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The Lower Jordan Basin

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The Lower Jordan Basin The Volta River basin Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Comparative study on river basin development and management Boubacar BARRY Emmanuel OBUOBIE Marc ANDREINI Winston ANDAH Mathilde PLUQUET January, 2005 Draft List of Tables Pages Table 1: Distribution of the Basin in the Six Riparian Countries. Table 2: Average annual rainfall and evapotranspiration in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin Table 3: Rainfall and length of growing seasons in the Volta Basin of Ghana Table 4: Hydrometeorology Mean Annual (1961 – 1990) in the Volta Basin of Ghana Table 5: Temperature and Relative Humidity in the Volta Basin of Ghana Table 6: Demographic characteristics of the Volta Basin countries (2001) Table 7: Population in the Volta River basin Table 8: Population statistics in riparian countries (2004) Table 9: Education and literacy in the Volta Basin countries Table 10: Agricultural labour force in the riparian countries of the Volta River Basin Table 11: Structure of Economic Output at the National Level Table 12: Macroeconomic indicators in the Volta Basin countries (2001) Table13: Human development indicators in the Volta basin countries (1998) Table14: Poverty and income distribution in the Volta Basin countries (latest year available) Table 15: External Debt of the Riparian Countries (1998) Table 16: Area and length of main tributaries in the Volta River Basin in Ghana Table 17: Some Important Relief Characteristics Table 18: Identified Soil Groups in the Volta River Basin of Ghana Table 19: Characteristics of the Zones Table 20: Major landuse types in the Volta basin of Burkina (hectares) Table 21: Erosion Hazards of the Volta Basin in Ghana Table 22: Rate of Occupation of Cultivable Land in the Basin in Togo (1,708,800 ha) Table 23: Evolution of Various Vegetation Formations in Togo (1979-1991) Table 24: Production Levels of Selected Crops by Regions in the Volta Basin in Ghana (Tones) Table 25: Cereal Production in the Mopti Region of Mali (Tones) Table 26 : Crop Production in Côte d’Ivoire (1996) Table 27: Production trends in Burkina Faso (x1000 tons) Table 28: Population of Major Livestock in the Volta Basin in Ghana Table 29: Population of Major Livestock in Togo Table 30: Annual Fish Production in Ghana Table 31: Surface Water Resources of the Volta River in Ghana Table 32: Surface water flows of the Black Volta in Ghana Table 33: Surface Water flows of the Lower Volta of Ghana Table 34: Sub-basins of the Main Volta River in Ghana Table 35: Surface water resources from within the Lower Volta Basin in Ghana Table 36: Potential Surface Water Resources of the Volta Basin in Burkina Faso Table 37: Potential of Surface Water Resources of the Nakambe Basin Table 38: Potential of surface Water Resources of the Mouhoun Basin in Burkina Faso Table 39: Hydrological Characteristics of the Groundwater aquifers in the Volta Basin of Ghana Table 40: Summary of borehole yields of hydrologic provinces and sub provinces Table 41: Minimum Recharge and Replenishable Groundwater Capacities Table 42: Chemical analysis of water samples in the geologic formations of Ghana (all values except pH are in mg/l) Table 43: Groundwater potentiality of Burkina Faso Table 44: Average Rate of well-sinking success and discharge by region Table 45: Proportion of Volta Basin in Agro-ecological zones of Ghana 2 Table 46: Access to land Table 47: Proportion of area allocated to major crops species and yield per hectare in the GS Table 48: Cropping patterns in the Guinea Savannah zone Table 49: Percentage of use of each technology Table 50: Percentage of farmers practicing cropping system in Wenchi Table 51: Percentage of farmers keeping livestock, 1992 Table 52: Estimated Average National wholesale prices of crops/tonne (1998) Table 53: Sequence of planting in the Techiman District of Ghana Table 54: Types of farming systems in the Techiman District of Ghana Table 55: Estimated average national wholesale prices of crops/tonne (1998) Table 56: Types of farming systems in the Atwima District of Ghana Table 57: Estimated Average National wholesale prices of crops/tonne (1998) Table 58: Ministries and Departments for managing water and Land resources in Benin Table 59: Departments for Managing Land and Water Resources in Burkina Faso Table 60: Ministries