Le Congo Et L'huile De Palme. Un Siècle. Un Cycle ?
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Congo : Revue Gnrale De La Colonie Belge = Congo : Algemeen
Troisième année. Tome I. Février 1922 N° 2. CONQ Revue générale Algemeen tijdschrift de la Colonie belge van de Belgische Kolonie Directeurs : V. DENYN et Ed. DE JONGHE. SOMMAIRE : B. TANGHE. Vexploration de VUbangi (188 i 1891) . 161 D r J. MAES .... Armes de jet des populations du Congo Belge 181 L. BITTREMIEUX en J.LESTAEGHE . Godsdienstbegrippen bij de JSkundus van 't Leopoldmeer 194 J. P. et F. D . Le Çopal (suite et fin) p. 208 MÉLANGES :. Histoire et Politique coloniale : Le refpect des coutumes indigènes, p.-240. — Le foyer mono- gamique, p. 244. — L'évolution des Races et la Sociologie Coloniale, p. 251. — Les Colonies allemandes et l'Angleterre, p 253. — La rupture des négociations anglo-égyptiennes, p. 256. — Questions économiques : La concentration des intérêts coloniaux belges, 258. ASSOCIATION POUR LE PERFECTIONNEMENT DU MATÉRIEL COLONIAL. Le moteur Ruston à haute comj>ression à démarrage à froid, alimenté à l'huile de palme par il. Isbecque, Industriel, p. 263. — Destruction des eaux résiduaires, Système « Beattie » par M. Serin, ingénieur anglais, p 272. — Des amballages au Congo, p. 276. — Importance actuelle des plantations d'Elaeis au Congo Belge et utilisation des bois durs tropicaux, par M. Lepeae, p. 280. RENSEIGNEMENTS DE L'OFFICE COLONIAL DU MINISTÈRE DES COLONIES : Commerce et industrie : Rapport sur la situation du marché des produits coloniaux, à Anvers, p. 285. — Informations : La réclame commerciale au Congo Belge, p. 299. — Les essences de parfumerie au Congo, p. 301 — Commerce extérieur de la Colonie, - p. 302. — Brevets : p. 308. — Marques de Fabrique ou de Commerce : p. 310. Avis d'adjudications : p. -
Unilever Annual Report 1951
UNILEVER TRANSLATION OF ANNUAL REPORT AND STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS 1951 UNILEVER N+V+ DIRECTORS PAUL RIJKENS Chairman SIR GEOFFREY HEYWORTH Vice-Chairman e. M. G. DE BAAT JAMES LAURENCE HEYWORTH JAMES P. VAN DEN BERGH ROGER HARDMAN HEYWORTH SIDNEY J. VAN DEN BERGH RALPH ESTILL HUFFAM CHARLES HUGH CLARKE RUDOLF G. JURGENS GEORGE JAMES COLE FRANCIS DAVID MORRELL SIR HERBERT DAVIS FRANK SAMUEL W. A. FAURE A. E. J. SIMON THOMAS JOHN HENRY HANSARD ARTHUR HENRY SMITH HAROLD HARTOG F. J. TEMPEL ADVISORY DIRECTORS J. M. HONIG JHR. J. A. G. SANDBERG RUDOLF JURGENS H. L. WOLTERSOM K. P. VAN DER MANDELE SECRETARY E. A. HOFMAN AUDITORS PRICE WATERHOUSE & Co. COOP&R BROTHERS & Co. 3 i CONTENTS Unilever .N.V., the Dutch Company, is referred to as ccN.V.’y Unilever Limited, the English Company, is referred to as “LIMITED.” They are referred to jointly as cc The Parent Companies.” 8. PAGE SALIENT POINTS 6 REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS 7-17 TURNOVER CHARTS 18 FINANCIAL CHARTS 19 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 20-2 1 CONSOLIDATED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS 22-23 APPROPRIATION OF PROFITS 24-25 REPORTS OF THE AUDITORS 24-25 CAPITAL AND REVENUE RESERVES AND EXCHANGE SURPLUSES 26 LAND, BUILDINGS, PLANTATIONSy SHIPS, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 27 BALANCE SHEET-N.V. 28-29 BALANCE SHEET-LIMITED 30-3 1 TURNOVER 32 PENSIONS 32 SUMMARY OF CONSOLIDATED FIGURES, 1945-19 33 5 i SALIENT POINTS J1 All &pres relate to the N. V. and LIMITED GroupJ combined; details are set out in the accompanying Statements and should be considered in conjunction with tke Notes thereon. -
Africa's Leaky Giant
joe trapido AFRICA’S LEAKY GIANT ccording to the un’s Human Development Index, the Democratic Republic of Congo is just about the world’s worst place to live.