JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS HI-539 Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site HABS HI-539 62-3601 Kawaihae Road Kawaihae vicinity County Hawaii

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WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA

REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS

HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY

JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD

HABS HI-539

Location: 62-3601 Kawaihae Road, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae vicinity, Hawaii County, Hawaii

The John Young Homestead site is located at latitude: 20.030186, longitude: -155.818784. The coordinate represents the approximate southeast corner of John Young’s house. This coordinate was obtained on April 4, 2014, using Google Earth. The coordinate’s datum is WGS84. The John Young Homestead site location has no restriction on its release to the public.

Present Owner: National Park Service

Present Use: Historic resource within Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site

Significance: The John Young Homestead site is significant for its association with John Young, who was integral to the establishment of the Kingdom of Hawaii by in 1810 and who became a prominent figure in Hawaiian history. In addition, the structures themselves represent the integration of Western building techniques with traditional Hawaiian ones.

Historian: Justine Christianson, Heritage Documentation Programs, 2014

Project Information: The John Young Homestead was documented by the Heritage Documentation Programs of the National Park Service, Richard O’Connor, Chief, as part of the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site Recording Project. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site was documented using emergency funding established after a 2006 earthquake damaged several structures in the park. Pu'ukohola and Mailekini heiau and the John Young Homestead were documented before and after restoration work. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Daniel Kawaiaea, Superintendent, sponsored the project, and Adam Johnson, Park Archeologist, coordinated the work. The recording team included Todd Croteau, Project Leader, and Lora Cunningham, Dana Lockett, and Ryan Pierce, Architects. Todd Croteau produced the large-format photography, while Jet Lowe produced the aerial photographs. Laura Carter Schuster, Chief of Cultural Resources, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, provided project coordination.

JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 2)

For related documentation, see: Pu'ukohola Heiau HALS No. HI-4 Mailekini Heiau HALS No. HI-5 Kikiako'i HALS No. HI-16 Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site HALS No. HI-17

PART I. HISTORICAL INFORMATION

A. Physical History:

1. Date of erection: 1798

2. Architect: None

3. Original and subsequent owners, occupants, uses: Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, Hawaiian land belonged to the highest chief or king. The whole island was the mokupuni, which would be divided into wedge- shaped pieces called moku. These moku would then be divided into ahupua'a, which were ruled by an ali'i (chief) and managed by a konohiki (headman). Finally, the ahupua'a could be further divided into 'ili'aina, or estates. The ahupua'a was viewed as a “self-sufficient economic unit, cross-cutting the concentric ecological zones of an island.”1 The ideal ahupua'a began in the mountains and extended down towards the coast so that it encompassed a variety of natural resources. An ahupua'a needed to contain land in the uplands, which would provide the wood and plants like koa and maile vines for building, in the plains for agriculture, and along the shoreline for maritime resources and ocean access. The size of the ahupua'a varied depending on the availability of resources, and the boundaries were typically those of the watershed.

Kamehameha I, who became ruler of all the Hawaiian islands, except , in 1791, granted an ahupua'a called Kawaihae Hikina (also referred to as Kawaihae 2) to John Young for his invaluable service. The John Young Homestead was part of the 'ili'aina (or estate) known at one time as Pahukanilua. Young’s property was actually divided into the lower homestead, near Kawaihae Bay and now underwater, and the upper homestead, which is now part of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. This report focuses on that portion of the homestead located between State Highway 26 to the west, Makeahua Gulch to the south, Makahuna Gulch to the north, and an abandoned quarry to the east.

After Young’s death in 1835, his son, (also called John Young, Jr.), inherited the entire ahupua'a. However, Young’s second wife, Ka'oana'eha, retained

1 Patrick Vinton Kirch, A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai’i (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 140. JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 3)

her residence in the lower part of the homestead. Two land reform programs, the Great Mahele of 1848 and the Land Commission Awards of 1846-1855, resulted in the division of Young’s substantial landholdings. The upper and lower portions of his original homestead were legally separated in 1851, with the lower portion awarded to Ka'oana'eha and Isoba Puna (Ka'oana'eha’s konohiki or headman). Keoni Ana remained owner of the upper portion, still known as the Kawaihae Hikina ahupua'a, but it was not formally occupied after Young’s death.

