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BELGIAN CONGO Public Disclosure Authorized RESTRICTED Report No. EA-77a ~ ~ ~- ovVEEK Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared for use within the Bank. In making it available to others, the Bank assumes no responsibility to them for the accuracy or completeness.of the information contained herein. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized THE ECONOMY OF THE BELGIAN CONGO Public Disclosure Authorized November 19, 1957 Public Disclosure Authorized Department of Operations Europe, Africa and Australasia CONVERSION RATES FOR BELGIAN AND BELGIAN CONGO CURRENCY 1 Belgian franc = 1 Congo franc U.S:. $1 50 francs 1 franc = 2 U.S. cents 1,000,000 francs U.S. $20,000 CONTENTS Page Maps Charts Basic Data Summary and Conclusions The Framework The Country...................................... 1 The People........................................... * 1 Natural Resources................................ 2 The Congo Corporations........................... 3 The Governn1nt,.... ....... ................................. 4 Past Developm-nt Record The First Forty Years.......................... The 7rventies................................... 5 The Setback,........ ........ ............... 6 World War II and the Aftermath................... 6 The Congo under the Ten Year Plan Investment............... .. .. ......... Financing.......... .......... .............. 9 Agriculture.... .................................... 10 Mining............................................. 10 Industry......................................... 11 Productivity...............................o...... 12 The Test of the Ten Year Plan.................... 13 Present Position and Outlook Prospects for Economic Progress................ 14 Future Investment................................ 15 Political Development........................... 17 Financial Position and Prospects................ 1) Statistical Appendix 禹 IBRD一385R 一OCTOBER1957 TOc PETOWN BELGIAN CONGO ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS INTERNATIONAL CAPITALS E30UNDARIES CAPI'ALS PROVINCIAL BOUNDARIES - - - - - - PROVINCIAL RAlLROADS 20' 24- U D A N 4- . .. .. .... .. ................... r -T- ........... .5 LAKE ... ... ST .4 1 BERT KASESE BUS ýYA WARD RUANDA-. V() KIGAq K4LIMA By RUNDI- ]NDU, suml A U-. l<1TEf BRAZZAVI LLF 4' K A KIGOMA TSH K A T A UE 5 A -WERU N G 0 L A 8,4,VGWEULU .... ... 12 0 l 00 200 300 4CtIdýr- l FEDEýATION OF RHODESIA AND a N SAL 24' 281 IBRD-366 OCTOBER 1957 161 20' BELGIAN CONGO NATURAL RESOURCES CROPS Marketable foods C ottonX Oil palm * Coflee Cocoa X X# 6X X, AK..OT Rubber s Copal Tobaccoan Rice E. Sugar cane MINERALS Copper X Cobalt * A Zinc 4A Diamonds Manganese uM BUKAV Tin A Gold ( Coal - RT FRANU Loke Tongonyika L-UA,O.URG MATAR T9H7KLBERTVILLE KMI LISABETHVILLE 'o10 20O 0 400 500 KM OCTOBER 1957 IBRD-38 BELGIAN CONGO GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AND MARKETED PRODUCTION (AT 1950 PRICES), AND WAGE EARNERS (BILLIONS OF FRANCS) (MILLIONS OF PERSONS) 6 0 , , ,I I I I I I I I I I-I I I - I-I 1 i 1.5 YEARLY 40 . 1.. WAGE EARNERS (RIGHT SCALE- ) .* / GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT .* ** - 20 LEFT SCALE) .5 ** . MARKETED PRODUCTION ., * '****** . ( LEFT SCALE) 0 '0 0 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1954 GROWTH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (INDEX, 1948-49= 100) 400 YERY1400 YEARLY 350 350 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (INDEX, 1947-49=100) 300 300 250 250 EUROPE AN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 200 20000 TRANSPORT I 5 O ........ I.5. .yrMINING PRODUCTION 100 100 AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 50 50 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 I0I /57 (Prelim.) 1302 IBRD- Economic Staff BELGIAN GONGO EXECUTION OF THE TEN-YEAR PLAN (BILLIONS OF FRANCS) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 EXPENDITURE TO DEC. 31, 1956 WATERWAYS AND RAILROADS ROADS -ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE 1950-59 AIRPORTS ELECTRIC POWER AND WATER SUPPLY AGRICULTURE URBAN HOUSING PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION FINANCING PUBLIC INVESTMENT (BILLIONS OF FRANCS) 10 O 8 SOURCE OF FUNDS KEY PUBLIC INVESTMENT..,. _ ORDINLARY BUDGET6h ___ _ _ _ _ 6 INTERNAL BORROWING 4- BRUSSELS MARKET 4 IBRD 2 SWISS MARKET 2 U.5. GOV ERNMENT: 0 - 0 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 SERVICE PAYMENTS ON THE EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT OUTSTANDING AS OF JUNE 30,1957 (MILLIONS OF U.S. DOLLAR EQUIVALENTS) 50 50 40 40 TOTAL 30 -30 20 -~BLGA40 FRANCS,.--*:2 20 O U.S.DOLL ARS AND SWISS FRANCS 0 0 951 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1303 IBRD- Economic Staff BELGIAN CONGO GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE (BILLIONS OF FRANCS) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1938198REV. EXP. 1946 REV 1950 REV. 1951 EV. 1952 EV. 1953 REV. 1954 REV.EV 19561955 REV.EXP. EXP,: (Prov.) 1957 REV (Est.) