, Klangeng Phang Khak Liang and historical buildings are currently used as official City Identity and Herritage houses of PT Timah, Kecamatan Development Belinyu is filled with tall buildings City identity is a mental which turned out to be deliberately left image that is formed from the for nest wallet activities, not only that biological rhythms of certain places the buildings in Belinyu are still and spaces that reflect time (sense of original and traditional with the time), which is grown from within the architectural style of the old buildings root of social, economic, cultural and and gave rise to a collective memory of urban society itself (Lynch, 1972: 25) the history of Belinyu District. Identity is a condition when This condition makes someone is able to recognize or recall researchers interested that the old city (memory) a place that has a difference has the potential and value of tourism if with another place because it has it is able to be developed both from the character and uniqueness. Identity is a aspects of history, culture and very important basic thing. This is architecture of buildings that because identity is something that is characterize the city. Identification of used to recognize, distinguish a place potential through social mapping from another place. According to techniques is the main goal in Lynch (1960) to be able to understand identifying the extent to which the old the identity of a city first to understand city has the potential to be developed its image. The image of a city that is as the old city tourism. The role of the easy to imagine (has imagination) and government also contributes to easily brings an impression (having supporting the development of the legibility) will be easily identified. City potential of the old city in a sustainable identity can be physical and non- manner. One of the efforts made by the physical (Suwarno, 1989). The ability Regional Government of Muntok was to capture city identity is very the promotion of the city of Muntok to subjective, depends on the observer, the Netherlands. This effort is a step of which is visually interesting / synergy in maintaining the local imageable (clear, legible, or visible) cultural identity inherent in the old city. and easy to remember and unique to be Synergy between the government and used as regional identity. the community is needed in order to The Concept of Social Mapping introduce the tourism potential of the city to other countries as tourism assets Social mapping is one of the that have selling value. The purpose of concepts that aims to identify and describe the community systematically

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which involves collecting data and as the place name on earth ("topos" is information about the community and "place" or "surface" like topography social problems that occur in people's which is a description of the surface lives. Referring to Netting, Kettner and and "nym" is the name). Limits are McMurtry (1993), social mapping can more clearly stated by Bishop et al be referred to as social profiling or (2011) who define toponymy as a study "making a profile of a community". of places based on historical and Besides that social mapping can also be geographical information, such as: referred to as an approach by carrying mountains, rivers, forests, and cities. out a development to the community. Kamonkarn et al (2008) revealed that The main principle for social toponymy is a language phenomenon practitioners in conducting social in a landscape that occurs from the mapping is that it helps in gathering as local culture, language, history, and much information as possible in a environment of each region. specific area specifically that can be used as material to make the best decisions. In addition to using the METHOD concept of social mapping, this The method used in this research uses the concept of collective research is descriptive qualitative memory as a concept that sees real research method with social mapping social experiences that give rise to techniques. According to Slamet (2006: memories of an event or history. 7) explains that descriptive qualitative According to Halbwachs, collective research is a research method used to memory tries to give packaging in this describe various social phenomena that research related to the potential of the occur in the community in order to old city which raises a collective provide a more detailed explanation memory for a group of people, related to the social activities studied. especially in the people of Muntok City The location used by researchers to and Belinyu City. retrieve this research data is the City of Language Toponymy Concept Belinyu and Muntok Districts. Determination of informants is done by On several occasions several using purposive sampling technique. stories are often presented about the Data collection techniques are done by origin of an area, place, symbol, collecting secondary data and primary building, and other markers. This is data. Primary data consists of in-depth part of making toponymy. Toponym is interviews and participant observation. the name of the geography closely related to the existence of language. Giving the name of geography in Indonesia is certainly closely related to DISCUSSION the use of Indonesian and Regional Languages, so the role of Language is 1. Kota tua Muntok the key to the application of toponymy In general, the settlements in the writing rules (Perdana: 2017). city of Muntok consist of three clusters According to Rais et al. divided by ethnic groups, namely (2008) toponym is interpreted literally Malay, Chinese and European.

