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Soe Hok Gie Dalam Pergerakan Mahasiswa Tahun 1942-1969

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Soe Hok Gie Dalam Pergerakan Mahasiswa Tahun 1942-1969 Jurnal Program Studi Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo GENTA Vol. 2 No. 2, September 2014 ISSN : 2337-9707 SOE HOK GIE DALAM PERGERAKAN MAHASISWA TAHUN 1942-1969 (SOE HOK GIE IN YEAR 1942-1969 STUDENT MOVEMENT) Rizal Amirido [email protected] J. Priyanto Widodo F.X Wartoyo Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo Jl. Jenggala Kotak Pos 149 Kemiri Sidoarjo Abstrak Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode sejarah (History Method). Metode sejarah (History Method), yaitu merekonstruksi tentang masa lampau melalui proses menguji dan menganalisis secara kritis kejadian peninggalan masa lampau berdasarkan data-data yang ada. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah 1). Bagaimana Sosok Sok Hok Gie semasa kecil ?. 2) Bagaimana pemikiran dan pengaruh Sok Hok Gie dalam pergerakan mahasiswa? 3).Bagaimana Peranan Sok Hok Gie pada pergerakan mahasiswa tahun 1942-1969? Kata Kunci : Sosok Soe Hok Gie, Tokoh Pergerakan Mahasiswa. Abstract In this study, researchers used the historical method (Method History). Method history (History Method), which is about reconstructing the past through the testing process and critically analyze past events relic based on the data available. The formulation of the problem in this study is 1). How Sok Hok Gie figure as a child?. 2) How does the thinking and influence Sok Hok Gie in the student movement? 3) The role .Bagaimana Sok Hok Gie in the student movement of 1942 to 1969? Keywords: Figure of Soe Hok Gie, People Student Movement. 152 Jurnal Program Studi Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo GENTA Vol. 2 No. 2, September 2014 ISSN : 2337-9707 1. Latar Belakang Kondisi dan basis pergerakan mahasiswa kala itu tumbuh tidak dapat dilepaskan dari konteks pergolakan politik yang ada. Bisa dikatakan ketika Wakil Presiden Hatta membuka kran bagi lahirnya sistem multipartai pasca- kemerdekaan 45, organisasi sosial politik melakukan ekspansi ke dalam dan keluar untuk membesarkan organisasi, menciptakan sayap-sayapnya dan salah satunya adalah menciptakan sayap organasasi kepemudaan dan kemahasiswaan. Oleh sebab itu tidak dapat dipungkiri kebanyakan organisasi mahasiswa lahir untuk tidak mengatakan dilahirkan melalui organisasi politik, untuk kemudian bisa dikatakan secara kasar, organisasi pergerakan mahasiswa pasca kemerdekaan sampai terbentuknya Orde Baru sulit melepaskan diri dari kepanjangan tangan partai partai politik yang ada. Soe Hok Gie adalah seorang keturunan Tionghoa yang lahir pada tanggal 17 Desember 1942. Ia lahir dari pasangan Soe Lie Pit, seorang novelis dengan Nio Hoe An. Ia adalah anak keempat dari lima bersaudara dari keluarga besar Soe Lie Piet alias Salam Sutrawan, Soe Hok Gie merupakan adik dari Soe Jok Djie yang dikenal dengan nama Arief Budiman.Sejak masih sekolah Soe Hok Gie dan Soe Hok Djin sering mengunjungi perpustakaan umum dan beberapa taman bacaan di pinggir-pinggir jalan di Jakarta. Sejak masih Sekolah Dasar (SD), Soe Hok Gie bahkan sudah sering membaca karya-karya sastra yang serius, seperti karya Pramoedya Ananta Noer. Ayahnya adalah seorang penulis, sehingga