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192 Map: the Malay Archipelago Map Map: The Malay Archipelago 192 Chronology 1511 The Portuguese invade and take Malacca; Sultan Mahmud Syah flees to the south and sets up his new capital in Bentan in the Riau-Lingga archipelago. 1571 The Spanish occupy the Philippines and found Manila. 1619 The Dutch found Batavia. 1641 The Dutch conquer Malacca. 1669 The Dutch conquer Macassar; from this time, country traders from Portugal, Britain, and Denmark could no longer deal in Macassarese contraband. Displaced Portuguese factors and merchants relocated in Timor, and the British and Danes fled to Bantam only to be expelled from it in due course. 1699 Sultan Mahmud Syah of Johor-Riau is murdered by his nobles; this act of treason marks the turning point in Malay world politics undermin- ing as it does the special relationship between a Malay ruler and his subjects which is founded on the idea of total obedience, unquestion- ing allegiance, and the supernatural powers attributed to the ruler. 1743 The Bugis influence in the Malay world is sealed with Bugis control over several peninsular Malay states and the kingdom of Johor-Riau. 1786 Francis Light, a country trader, takes possession of Penang in the name of King George III. 1795 Napoleon conquers the Netherlands and Britain takes over Dutch pos- sessions in the Malay Archipelago to prevent them falling into French hands. 1816 Britain returns Malacca and other Dutch territories to the Netherlands. 1819 Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles establishes Singapore as Britain’s main entrepôt city in the Straits to rival Batavia. 1824 The Anglo-Dutch Treaty partitions the Malay Archipelago into two spheres of influence; the Malay world is divided down the Straits of Malacca where the British would confine their activities to the Malay Peninsula or north of the line and the Dutch would control Sumatra, Java, and islands south of Singapore. 1826 The formation of the Straits Settlements comprising Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and Province Wellesley consolidates British presence in the Malay world. 1833 The British Empire abolishes slavery. 1841 The Sultan of Brunei cedes Sarawak to James Brooke, who subsequently becomes Rajah of Sarawak. 1846 With the help of Her Majesty’s Navy, Brooke launches a major attack on pirate strongholds along the Saribas, Sekrang, and Rejang rivers in Sarawak. 1868 Alfred Russel Wallace arrives in the Malay Archipelago. James Brooke dies in England. Britain includes north Borneo under its sphere of influence. 1869 The Suez Canal opens. 193 194 Chronology 1873 Aceh wages war with the Dutch. 1874 The Pangkor Treaty is signed between Britain and the Malay state of Perak. In return for help in a succession dispute, and for recognition as the Sultan, Raja Abdullah invites the British Governor, Andrew Clarke, to send a Resident to Perak. British involvement in the peninsular Malay states begins to spread. The ‘forward movement’ of colonial expansion begins to gain momentum. As more Malay states come under British control, Residents are appointed to be the ‘indirect rulers’ of these states. 1883 Conrad sets eyes for the first time on the Far East after the vessel Pales- tine, on which he is serving as second mate, catches fire near Muntok and the crew is forced to abandon ship. 1885 Conrad sails for Singapore on board the Tilkhurst. 1886 Conrad becomes a naturalized British subject and obtains his master mariner’s certificate. 1887 Conrad sails on the Highland Forest to Samarang, Java, during which he sustains a sailing injury; he leaves Java for Singapore and, after recover- ing in hospital, signs up as mate on the steamship Vidar. On this Arab- owned steamer, Conrad sails to west Borneo and Celebes. 1888 Conrad is appointed captain of the Otago and sails from Bangkok to Singapore and Sydney. He leaves the Malay Archipelago for the last time. 1896 The Federated Malay States is formed to increase administrative effi- ciency and rectify economic imbalance among the Malay states. 1901 The Netherlands East Indies proclaims the Ethical Policy. 1903 The Dutch declare Aceh conquered. 1908 Bali falls into Dutch hands as the last Balinese rulers fight to the death. Budi Utomo is proclaimed as first official nationalist movement. Glossary adat: tradition; custom; source of customary law alam Melayu: Malay world/universe bangsa: this is rather difficult to translate given its wide distribution of meaning in early modern Malay history; in the classical texts, it has a narrower defin- ition of ‘descent’ or ‘lineage’; contemporary equivalent of ‘nation’ or ‘people’ Bendahara: a palace minister with duties akin to those of a prime minister Daeng: a Bugis title of nobility (rendered ‘Dain’ by Conrad) haji: a returned Muslim pilgrim who has just completed the Haj (the pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the five pillars of Islam) hikayat: history, chronicle, epic jihad: holy struggle by which the faith is spread through