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Geographically, Malay and Chinese separation of population groups based on clusters are located on the coast; while their ethnic background, so that in general the European cluster is located north of in a colonial city there are three cultural the two clusters and is further away nuances namely local culture, Chinese and from the coast. The types of European. In the case of the city of Muntok, these three nuances are clearly archaeological remains in the three seen. The results of this study indicate that clusters can be divided into four, in the city of Muntok there are at least four namely religious buildings, residential groups of settlements which can be divided buildings, public buildings and defense based on ethnic groups namely Malay, buildings. Based on its function Chinese, European and Arabic. religious buildings consist of mosques, tombs and churches; residential buildings in the form of houses; public 2. Muntok Tourism Potential buildings in the form of schools, Mapping West Bangka resting offices, prisons and lighthouses Regency while defense buildings in the form of Tourism potential is a part fortifications. During the colonial period Muntok that is considered very meaningful if continued to function as the center of preserved and maintained, will produce government, as evidenced by the opportunities to improve the regional placement of a resident, who was in charge economy. Based on the types of of colonial tin trade. Until 1912 the tourism, there are several types of Bangka Resident, in addition to him the tourism potential that develop in holder of government authority, also Muntok. concurrently responsible for tin mining with a place of residence at Muntok. In Table 3.3. Tourism Potential 1912 the government center was moved to No. Type of Information Pngkalpinang, while Muntok was made a tourism tin exploration center. In the study of urban growth, there 1. Religious Jami’ Mosque and Kung Fuk are three phases that are often used in Tourism Miaw Temple dividing cities based on their growth period, namely the early, colonial and modern periods. Based on the analysis 2. Beach Tanjung Kalian Beach, Batu of the map of Muntok city, it is known Tourism Rakit Beach dan Tanjung Ular that the city of Muntok was a city that Beach grew in the colonial period. This is 3. Culinary Otak-otak, pempek udang, marked by the existence of European Tourism kerupuk siput gunggung, Terasi clusters as the center of power. In Udang, Rusip, lempah darat, Lempah Kuning and various addition, the city of Muntok in the traditional cakes colonial period also functioned as a center for administration and the 4. Historical Menumbing Mountain, Tourism Dermaga, Batu Balai, Rumah economy, where residents acted as Mayor, Pesanggrahan Wisma responsible for government and tin Ranggam, Pesanggrahan mining. Menumbing dan Museum Timah Indonesia According to P.J.M.Nas, one characteristic of a colonial city is the

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Source; 2016 Civil Society Chinese have an architectural Population Record resemblance, which is in the form of a vertical storied stilt house and carved ornaments typical of Malay and 3. Kota tua Belinyu Chinese. The name Kampung Tengah, Belinyu has its own distinctiveness in like most Malay villages, was terms of seafood from Bangka. This is originally to identify areas that had because Belinyu is located in the large mosques as "village centers" or northern part of Bangka Island which "main villages". By Malays, the center borders the Natuna Sea and Teluk of the village is called "Kampung Kelabat waters. Belinyu is one of the Tengah", so that the name is attached old cities that is quite familiar among to this day. The Belinyu community the people, especially the characteristic also often calls it Kelenteng Village, of Belinyu city itself, which is culinary because it is synonymous with the tourism in the city such as brains and existence of hundreds of years old crackers / kemplang belinyu. Panggang temples that have become an icon for Crispy Cracker, Getas Crackers (Kletek their society. Many tourists visit the / Kretek), Calamari Crispy Cracker, temple as a typical tourist destination Shrimp Crispy Cracker, Empek-empek, and must be visited. brains, kricu, temilok, rusip, kecalok The existing social conditions and so on are typical foods that are did not create a difference between famous for delicious and often used as indigenous Malays and Chinese who souvenirs or souvenirs is a snack made were one of the local wisdom of the from all-round fish which is a product Belinyu community. All get the same of the sea which has been processed place and rights, so the title of a village into souvenirs from the city of Belinyu. uses both cultural icons. Visiting Kelenteng Road or commonly Central Kampung is very easy because called Kampung Kelenteng, or it is located not far from downtown Kampung Tengah, is an area where Belinyu. If you enter the downtown Belinyu's typical crackers and area of Belinyu and pass Gadjah Mada souvenirs are sold. Not only shopping Road, past the left lane, you will find for souvenirs offered at this place, but several typical large wooden houses. tourists can also see the manufacturing Walking along Central Kampung can activities. What is unique about this be started from the Jami Mosque region is the mixture of neighboring 'which is a large mosque which is often life that is interwoven well between the used as a place for organizing religious local indigenous people and the activities. After that, you can stop at Chinese community that was formerly traditional warungs to enjoy typical brought by the Dutch colonizers to the Belinyu food, then see the Fuk Tet Che island as miners. Apart from that, in Temple which is still used as a place of Kampung Tengah there are large old worship. Furthermore, you can go to temples and mosques which are one of the local souvenir shops and other the oldest mosques in the city. The typical Bangka while buying souvenirs houses in this village which are to take home is a characteristic of inhabited by Malay natives and ethnic tourists visiting Belinyu City.