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ON CURRENT ACCOUNT (MILLIONS OF U. S. DOLLARS) 800 800 PAYMENT S 600 -600 RECEIPTS OTHERM 400 400 E PU U. S. AND CANADA 200 200 BE LGIUM 0 0 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 11/1/57 1304R IBRD - Economic Stoff BASIC DATA Area 900,000 square miles Population (1956) (2,300,000 square kilometers) African 12,800,000 European 107,400 Gross National Budget results (1955) Product (1955) frs. 57.8 billion ($1.2 billion) Ordinary revenue frs. 10.7 billion (3214 million) 9.5 billion Of which: Ordinaxy expenditure frs. %(0190 million) Agriculture (African and European) 27 Extraordinary expendi- Mining and metallurgy 23 ture frs. 7.0 billion million) Manufacturing, processing of agri- ("$140 cultural products and construction 18 Transport 9 Other 23 Central bank reserves (June 30, 1957) External debt (June 30, 1957) Gold $115.7 million Long-term $337,1 million 1.0 million Convertible currencies $ 47.9 million Short-term $ Belgian francs $ -9.3 million Balance of payments (1956) Receips Payments Balance (in million dollars) Goods including non-monetary gold 612 372 +240 Services 85 402 -317 Long-term capital 142 68 +74 Short-term capital 32 5 +27 Increase in reserves +24 SUMNARY AND CONCLUSIONS occupies 1. The Belgian Congo, vast in area and rich in natural resources, 13 the center of tropical Africa. Three-fourths of its native population of million still live in tribal surroundings and administrative, business and techn' cal talent is represented by a European population of 110,000. 2. The money economy is comparatively young and centers on widely scattered most of mining and urban areas. In these live the majority of the Europeans and the 1.2 million African wage and salary earners. The two hubs of economic ac- tivity are the Bas-Congo between Leopoldville and Matadi, and the Haut-Katanga around Elisabethville, Jadotville and Kolwezi. 3. Recent economic progress has been rapid. Between 1950 and 1955 gross national product rose by over 40%, productivity increased substantially and industrial African real incomes, though still very modest, went up by 50%. Some development has taken place, the internal market has broadened and the economy grown stronger. Nevertheless, the Congo is still largely dependent on world but other miner- demand for its exports. Of these copper accounts for about 35% on als and agr-cultural commodities are also important and reduce the effects the economy of fluc.tuations in copper demand. 4. At present the Congo is going through a period of financial stringency. Until now public investment has been financed without difficulty, mainly by beung, bdget surpluses and borrowing in the Congo and Brussels. For the time Treasury however, sulicient funds are not available from these sources. The position has deteriorated and the central bank is losing foreign exchange to Belgium. retrenchment 5. Consequently, public investment tends to slow down. Some in Brussels would do no harm at this stage. A Bank loan and an expected issue before long should prevent the reduction from going too deep. 6. Prospects for continued economic growth are favorable. The supply of labor should be adequate now that the population is increasing more rapidly. have been Transport and power facilities are being improved and good foundations plantations are laid for more rapid development of native agriculture. European next few years. expanding and production of tree crops should rise by 50% in the Reserves of most minerals are large and their production costs competitive; increases in out- programs now nearing completion will make possible substantial put. Further advance in industry can also be expected. 7. As in the past, economic progress will require imports of capital.Belgiai long-term capital has traditionally been available to the Congo and, although be at its disposal in there may be temporary interruptions, should continue to the future. With good prospects for economic growth, the Congo, whose existing debt. external debt burden is modest, should be able to service additional THE FRAMEWORK The Country 1. The Belgian Congo forms the center of tropical Africa, taking up most of the Congo River basin. The square shaped interior, eighty times larger than Belgium and nearly one-third as large as the United States, is linked to the sea by a narrow strip of land along the lower reaches of the river. Sparsel populated by numerous tribes differing in language and custom, and having little sense of national unity, the country is held together by the Belgian Administra- tion. 2. The central lowlands covered with equatorial rain forest are bounded by savannah belts on either side. Mountains rise in the east and a plateau in the south. In the west, a rocky range across the lower Congo River forms the cata- racts which long barred access to the interior. Tropical climate prevails over most of the country but the highlands of the Kivu and the Katanga offer fairly comfortable weather conditions. 3. Size and topography make transport a problem. The backbone of the trans
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