Keoni Ana died in 1857, and his niece Emma Kaleleonālani (who was married to Kamehameha IV and known as Queen Emma) inherited one third of his landholdings, including the ahupua'a of Kawaihae Hikina. With Queen Emma’s death in 1885, one half of her estate was left to the Queen’s Hospital, established in 1860 to provide much needed medical care to Hawaiians, and the other half, including Kawaihae Hikina, went to Prince Albert K. Kunuiakea, her cousin. Kunuiakea’s death in 1903 resulted in the transfer of Kawaihae Hikina to the Queen’s Hospital.

By 1958, the Territory of Hawaii had condemned the lots in the lower portion of the homestead in preparation for the construction of the deep water Kawaihae Harbor. In 1973, the Queen’s Hospital donated three parcels to the National Park Service for the newly-established Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, including Lot 4, totaling almost 2 acres, on which the upper portion of the John Young Homestead site was located.2

4. Builder: John Young

5. Original plans and construction: While John Young’s original diary is not publicly available, National Park Service historian Russell Apple does provide relevant quotes from it.3 Young wrote in his diary in 1798 about the establishment of his homestead and indicated the closeness of his relationship with Kamehameha I.

Have begun four buildings. My house, the cook house, and storage room, the house for the child and tahus [guardians] and near the small temple [perhaps referring to Mailekini Heiau] a house for storage. My house at the small rise below the great temple [referring to Pu'ukohola Heiau] more suitable than the ravine which washes away with Whymea floods [perhaps referring to the Makeahua gulch]. The great one [Kamehameha I] comes

2 Mara Durst, “A Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project at the John Young Homestead,” Publications in Anthropology I (Pacific Island Cluster, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Interior, 2001), 11, 28, 31. Russell Apple completed extensive research into the land records, which is recorded in “Pahukanilua: Homestead of John Young,” Historical Data Section of the Historic Structure Report (: National Park Service, Hawaii State Office, September 1978), 8-14, 20-23. See also, Linda Wedel Greene, A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai’i Island ( Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1993), 276-277 and footnote 172. 3 Apple notes in his bibliography that the diary was “transcribed by Robert E. Van Dyke, in whose possession diary is. Diary not available for inspection,” see “Pahukanilua,” page 90. JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 4)

to use my cook house several times. I make biskits and cook a lamb. Have all enjoyed feast. 4

Unlike typical Hawaii construction of dry-set stone, these structures were built of stone set in mud mortar and plastered with a coral lime mixture. In March 1799, Young noted in his diary that he had finished plastering the houses and whitewashing the fences around the animal pens, concluding with the intriguing statement: “it is as in Wales.” In September of that same year, he wrote that he had finished repairing a roof with sticks and thatch, indicating that it was thatched in a typical Hawaiian manner. In 1809, Young recorded completion of another structure, possibly a cook house. Archaeological evidence indicates that as completed, the homestead consisted of two residential structures, one storage structure, stone platforms and a terrace, and possibly an oven. The arrangement of the homestead as a cluster of structures fulfilling various functions, like platforms and terraces, storage sheds, canoe sheds, and separate men’s and women’s quarters, was a typical Hawaiian residential pattern.5

The John Young Homestead is described in many contemporary travel accounts because of its unusual appearance in comparison with typical Hawaiian residential structures of dry-set stone platforms with pole-framed and thatched shelters on top. For example, Isaac Iselin, who visited the Hawaiian islands in the early 1800s described his sojourn at the homestead thus, “Mr. Young occupies several stone buildings, which are the best (save those of the king, built on the same plan but now shut) I have seen on this island.”6 Laura Fish Judd, a missionary, had a very different account of Young’s residence from other travelers of the time, although it appears she was describing the structures in the lower portion of the homestead. Judd wrote that Young “lived in a dirty adobe house, adorned with old rusty muskets, swords, bayonets, and cartridge boxes” and remarked on being too frightened to sleep because of the wind. At midnight, she went to the “grass house of Mrs. Young, which was neat and comfortable” to sleep for the remainder of the evening.7