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4. Muntok Tourism Potential 5. Collective Memory Analysis Mapping West Bangka of the Old City of Muntok and Regency Belinyu Tourism potential that is considered Memory is something that very meaningful if preserved and appears responsively when memories maintained will produce opportunities or past (history) are present in the mind to improve the regional economy. through social processes or stories from Based on the types of tourism, there are a history. History is a trace of the past several kinds of tourism potential that that must be preserved and develop in Belinyu. Various tours can remembered and cared for its existence be categorized using table 3.4 below, as (existence), this is a manifestation of follows the form of love for the path that the Table 3.4. Tourism Potential masalalu has. However, in reality social memory is not only felt in individuals, but can occur in groups, No. Type of Information communities or communities that have Tourism real social experience originating from a long historical process. The statement 1. Religious Jami’ Mosque dan Parit 14 Temple, is referred to as collective memory, that Tourism Panji Temple, Fuk Tet Miao, collective memory is a social Toappekong, Fuk Tet Che experience based on the existence of a group of social memories both explicitly and implicitly from different

2. Beach Penyusuk Beach, Batu Dinding levels of memory from each of the Tourism Beach, Remodong, Putat, Putri good experiences of memory of an Island, Lampu Tanjung Ruh Island, event, place, building and so on. Tengkalat, Phak Kak Liang This study seeks to examine the collective memory of a place that 3. Culinary Otak-otak, pempek udang, pempek has historical value. In addition to Tourism cumi, shrimp crispy cracker, calamari having the historical value of the place crispy cracker, siput gunggung, that is the focus of this research study Terasi Udang, Rusip, lempah darat, is a place that has tourism potential, Lempah Kuning dan various types of namely the old city. The old city is a traditional cake. stub city area that was formerly built by colonists, especially the Dutch who 4. Historical Kapitan Bong Graveyard, Benteng colonized Indonesia as a trade center in Tourism Kuto Panji, Goa Maria, Kampung Asia, especially on Bangka Island. Gedong. Muntok and Belinyu are two old cities in Indonesia, especially in the Bangka Source; processed field data Belitung Islands Province. Based on (primary data) the social mapping, the two old cities have their own tourism potential. Although both are called old city icons, however, the conditions of these two cities have differences, especially from

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the side of the building and tourism buildings are a place for visiting potential. tourists. The majority of tourists The old city building of visiting this place on the grounds that Muntok and Belinyu is one of the they are interested and feel the buildings that gave rise to a collective religious tolerance built in Muntok City memory for the people of Bangka is very high, this is evidenced through Belitung, especially the people of the building structure of each mosque Muntok and Belinyu. The old town of and pagoda building that collaborates Muntok and Belinyu have their own with each other and has historical historical values. Muntok is one of the value. old cities which at that time was built In addition, old buildings that during the reign of Sultan Mahmud are often the place for tourist visits, Badarudin Jayawikrama where at that namely Pesanggrahan Ranggam. time Muntok was made the center of Pesanggrahan Ranggam is one of the government and affairs of tin ore old buildings that has historical and mining in Muntok in the Dutch era. In tourist value. This building is one proof addition to the Netherlands, Britain that the leaders of the proclamation also contributed to the history of the have experienced difficult times on city of Muntok, where at that time the Bangka Island. The building was built British established an arsenal known as by the Dutch and was used as a place the yellow warehouse. The Bangka tin of exile for the first time Prince museum, which is currently one of the Pakuningprang was exiled in 1897, historical tourist objects of the city of besides Bung Karno, Mr. Moch Roem, Muntok, used to be the center of H. Agus Salim, and Mr. Ali government given the name Sastroamidjojo. When tourists visit Hoofdbureau Banka Tin Winning they feel and appear memories of Bedriffdan. In addition, the pier which invaders who colonized Indonesia. is now the old port of muntok used to Visitors who visit will be carried away have historical value, where the port by an atmosphere which reminds the was built as an effort from the Dutch proclamation figures to be exiled and government to make it easier for large struggle with all the limited conditions Dutch ships to dock at Muntok. at that time on Bangka Island. The emergence of collective However, at present the old building is memory can also be found in well- used as a tourist destination and maintained buildings and creates a provincial government meeting, based nuance of tolerance that is so tight on data obtained in the field, namely between the two buildings in the city of the caretaker or historian explains that Muntok. The building is better known this place is most visited and in as the Jami Mosque and the Fuk Miau demand by tourists, tourists are both Kong Temple. The two old buildings from inside and outside Indonesia , like are close together and side by side from Brazil. No less interesting is that reflecting the tolerance built in the City the collective memory spaces were also of Muntok. These two old buildings are present in one of the old buildings in icons of Tanjung Village. Both of these Soekarno's and friend's stopover in buildings were built in the era of the Menumbing. Menumbing is also one of 18th century. These two adjoining the old city buildings that has a