* Bad things in Niger, and some very marginal improvements in the drc itself, have recently moved it up Afrom the bottom spot it occupied in 2011, but you get the picture. Not incidental to this dismal ranking was a seven- or eight-year international war in which, according to the Lancet, nearly four million people died.1 There are reservations to be entered about both of these results: the kind of complex comparisons included in indexes like the undp’s are capricious, with rankings changing according to the relative weight you assign to each of the proxy indicators—life expectancy, education, per capita gdp. The narrow range of the proxies included also conveys a rather stunted idea of what is, at times, the most delightful place. One can imagine that if the Human Development Index had given great pop music, a sense of irony, or antelope stew with sorrel and palm nuts their due, then Congo would have scored rather better. Likewise, it is hard to know what to make of mortality estimates in a region where there has been no census since 1984. Whatever the exact figure, only a small proportion of the deaths during the Second Congo War were caused by direct violence: the majority succumbed to collapses in food production, health systems and wider infrastructure. While exacerbated by war, these deteriorations can themselves be traced much further back in time, across three decades of economic regres- sion, in which Congolese gdp shrunk to less than a fifth of its former peak and industrial capitalism, however underdeveloped, ceased to be the dominant mode of production.2 This essay will examine the origins of the drc’s current malaise and, in the process, take issue with some of the arguments put forward in the burgeoning literature on the coun- try. -
Land, Development and Conflict in the Great Lakes Region
December 2017 Land, development and conflicts in the Great Lakes For a renewed engagement by the EU and Switzerland in land governance in Rwanda, Burundi and the DRC Table of contents Table of contents 3 Part II 27 Part III 53 Executive Summary Land tenure in the Great Lakes: Evaluation two opposing visions 27 and recommendations 53 Introduction 9 Rwanda 28 Concerning the EU’s vision Objectives and methodology 10 and commitment in the field Land management from of land tenure 53 Objectives of this study 10 independence until the 1980s 28 In general 54 Methodology and limitations 10 Restructuring the legal framework To the French Development after the genocide 29 Agency, regarding The 2005 Organic Law the implementation Part I 12 and the Crop Intensification of the Voluntary Guidelines 54 Programme 30 Regarding interventions Land Governance 12 Land conflicts in Rwanda into land tenure by the EU Land conflicts 14 and resolution mechanisms 33 and Member States 55 Land grabbing: land returns Conflict resolution Regarding interventions to the heart of the development mechanisms 34 in Rwanda 55 agenda 15 Involvement from the EU Regarding interventions and Member States 35 by the EU delegation to Rwanda, Inequalities in access to land by DEVCO, SIDA and the Dutch for forest peoples and peasant The Democratic Republic development cooperation 55 women 17 of the Congo 36 Regarding the political Forest peoples: from legal dialogue of the EU delegation The legislative framework to Kigali on land issues 55 marginalisation to de facto and its shortcomings -
Congo, Democratic Republic of Democratic Republic of Congo- Sme Development and Growth Project
Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: PAD2448 Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$100 MILLION TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO Public Disclosure Authorized FOR A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO- SME DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH PROJECT June 7, 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized Finance, Competitiveness And Innovation Global Practice Africa Region This document is being made publicly available prior to Board consideration. This does not imply a presumed outcome. This document may be updated following Board consideration and the updated document will be made publicly available in accordance with the Bank’s policy on Access to Information. Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = US $ FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 Regional Vice President: Makhtar Diop Country Director: Jean-Christophe Carret Senior Global Practice Director: Ceyla Pazarbasioglu-Dutz Practice Manager: Rashmi Shankar Task Team Leaders: Alain Tienmfoltien Traore, Milaine Rossanaly ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank BDS Business Development Services BPC Business Plan Competition CAR Central African Republic CAS Country Assistance Strategy CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CFAA Country Financial Accountability Assessment CFEF Cellule d’Exécution des Financements en Faveur des Etats Fragiles (Execution Unit for Financing in Fragile States) CIIP Competitive Industries -