The first available detailed description of the homestead comes from Lloyd Soehren’s 1964 archaeological investigation for the . He described the standing walls of what he identified as Young’s residence as being built in the “typical Hawaiian fashion” with the outer walls made up of field stones fitted together and an interior rubble core. The exterior wall surface, however, was plastered with a lime

4 Quoted in Apple, Appendix D, “Homestead: Historical References,” in “Pahukanilua,” 47, with additional edits for clarity. 5 Quoted in Apple, Appendix D in “Pahukanilua,” 48; Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 11. 6 Isaac Iselin, Journal of Trading Voyage Around the World (New York: McIlroy & Emmet, 1897), 72. 7 Laura Fish Judd, Honolulu: Sketches of Life, Social, Political, and Religious in the Hawaiian Islands from 1828 to 1861 (New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1880), 44-45. Judd’s disdain for Young’s housekeeping is evident: “He gave us a supper of goat’s meat and fried taro, served on old pewter plates, which I was unfortunate to see his servant wipe on his red flannel shirt in lieu of a napkin.” JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 5)

mortar produced from burned coral. Soehren also discovered evidence of wooden posts that served as rafters.8

6. Alterations and additions: After Young’s death in 1835, the homestead appears to have been, for the most part, abandoned. George Washington Bates noted that Young’s house was standing and occupied by a district judge in 1853, and oral history indicates that a Roman Catholic school near the homestead may have used the buildings.9 There is no definitive information about the site and its use, however, until the establishment of the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site.

One of the walls of Young’s house, which happened to be the tallest at the site, collapsed and some plaster on the east wall detached as the result of an earthquake in 1973. The following year, the National Park Service (NPS) had a wood and metal shelter erected over the remnants of the house and conducted excavations of Western- style Structure 2. Additional stabilization took place between March 1975 and September 1976, with documentation of the conditions by NPS archaeologist Edmund Ladd. At this time, black plastic was laid across the walls of Young’s house.10

During a wildfire incident in July 1991, a bulldozer drove across the site, in the process crushing the west and southeast walls of a stone platform (designated as Hawaiian-style Feature 1). The bulldozer also drove over the southern and eastern walls of a possible storage building (designated as Western-style Structure 2). To protect the site from future accidents, the NPS put up a fence around the site.11

In 2004, the NPS began investigating replacement of the 1974 protective shelter with one that would “conserve the remaining original fabric of the walls, preserve subsurface resources, and provide visitors with an enjoyable and rewarding experience.” At that time, the eastern and southern walls were protected by batten and plywood with a corrugated tin roof supported by timber framing sheltering the structure. Rubble supported both the interiors and exteriors of the northern and eastern walls.12

8 Lloyd Soehren, “An Archaeological Survey of the Shores of Ouli and Kawaihae, South Kohala, Hawaii” (Honolulu, HI: Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, July 1964), 13. 9 George Washington Bates’ account is from Sandwich Island Notes and is included in Greene, Cultural History, 285. The Roman Catholic school is mentioned in Apple, “Pahukanilua,” 32. 10 Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 31-32; Pacific Legacy, Inc., “Archaeological Investigations during the Stabilization and Conservation Treatment of the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site,” December 2005, 7; Paul Rosendahl and Laura A. Carter, “Excavations on John Young’s Homestead, Kawaihae, Hawaii” (Honolulu, HI: National Park Service, Pacific Area Office, 1988). 11 Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 32; Laura Carter Schuster, “Bulldozers and Archaeology of John Young’s Homestead, Archeology at Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site” (Honolulu, HI: National Park Service, Pacific Area Office, 1992), 1. 12 Jessica Maxey, “A Doorway into the Past: Archaeological Investigations at the John Young Homestead, Structure 1, Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Island of Hawaii” (Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Research JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 6)