tak heran jika Soe Hok Gie begitu dekat dengan sastra. Setelah lulus SD, kakak beradik itu memilih sekolah yang berbeda, Soe Hok Djin (Arif Budiman) memilih masuk Karnisius, sementara Soe Hok Gie memilih sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Stratada di daerah Gambir. Konon ketika duduk di bangku SMP ini, ia mendapat salinan kumpulan cerpen Pramoedya yang tergolong langka, misalnya “Cerita dari 153 Jurnal Program Studi Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo GENTA Vol. 2 No. 2, September 2014 ISSN : 2337-9707 Blora”1.Pada waktu kelas dua di SMP ini, prestasi Hok Gie sempat memburuk, bahkan ia harus mengulang, namun Gie merasa hal ini tidak adil. Sehingga ia memutuskan untuk pindah sekolah di sebuah SMP Kristen Protestan sampai akhirnya ia berhasil masuk ke SMA Karnisius Jurusan Sastra, sedangkan kakaknya Hok Djin juga melanjutkan di sekolah yang sama tetapi jurusan yang berbeda yaitu Ilmu Alam. Selama di SMA inilah Soe Hok Gie memperdalam sastra dan kesadaran berpolitiknya mulai bangkit.2 Dari sini awal catatan perjalanan yang menarik, dengan membuat tulisan yang tajam dan penuh kritik.Selepas SMA kedua kakak beradik ini akhirnya berhasil melanjutkan ke Universitas Indonesia. Soe Hok Gie memilih fakultas sastra jurusan sejarah, sedangkan Hok Djin masuk ke fakultas psikologi. Di masa kuliah inilah Gie menjadi seorang aktivitis dan aktif diberbagai kegiatan kemahasiswaan dan pergerakan mahasiswa, diantaranya adalah ia salah satu pendiri Mapala UI. Bersama Mapala UI inilah akhir dari perjalanan hidupnya dalam ekspedisi menaklukkan gurung Semeru pada tahun 1969, tepat sehari sebelum ulang tahunnya yang ke-27, ia meninggal bersama rekannya Idhan Dhanvantari Lubis akibat menghirup gas beracun di gunung tersebut.3 Dalam berbagai gerakan pemberontakan, demonstrasi dan huru-hara yang terjadi di berbagai tempat, salah satu tokoh yang ikut andil dalam pergerakan tersebut adalah Soe Hok Gie. Banyak yang meyakini gerakan Gie berpengaruh besar terhadap tumbangnya Soekarno dan ia termasuk orang pertama yang berani mengkritik tajam di masa awal rezim orde baru. Gie sangat kecewa terhadap teman-teman seangkatannya yang berjuang di era demonstrasi tahun 66 ikut mengkritik dan mengutuk para pejabat pemerintah yang korup dan sewenang-wenang, kemudian selepas lulus dan masuk ke lingkungan birokrasi lupa dengan visi dan misi perjuangan angkatan 66. Gie dikenal sebagai sosok yang oposisif dan sulit diajak kompromi dengan kritikannya 1 Dalam Soe Hok Gie, Catatan Seorang Demonstran. (Jakarta: LP3ES.2005) Hlm. 58 2 Dalam Ibid.,Hlm. 32-34. 3 Muhammad Rifa’i. 2010. Soe Hok Gie Biografi sang Demonstran 1942-1969. Yogyakarta: Garasi, hal. 12 154 Jurnal Program Studi Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo GENTA Vol. 2 No. 2, September 2014 ISSN : 2337-9707 yang sangat tajam. Sosok Gie hanya seorang mahasiswa dengan latar belakang yang tidak terlalu hebat, tapi ia mempunyai kemauan untuk melibatkan diri dalam pergerakan, dan selalu ingin tahu apa yang terjadi dengan bangsanya. Walaupun ia meninggal di usia muda, namun banyak meninggalkan tulisan, catatan dan artikel yang dipublikasikan di koran-koran nasional, justru hidup yang singkat itu seluruh hidupnya diabadikan untuk menjaga konsistensi perjuangan bangsanya dan akan selalu dikenang sebagai pemuda idealis yang berjuang membela rakyat kecil4. 