Les Débuts De La Société Anonyme Des Huileries Du Congo Belge (HUILEVER) A.-B
Les débuts de la Société anonyme des Huileries du Congo belge (HUILEVER) A.-B. ERGO Les circonstances qui présidèrent à la constitution de la Société des Huileries du Congo belge méritent d’être rappelées. La baisse qui avait atteint depuis quelques années les caoutchoucs congolais avait porté un coup fatal à cette branche de l’économie, jusqu’alors la plus importante du commerce de la colonie. Il fallait donc trouver de nouvelles activités en accord avec la transformation du régime par la Charte coloniale de 1908 qui préconisait la création d’entreprises déterminées à valoriser les richesses naturelles et à procurer du travail aux indigènes. Le Congo, qui était par excellence le pays de l’huile, n’en exportait que sous forme de produits simples et en trop petites quantités. Une industrie était donc à créer qui offrait des perspectives considérables pour développer la vie économique de grandes régions et pour élever, en conséquence, le niveau social des habitants de ces régions. La Société Lever Brothers Limited, qui s’occupait déjà de diverses exploitations en Sierra Leone, dans la Gold Coast et au Liberia, avait entamé des pourparlers avec le Gouvernement Colonial belge au sujet de l’exploitation des produits du palmier à huile au Congo. Ces conversations aboutirent à une convention conclue entre les deux parties le 21 février 1911 et reprise dans le rapport adopté le premier avril 1911 par le Conseil Colonial qui expose en outre, les clauses qu’elle comporte et la discussion qu’elle suscita. Il est à remarquer que cette convention accorde à la société Lever, dans des conditions précises, une concession de terres domaniales dont la superficie excède la limite fixée par l’article 15 de la Charte Coloniale. -
An Edible Oil for the World: Malaysian and Indonesian Competition in The
13 An edible oil for the world Malaysian and Indonesian competition in the palm oil trade, 1945–2000 Susan Martin Introduction The story of the palm oil trade since 1945 is a remarkable tale of technical innovation, cut-throat competition and the successful construction of new inter- Asian trading relationships. This chapter will focus on the trade dimension, but it should be clearly understood at the outset that beneath the dramatic and highly visible pattern of the sea change in trading networks lies a groundswell of profound transformation in both end uses and palm oil production methods. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, palm oil had its place in the British imperial economic order as an industrial commodity, used as a flux in tinplating; as an ingredient in soap and candle making; and only to a very limited extent for edible purposes (Lynn (1997); Martin (1988), p. 28). In West Africa, the first region to develop a palm oil export trade, the oil was a staple ingredient in the local diet, but European visitors regarded it as an exotic curiosity (B.O.W.K. (1925)). By the 1920s it was clear that the oil had a potential food application outside Africa in the margarine and compound lard industries. However these industries, which were in any case better developed in the United States of America than in Europe, required bland, pale oils – and palm oil in its natural state is dark red, strongly flavoured and heavily aromatic (Lim (1967), pp. 130–2; Khera (1976), pp. 228–30; Moll (1987), p. -
Edible Ohs: a Proposed Project in United States