Between February 7 and March 11, 2005, Architectural Resources Group (ARG) Conservation Services stabilized and conserved the plastered wall surfaces of Young’s residence. The work involved cleaning the exposed plaster with a dry brush and then cleaning the surface with a mixture of 50 percent isopropyl alcohol in water. ARG Conservation Services treated the friable plaster (where the surface coat had been lost) with 1 part acrylic emulsion and 4 parts distilled water. Areas with cracking or detaching plaster were repaired using an injection grout made up of Type S dolomitic hydrated lime, fine silica sand, and a 1:4 solution of acrylic emulsion and water. The conservators dismantled the 1974 shelter and placed new masonry at the corners. Berms were installed at the north wall’s interior and exterior, the west wall’s interior and a part of the exterior, and part of the east wall. Finally, a fiber-cement board was installed on the exterior of the south and east walls.13

The structures required stabilization after two earthquakes measuring 6.0 and 6.7 occurred on October 15, 2006, causing the rock walls to collapse in areas.

B. Historical Context: John Young was born near Liverpool, , in March 1744, but little is known about his early life. Young appears to have ended up in the United States after working on a trading vessel originating in Liverpool. Around 1789, he became a crewmember of the Eleanora. Under Capt. , the trading vessel traveled between the northwest coast of the United States and China. In 1790, the Eleanora arrived at the Hawaiian islands with plans to meet its companion ship, the , captained by Metcalf’s 18-year-old son. The theft of a lifeboat from the Eleanora prompted Metcalfe to order his crew to kill over 100 Hawaiians in retaliation after attempts to demand the boat and crewman’s return were unsuccessful. In another incident, Metcalfe beat Chief Kame'eiamoku as he tried to climb aboard. After these two violent episodes, Kame'eiamoku exacted his revenge by seizing the Fair American when it finally arrived in Hawaii and killing all the crew but one, (who would later also become an advisor to Kamehameha I).

This chain of events may have precipitated the event that led to John Young being left on the Island of Hawaii. Capt. Charles H. Barnard recalled Young telling him that the Eleanora was anchored in off the Island of Hawaii. On March 17, 1790, Young decided to go on shore, “intending to take a ramble through the woods in pursuit of birds. In the middle of the afternoon, I returned to the shore, for the purpose of going up on board, but there was no boat and all the canoes were hauled higher up on the beach as usual; the huts were all closed and not a native visible. I felt a strange kind of fear

Corporation, University of Hawaii, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and Pu'ukohola National Historic Site, September 2004), 7, quote from page 2. 13 Architectural Resources Group, Conservation Services, “John Young Homestead Treatment Report,” Pu'ukohola National Historic Site, San Francisco, CA, October 2005. JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 7)

creeping over me at this unusual state of things.”14 Young decided to take shelter in a native Hawaiian’s hut, but he felt uneasy. Two days later, he saw the Eleanor set sail, leaving him behind. Because of the prior conflicts, Metcalfe was presumably not able, or willing, to send a search party onshore to find Young, resulting in his abandonment.

Young would spend the rest of his life in Hawaii, dying at age 91 in 1835. During his sojourn, he became a trusted advisor to both Kamehameha I and II and was an important player in establishing and governing the Kingdom of Hawaii. Kamehameha I probably placed so much trust in Young because he knew Young had no local connections or conflicting loyalties that would cause him to turn against the ruling chief. Young’s marriage to Kamehameha’s niece, Ka'oana'eha, after the death of his first wife, Na-moku- 'elua, further strengthened the ties to Kamehameha. Young was given the Hawaiian name of “Olohana,” which was the “Hawaiian language imitation of his boatswain’s call ‘All Hands’ during the battles of conquest.” He held various positions, including keeper of the royal arsenal, business and royal agent, and head of the navy. From 1802 to 1812, he even served as governor of Hawaii in Kamehameha I’s absence. Young is credited with introducing cattle and goats to the island because of his relationship with Captain Vancouver, and he supported the introduction of Christianity to Hawaii and the establishment of missions. He operated the kingdom’s warehouse at Kawaihae, where meats and hides were stored, and oversaw the sandalwood trade. Young’s influence is so great that he “seems to have been present and involved in every event of lasting importance in Hawaii from 1790 through 1820.”15