1.Pembahasan A. Kelahiran Soe Hok Gie Gie dilahirkan pada 17 Desember 1942 ketika perang tengah berkecamuk 5. Begitulah kutipan dari seorang demonstran, Soe Hok-Gie mulai catatan hariannya dengan kapan dan bagaimana suasana dunia meliputi dirinya ketika dilahirkan di muka bumi, cukup pendek, tetapi penuh makna. Hal itu terlihat bagaimana menghubungkan hari kelahirannya dengan situasi perang dunia. Pada masa tersebut telah terjadi Perang Dunia II. Tepatnya pertengahan 1942 dan beberapa bulan setelah pendudukan Jepang dimulai, Soe Lie Piet, ayah Soe Hok-Gie akhirnya mendapatkan rumah yang cocok untuk keluarganya di Kebon Jeruk Jakarta. Saat itu, Nio Hoei An bersama ketiga anaknya kembali dari Bandung menuju Jakarta. Pada saat itu, Nio Hoei An tengah mengandung dirinya, sebagai anak keempat. Dan, pada 17 Desember 1942, lahirlah Soc Hok-Gie di rumah baru tersebut.6Sesuai dengan hari kelahirannya yang diwarnai oleh Perang Dunia II menjadi suatu penanda akan kehidupan dunianya itu sendiri. Atau, menjadi semacam tugasnya untuk melakukan peperangan atas ketidakdilan dan perjuangan atas nama moral, yang mengharuskan dia menjadi pahlawan tanpa tanda jasa. Pahlawan yang setelah selesai menyelesaikan tugasnya, meruntuhkan sang 4 Dalam John Maxwell, Soe Hok Gi: Pergulatan Intelektual Muda Melawan Tirani. (Jakarta: Pustaka Grafiti,2001). Hlm. 14- 25. 5 Dalam Soe Hok Gie, Catatan Seorang Demonstran, (Jakarta:LP3ES,2005), hlm. 58. 6 Dalam Op.Cit. hlm. 22. 155 Jurnal Program Studi Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo GENTA Vol. 2 No. 2, September 2014 ISSN : 2337-9707 penguasa yang zalim, pergi entah kemana dan tidak mengharapkan balas jasa dan akan kembali lagi ketika ada penguasa yang zalim. B. Masa Kecil di Kawasan Kumuh Masa kecilnya dilalui dalam sebuah kawasan yang jalannya sempit dan dipenuhi dengan becak serta pedagang jalanan. Ini merupakan bagian penting yang menjadi pengalaman hidupnya di masa kanak-kanak. Disebabkan pengalaman inilah yang membedakan dirinya dengan saudara-saudaranya. Menariknya lagi ia tidak pernah berpindah tempat tinggal, sampai ia mati muda, tetap menempati kawasan tersebut.7Halaman sempit yang selalu di sapu, dengan beberapa pohon berdaun lebat yang mendatangkan keteduhan dan teriknya sinar matahari, mengisi sebagian besar isi rumah. Di ujung rumah ada beranda luar yang terbuka, yang lantainya, seperti rumah-rumah lainnya, ditutup dengan keramik yang mengkilat. Beranda itu berfungsi sebagai menerima tamu dan merupakan tempat yang baik untuk melihat jajaran penjaja jalanan dan penjual keliling yang lalu lalang di depan rumah sejak pagi buta sampai larut malam.Seingat keluarga Soe, pada awal dasawarsa 1940-an, meskipun tidak besar dan hanya cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga, rumah tersebut merupakan salah satu rumah yang kokoh di lingkungan itu. Pagar besi yang rendah menjadi pembatas rumah dengan jalan dan rumah itu sendiri. Hanya masuk beberapa meter dari jalan dapat dicapai melalui tangga yang rendah. Seluruh bangunannya dibangun lebih tinggi sekitar satu meter untuk berjaga-jaga jika banjir yang pernah terjadi datang lagi.Selama musim hujan, saluran air dan kanal-kanal di dekatnya yang sering tersumbat sampah tidak mampu menampung air pada saat hujan
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