EDIBLE OHS: A PROPOSED PROJECT IN UNITED STATES - LIBERIAN ECONOMIC COORDINATION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BY STEPHEN JOHNSON SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ATLANTA, GEORGIA JUNE 1950 ii 3 *=> TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I Page INTRODUCTION vi General Review vi Arrangement of Subject Matter vii Source and Presentation of Data .... ix Chapter I. EDIBLE OILS 1 Composition or Structure 1 Derivation 1 Physical Properties 2 Chemistry of Fats . 3 Scope of the Central Theme 4 II. REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SOURCES AND THEIR CULTIVATION 5 III. THE EDIBLE OIL AS A COMMODITY OF COMMERCE. 19 Size and Constitution of the Industry . 19 1949 United States Production 23 Prices 26 United Kingdom Edible Oil Situation . 26 International Trade in Edible Oils. • . 33 IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE EDIBLE OIL AS AN ECONOMIC COMMODITY 40 V. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE UNITED AFRICA COM¬ PANY (SUBSIDIARY OF LEVER BROTHERS), PRI¬ MARILY AS PRODUCERS AND DEALERS IN EDIBLE OIL 61 Part II I. LIBERIA IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 66 II. SOCIO-POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF LIBERIA .... 71 III. PREVAILING ECONOMIC PATTERN OF LIBERIA ... 78 IV. LIBERIAN EDIBLE OIL PROJECT 87 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Or Page JUSTIFICATION OF DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS: LIBERIAN FARMERS COOPERATIVE - AMERICAN CORPORATE MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE 97 AZX 104 I. Excerpt a from G. W. Brown’a Economic "Plantation, Capitalism, Loans and Forced Labor * 104 II. Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the United States and Liberia 107 III. Principles Applying to Mutual Aid for Defense Agreement Between the United States and Liberia 120 IV. -
Religion, Nationalism, and Everyday Performance in Congo
GESTURE AND POWER The Religious Cultures of African and African Diaspora People Series editors: Jacob K. Olupona, Harvard University Dianne M. Stewart, Emory University and Terrence L. Johnson, Georgetown University The book series examines the religious, cultural, and political expres- sions of African, African American, and African Caribbean traditions. Through transnational, cross- cultural, and multidisciplinary approaches to the study of religion, the series investigates the epistemic boundaries of continental and diasporic religious practices and thought and explores the diverse and distinct ways African- derived religions inform culture and politics. The series aims to establish a forum for imagining the centrality of Black religions in the formation of the “New World.” GESTURE AND POWER Religion, Nationalism, and Everyday Performance in Congo Yolanda Covington- Ward Duke University Press Durham and London 2016 © 2016 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Typeset in Minion Pro and Avenir by Graphic Composition, Inc., Bogart, Georgia Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Covington-Ward, Yolanda, [date] author. Gesture and power : religion, nationalism, and everyday performance in Congo / Yolanda Covington-Ward. pages cm—(The religious cultures of African and African diaspora people) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8223-6020-9 (hardcover: alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-6036-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-7484-8 (e-book) 1. Kongo (African people)—Communication. 2. Body language—Congo (Democratic Republic) 3. Dance—Social aspects—Congo (Democratic Republic) I. Title. II. Series: Religious cultures of African and African diaspora people. 394—dc23 2015020742 Cover art: Weighing of the spirit (bascule) in worship service, dmna Church, Luozi, 2010. -
Returns on Investments During the Colonial Era: the Case of Congo
DISCUSSION PAPER / 2006.07 Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Frans Buelens Stefaan Marysse Comments on this Discussion Paper are invited. Please contact the authors at <[email protected]> or <[email protected]> Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsbeleid en -Beheer Institute of Development Policy and Management Institut de Politique et de Gestion du Développement Instituto de Política y Gestión del Desarrollo Venusstraat 35, B-2000 Antwerpen België - Belgium - Belgique - Bélgica Tel: +32 (0)3 220 49 98 Fax: +32 (0)3 220 44 81 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ua.ac.be/dev DISCUSSION PAPER / 2006.07 Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Frans Buelens* Stefaan Marysse** April 2006 * Frans Buelens is a researcher at the Faculty of Applied Economics, University of Antwerp. ** Stefaan Marysse is a professor at the Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB), University of Antwerp. CONTENTS Abstract 3 Résumé 3 Introduction 5 Section 1 5 Section 2 8 Section 3 12 Section 4 15 Section 5 21 Section 6 27 Section 7 28 Appendix 1. 