In exchange for his invaluable support, Kamehameha I compensated John Young with land. At the time of his death in 1835, Young owned twenty-nine estates on Hawaii, five on , two on , and one each on Lanai and . One such estate was the Kawaihae Hikina ahupua'a, on which Young would build his homestead. Traditionally, ahupua'a were subdivided into 'ili 'aina that were cared for by tenant families, and this was the case with Kawaihae Hikina, although Young did reside there himself for long periods of time. The adjacent ahupua'a, Kawaihae Komohana, was assigned to Kamehameha’s prime minister, Ka-lani-moku. After a staff chief under Ka-lani-moku murdered one of Young’s staff chiefs, the Kawaihae Komohana boundary was moved north to give additional lands to Young. By the 1870s, the boundary was again the Makahuna Gulch, which was formalized in 1903.16

The John Young Homestead served as Young’s principal residence from 1798 until his death in 1835, at which time it appears to have been essentially abandoned. In 1929, A. P. Taylor, librarian with the archives of Hawaii, began advocating for the restoration and preservation of the site because of Young’s significant role in Hawaiian history. It was not until the 1972 creation of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site and the 1973 donation of the upper part of the homestead to the National Park Service that preservation

14 John Young quote in Durst, Appendix A, “Historical Research of the Life of John Young, Advisor to Kamehameha I,” in “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 4. 15 Durst, Appendix A in “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project”; quotes from Apple, “Pahukanilua,” 6. 16 Greene, Cultural History, 275-276; Apple, “Pahukanilua,” 8-9. JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 8)

of the upper portion would be undertaken. The homestead’s separate location from the rest of the park and the fragility of the resource remain challenges for the National Park Service.17

PART II. ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION

A. General Statement:

1. Architectural character: The John Young Homestead consists of the remains of eight structures. The site was organized in a typical Hawaiian manner as a cluster of residential structures serving various functions. The National Park Service classified five of these structures as “Hawaiian-style,” meaning they were built using traditional Hawaiian construction techniques like dry-set masonry, and three as “Western-style,” meaning mortar and coral lime plaster were utilized. Yet, this classification simplifies the complex interaction between Hawaiian and Western building techniques taking place at this site. Archaeological investigation after the 1991 bulldozer incident revealed that the distinguishing feature between Hawaiian and Western construction techniques at this site was not the absence or presence of plaster but whether or not the stones were set in mortar. Thus, the John Young Homestead represents a transitional period in construction methods on the Hawaiian islands.18

2. Condition of fabric: Stabilized ruins

B. Description of Features: For consistency, this report will follow the naming conventions used by the National Park Service. In addition, this description relies upon archaeological work completed prior to the 2006 earthquake and stabilization efforts.19

Stone Terrace (Hawaiian-style Feature 1): Located at the northwest corner of the homestead, this stone terrace with a stone platform may have served as a foundation for a traditional pole and thatch residential structure. In 1978, the terrace measured 42.7' x 52.5' with a 23' x 36' platform and stood 11.8" tall. Archaeological excavations revealed the surface of the feature consisted of a central paved area of basalt pebbles (also known as 'ili'ili, meaning waterworn stones) while the rest was made up of a mixture of basalt pebbles and flat stones. Excavation after the bulldozer incident revealed plastered surfaces on the foundation, indicating the incorporation of Western construction methods with Hawaiian construction.

17 Greene, Cultural History, 277; Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 31. 18 Greene, Cultural History, 287; Schuster, “Bulldozers,” 28; Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 11. 19 Paul Rosendahl and Laura A. Carter completed a report (1988) detailing their findings from their excavation of the site in 1978. Their report is summarized in Greene, Cultural History, 287-291. Along with Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” 32, their work forms the basis of this description. JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 9)

Terrace (Hawaiian-style Feature 2): Situated to the south of Hawaiian-style Feature 1, this feature is a terrace paved with basalt pebbles that measured 23' x 33' in 1978. The terrace probably had some kind of wood shelter erected on it. It may have been residential or been used as a working or eating area.

Platform (Hawaiian-style Feature 3): A low stone platform downslope from Hawaiian-style Feature 2 is located at the southwest corner of the homestead. It measured 23' x 29.5' and stood approximately 8" to 10" tall in 1978, with a pavement primarily of flat stones.