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historical value where Soekarno once be modified by the managers of the isolated himself even though it was temple and Kuto Panji Fortress, on only one day, but the building has such vacant land used as a tourist spot for a complex historical value. visitors in addition to enjoying the Furthermore, the City of beauty of the temple and Kuto Panji Belinyu, Kota Belinyu is also no less Fortress, tourists can enjoy artificial interesting than the City of Muntok. tours provided by the managers. In Belinyu is one of the icons of the old addition, this place is also used as a city that has quite interesting historical place of prayer to seize the customs of value. The city of Belinyu is a city the Chinese community. where the buildings where they live are still Chinese in origin and are of 6. Toponymy as a Tourism historical value. Kampong Gedong, Promotion Effort located in Kuto Panji village, is a A. The Origins of Kota Belinyu village where the majority of Chinese In ancient times, Bangka Island people migrated from China in the had no paddy fields, but only field rice Dutch colonial era. They were fields or terrestrial rice. In the past, the descended from Chinese tin miners. people of the Sekak tribe or sea tribe in Usually visiting tourists never forget to the Belinyu and Bangka islands visit Kampong Gedong. The reason privileged Belinjo food. This food is tourists visit is because the original special because it is usually eaten architectural building reminds us of a during the ritual ceremony of Buang traumatic memory to the invaders. This Jong whose center is at Tanjung Ru memory is a collective memory that Beach, Teluk Kelabat. At that time the directly arises and reminds of a certain results of catching sea products such as event or event that left an impression sea cucumbers or sea cucumbers, fish, on a group of people. Especially the crabs, shellfish, seaweed are usually memory of the architecture that is still exchanged for terrestrial rice, and if original without any modification and there is no terrestrial rice then they the environment accompanied by the replace it with this Belinjo. The boiled sound of birds adds to the nuances of Belinjo fruit at that time can be used as being more valuable. Furthermore, a staple meal when rice fields fail to Kuto Panji Fortress is one of the old harvest. Now, Belinjo is used as food buildings that presents its own for chips, which are chips. collective memory nuance, not only from its historical value, but the B. The Origin of Kota Muntok building that looks old and the source says that the name architecture of buildings filled with Muntok was taken from a British ancient writings makes it a building Governor-General based in Tumasik, that has unique and historic now Singapore, namely Lord Minto. characteristics. Besides that it is Another source said that Muntok adjacent to one of the temples, Kuto originated when Prince Jayawikrama Panji is a place where there is a ascended the throne as Sultan Mahmud commercial process or port of sailing Badarudin I who had the Sultan's first ships and also a tin smelter in the wife named Zamnah who came from Dutch era. The building has begun to Johor who was then allowed to live in

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Bangka. The wife saw from Tanjung economic. Regarding utilization, some Sungsang, the plains at the mouth of archaeological remains in the city of the Musi River on Sumatra Island Muntok can be used as objects of which were considered habitable. The research and cultural attractions. In the wife said "Amun tok, if that is the right utilization in the field of science place". More or less the princess said. archeological remains in the city of About that the origin of the City of Muntok can be used as objects of Muntok, which was then recited by the research in other sciences such as local community, became recited by architecture, anthropology, history and the local community as Mentok. sociology. As for the use of tourism, these relics are tourist objects that visitors can see a history of the growth CONCLUSION and development of a city known for This research is still searching its tin. for more valid data to support writing about the origin of a city as seen from the toponymy approach. Social mapping is a measure of the area where the old urban areas are focused, which will be described as toponymes supported by community collective memory data symbolized by several inscriptions, monuments, and buildings in the museum and / or on the sides of the road. As a cultural heritage, archeological heritage in the City of Muntok should be protected and preserved because ancient buildings contain important values both in terms of history, science, culture and socio-

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