force of arms; in the earlier centuries in Southeast Asia, a rallying cry among Muslims to unite them in their battle against Christian Europeans; it can refer to any holy cause Karaeng: a Makassarese title granted to high-ranking nobles (Conrad’s ‘Karain’) kerajaan: kingdom, the condition of having a raja; in contemporary usage, ‘government’ kongsi: brotherhood; company lanun: Malay for ‘pirate’, ‘sea robber’; originating from ‘Illanun’, a seafaring tribe from the Sulu-Mindanao region previously widely feared for their piratical campaigns masuk Melayu: literally, ‘enter Malaydom’; ‘become Malay’; assimilate into the Malay community and civilization; adopt the culture, language, and religion of Malays mufti, sheikh al-ulama, sheikh al-Islam: high-ranking Muslim clerics with top reli- gious positions within the Malay polity negara: approximately, ‘country’, ‘state’ Nusantara: vast archipelago sprawling between Sumatra and New Guinea (some definitions encompass an even wider area); nusa means ‘island’ or ‘place’ and antara ‘in between’; geopolitical expression for the pan-Malay world orang asli: aboriginals, proto-Malays orang kaya besar: an honorific or a title used for a grandee, a palace minister/ official, or a nobleman orang laut: literally, ‘sea people’; seafaring and riverine tribes many of whose descendents today live in the Riau-Lingga and Sulu archipelagos padri: Muslim radical group seeking to establish a stricter adherence to Islamic tenets in Minangkabau in the mid-nineteenth century; ‘padri’ is said to be derived from the Portuguese word for ‘priest’, that is, ‘padre’; its origin is also thought to be ‘Pedir’, a place-name in Sumatra Pangeran: in Brunei, a title for aristocrats; used in Java as well Pata: probably a corruption of ‘patih’, an honorific used for Javanese noblemen penghulu: village headman peranakan: local-born or locally born in the diaspora; for example, the Chinese Baba community in Malaysia and Singapore and their hybridized culture 195 196 Glossary which is the result of long-standing commingling with local Malays; the Chinese peranakan of Indonesia; the Jawi-Peranakan in Malaysia who are of Indian-Muslim (Malabar) and Malay descent raja/rajah: ruler, monarch rakyat: subjects, citizens Serani: Eurasian; (sing.)’Nasrani’, that is, ‘Nazarene’ sharia: Islamic laws syed/sharif: male descendant or kinsman of the prophet Mohammad tanah air: ‘land of water’; fatherland Tengku/Tunku: title for Malay princes ulama: Muslim scholar and teacher Yamtuan: Johor-Bugis title for the ruler; an abbreviation of ‘Yang diPertuan’, ‘he who is made Lord’; in present-day Malaysia, the ruler is the ‘Yang diPertuan Agong’ (‘The Paramount He who is made Lord’ i.e. the Supreme Ruler) Notes Introduction 1. For a detailed account of Conrad’s excursions to the Far East, see Sherry, 1972: 33–51. 2. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 had carved the Malay Archipelago into two parts or imperial ‘spheres of influence’ along the Straits of Malacca. The British sphere is to the north of the dividing line and the Dutch zone is to the south. Although real or imagined places like Berau, Patusan, Samburan, Makassar, and Pulau Tujuh (Seven Isles) fall within the Dutch sphere as demarcated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, borders were ambiguous in the ‘outer islands’ where control was nominal and allegiance was pledged simply by the flying of Dutch flags and the utterance of verbal oaths of sub- mission. As an embittered Almayer told off his Dutch visitors: ‘You have no grip on this country’ (AF 138). The battle for the east coast of Borneo is a case in point, historically as well as fictionally. 3. See Resink, 1968: 307–23. 4. Robert Hampson notes that ‘Clifford is in the tradition of the colonial admin- istrator who is also an amateur scholar. Like Raffles and Brooke, he gathers information about Malaysia in order to make himself a more efficient colon- ist’ (Hampson, 2000: 27). For an excellent and insightful discussion of ‘the development of a textual tradition of “writing Malaysia” from Marsden to Brooke’, see Hampson, 2000: 26. 5. In his review of the story ‘Karain’, Hugh Clifford states that the piece ‘can only be called Malay in Mr. Conrad’s sense’ (Clifford, 1904: 849). 6. Bernard Vlekke offers an explanation of the word’s etymology: Its original meaning is ‘The other islands’ as seen from Java or Bali, hence it took the more general meaning of ‘the outside world’, or ‘abroad’. In this meaning it is used in fifteenth century Javanese texts. After having been re-introduced by the Dutch archaeologist Brandes, it was taken up by E.F. Douwes Dekker in the twenties of [the twentieth] century, to be used as an Indonesian name for the whole of the Indies, though wrongly, from the phil ologist’s point of view. (Vlekke, 1959: 400) 7. Throughout this book, spellings for place-names, titles, and concepts, may differ: for example, Malacca and Melaka, Rhio and Riau, sayyid and syed, and so on.
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