29 References 30 ABSTRacT Returns on Investments during the Colonial Era: The Case of Congo Before the First World War a global wave of for- eign direct investment materialised. Belgium participated in it on a global scale but after the War a shift towards the Belgian colony (Congo) was observed. With regard to these colonial in- vestments, it is commonly argued that higher (expected) profit rates were a strong incentive, although others propose that the colonial powers actually lost money on their overseas posses- sions. -
1950 Annual Report
OTHERS & UNHLEVE SIR GEOFFREY HEYWORTH Chairman 9. SIR HERBERT DAVIS 7 Vice-Chairmen PAUL RYKENS 1 NL C.3" DE BUT' ROGER HARDMAN ~E~~~~~ JAMES I?. VAN DEN BERGH RALPH ESTILL HUFFAM SIDNEY J. VAN DEN BERGH RUDOLF G. JURGENS CHARLES HUGH CLARKE FRANCIS DAVID MORRELL GEORGE JAMES COLE ROWLAND HUNTLY MUHW W. A. FAUN? FRANK SAMUEL JOHN HENRY HANSARD A. E. J. SIMON THOMAS ARTHUR HARTOG ARTKCTR HENRY SMITH HAROLD HBRTOG F. J. TEMPEL SECRETA JXTGH SAUNDERS 5 *i - mer Brothers & Unilever Limited, the English Compaay, is referred to US '' LXNT~?D". Lever Brothers & Wnilever N.V., the Dutch Company, is referred to US " N.V." They are refereed to jointly as " THE PARENT COMPANIES ". PAGE 7 SALIENT POINTS 8 REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS 9 REVIEW OF OPERATIONS 15 REPORTS OF THE AUDITORS 16 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 18 CONSOLIDATED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS 20 APPROPRIATION OF CONSOLIDATED NET PROFITS 22 LAND, BUILDINGS, PLANTATIONS, SHES, PLANT AND EQUIPMNT 23 CAPITAL AND REVENUE RESERVES AND EXCHANGE SURPLUSES 24 BALANCE SHEET-LIMITED 26 BACANCE SHEET-N.V. 28 TURNOVER OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITKBS 28 PENSIONS 29 SUMMARY OF CONSOLIDATED FIGURES, 1937-50 6 All $gures relate to the LIMITED and N.V. Groups combined; de,,& are sef out in the accompan. Statemmts and should be considered in conjunction with the Notes therem. 8. 1949 1950 75 L 273,482,097 308,888,453 153,556,332 168,563,508 119,925,765 140,324,945 800,897,000 988,870,000 6,604,839 ~~~REC~T~~~Charged to trading 7,851,664 account 4,247,744 FHXED ASSETS PLACErnNT RE$ERVE$ 4,943,233 31,947,465 TRADING PROFIT 52,18 1,298 5,680,882 EXCHANGE SURPLUSES 64,739 1,823,308 STOCK RESERVES 2,629,699 (brought back) 1 7,569,024 TAXATION 28,459,366 19,580,127 cON§~L~ATE~NET PROFIT 19,226,875 16,100,901 PROHT ACCRUING TO THE ORD ~~~~~~ 15,747,649 11.1% Percentage on Ordinary shareholders’ Funds , 9.2% 2,195,327 O~~~A~YDIVIDENDS PROPOSED 2,913,743 f% . -
Mkt Mix- Uniliver
Home » Business » Marketing » Project Report on Marketing Strategy of Unilever Bangladesh Project Report on Marketing Strategy of Unilever Bangladesh Introduction Unilever is a multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo-Dutch parentage that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employs nearly 180,000 people and had worldwide revenue of almost €40 billion in 2005. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of UnileverNV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, England. This arrangement is similar to that of Reed Elsevier and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N.V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Patrick Cescau is Group Chief Executive, who will retire at the end of 2008. Mr Paul Polman will succeed Patrick Cescau as Group Chief Executive. The company is widely listed on the world’s stock exchanges. 1.2 Origin of report Since practical orientation is an integral part of the BBA program, I tried to expose real life performance of Uniliver by preparing this report. To prepare this report I have come across with different information of the Uniliver. From the collected information I understand the company’s activities in the market as Uniliverll as in their internal preparation for marketing and others activities. I expect that this report will fulfill the requirement of BBA program and provide a clear idea about the Uniliver activities and other multi-national company’s effort in the Bangladesh.