Earth Oven (Hawaiian-style Feature 4): The stones in this feature appear to have been burned, so it may have served as an earth oven (called an imu). The 8' x 16' pile of cobblestones (as measured in 1978) is located southeast of Hawaiian-style Feature 2 and southwest of Western-style Structure 1.

Platform (Hawaiian-style Feature 5): Located just south of Hawaiian-style Feature 1, this 6.6' x 13' stone platform (with a maximum height of nearly 12"), as measured in 1978, had a pavement of basalt pebbles. The platform was observed to have a shallow depression in the center.

John Young’s Residence (Western-style Structure 1): Located on the southeast corner of the homestead, this structure has been identified as John Young’s residence. The structure’s dimensions in 1978 were 21' x 49'. The 4'-tall walls are built of unmodified cobbles laid in a mud mortar with the interior and exterior walls surfaced in a coral lime plaster. In 1978, the walls varied from almost 20" to 23.6" in width at the top. The entrance through the west wall was revealed complete with lintel and threshold in the 2004 excavation work. The interior of the structure was paved with basalt pebbles, and an area of 'ili'ili was identified on the west side of the structure in 2005. The walls are currently protected by a support structure.20

Possible Storage Enclosure (Western-style Structure 2): North of Young’s residence is a rectangular-shaped enclosure that may have been used for storage. There is no evidence that cooking took place there. Prior to the 2006 earthquake, the structure was measured at 21' x 34'. The walls were built of stone laid in a mud mortar and had plastered interior and exterior walls. The interior floor was paved with waterworn basalt pebbles laid after the wall was plastered, according to archaeological investigation after the 1991 bulldozer incident.

Possible Residence (Western-style Structure 3): Situated southeast of Young’s residence, this was measured at 16' x 28' in 1978 and exhibits similar construction

20 In addition to Greene, Cultural History, and Durst, “Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project,” see Maxey, “Doorway,” 1, 5, 7. JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 10)

techniques as the other two “Western-style” structures. This may have been a residence for use by Young’s children.

C. Site: The John Young Homestead is located on the ridge above the highway to Kawaihae within Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. The elevation ranges from about 40' to 56' above sea level. Makahuna Gulch delineates the homestead to the north while Makehua Gulch is to the south. The landscape is open dry grassland, as this area receives less than 10" of rain annually.

PART III. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Apple, Russell A. “Pahukanilua: Homestead of John Young,” Historical Data Section of the Historic Structure Report. Honolulu: National Park Service, Hawaii State Office, September 1978.

Architectural Resources Group, Conservation Services. “John Young Homestead Treatment Report,” Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. San Francisco, CA, October 2005.

______. “Historic Structures Report: John Young Homestead Structure 1. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site.” San Francisco, CA, January 2010.

Durst, Mara. “A Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project at the John Young Homestead.” Publications in Anthropology I. Pacific Island Cluster, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2001.

Greene, Linda Wedel. A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai’i Island. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1993. Available online at http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/kona/history.htm.

Iselin, Isaac. Journal of Trading Voyage around the World. New York: McIlroy & Emmet, 1897.

Judd, Laura Fish. Honolulu: Sketches of Life, Social, Political, and Religious in the Hawaiian Islands from 1828 to 1861. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1880.

Maxey, Jessica. “A Doorway into the Past: Archaeological Investigations at the John Young Homestead, Structure 1, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Island of Hawai'i.” Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Research Corporation, University of Hawaii, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. September 2004.

Pacific Legacy, Inc. “Archaeological Investigations during the Stabilization and Conservation Treatment of the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site.” December 2005.

JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD HABS No. HI-539 (Page 11)

Rosendahl, Paul and Laura A. Carter. “Excavations of John Young’s Homestead, Kawaihae, Hawaii.” Honolulu, HI: National Park Service, Pacific Area Office, 1988.

Schuster, Laura Carter. “Bulldozers and Archeology at John Young Homestead, Archaeology at Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site.” Honolulu, HI: National Park Service, Pacific Area Office, 1992.

Soehren, Lloyd. “An Archaeological Survey of the Shores of Ouli and Kawaihae, South Kohala, Hawaii.” Honolulu, HI: Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, July 1964.