and Their Responsibilities in Côte d’Ivoire Table 61: Ministries for the Management and Use of Land Resources in Côte d’Ivoire Table 62: Ministries and Departments Responsible for Water Resources Development and Utilization in Ghana Table 63: Ministries, Departments, and Institutions Responsible for the Management of Water in Togo Table 64: Bilateral Cooperation among Riparian Countries Table 65: Dates of Ratification of Major International Environmental Conventions Table 66: Water demand during year 2000 (km3) Table 67: Projected water demand in Burkina Faso (km3) Table 68: Large dams in the Volta Basin of Burkina Faso Table 69: Information on Dams in the Volta Basin of Cote d’Ivoire Table70: Information on Dams in the Volta Basin of Togo Table 71: Domestic/Industrial Water Demand of the Volta River Basin (x 106m3) Table 72: Irrigation Water Demand of the Volta River Basin (x 106m3) Table 73: Water Demand for Livestock of the Volta River Basin (x 106 m3) Table 74: Total Consumptive Water Demand of the Volta River Basin (x 106 m3) Table 75: Dependency by region on groundwater supply for domestic use (1984) Table 76: Categories of infected people according to Farooq, 1963 Table 77: Annual population growth rate by sub-basins, 1960-200 3 List of Figures Pages Figure 1 : NOAA-AVHRR satellite image composition LANDSAT 1999-2000 image composition Figure 2a: Declining patterns in rainfall in Burkina Faso. Figure 2b: Changes in Climatic zones of the Volta Basin of Burkina Figure 2c: Annual rainfall at several locations in the Volta Basin of Burkina Faso Figure 3: Distribution of rainfall in the Volta Basin in 1990 Figure 4: Evaporation in several locations within the Volta Basin in Burkina Faso Figure 5: Spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration in the Volta Basin Figure 6: Spatial distribution of temperature in the Volta Basin Figure 7: Spatial distribution of population density in the Volta River Basin Figure 8: Distribution of population density in Ghana Figure 9: Pyramidal ages in Ghana Figure 10: Distribution of soil types in the Volta basin of Ghana and Burkina Figure 11: Map of Geology of the Volta River Basin. Figure 12: Land cover Map of the Volta River Basin. Figure 13: Hydrographic network of Burkina Faso Figure 14: Location of reservoirs in the Volta Basin Figure 15a: Water balance of the Mohoun River Basin Figure 15b: Water balance of the Nankambe River Basin Figure 16: Hydrogeological provinces and river systems of Ghana Figure 17: Hydrogeological subprovinces of the Basement Complex Figure 18: Hydrogeological subprovinces of the Voltaian System Figure 19: Distribution of borehole yield in Ghana (Water Resources Research Institute 1994) Figure 20: Regional distribution of borehole and annual abstraction Figure 21: Map showing discharge of wells across Burkina Faso Figure 22: Distribution of Piezometric heads of different wells in Burkina Faso Figure 23: Spatial distribution of boreholes in Burkina Faso Figure 24: Map showing the agro-ecological zones of Ghana and Burkina Faso Figure 26: Location of Dams in the Volta Basin Figure 27: Regional distribution of groundwater use among sectors Figure 28: Water Weed Encroachment Figure 29: Sandbar on the Volta River mouth Figure 30: Annual percent population growth rates by sub-basins, 1960-2000 Figure 31: Average cropped area by sub-basins, 1992 & 2000 4 I. INTRODUCTION I.1 The Volta River Basin The Volta River Basin is located in West Africa and covers an estimated area of 400,000 km2. The Volta basin stretches from approximately latitude 5o 30 N in Ghana to 14o 30 N in Mali. The widest stretch is from approximately longitude 5o 30 W to 2o 00 E but the basin becomes more narrow towards the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The Volta basin is spread over six West African countries (43% in Burkina Faso, 42% in Ghana, and 15% in Togo, Benin, Cote d’Ivoire and Mali). The Akosombo dam is by fare the most significant structure built in the basin and the Volta Lake is the largest man-made lake in the World. The Volta Lake reservoir itself has a surface area of about 8,500 km2, an average depth of about 18.8m and a shoreline of about 5,500 km. The deepest portions of the lake are about 90m. The total volume of water in the reservoir at full supply level about 84.73m is approximately 150 billion m3. The seasonal rise and fall is about 2.0-6.0m and the areas covered by seasonal fluctuations are about 100,000ha. The Kpong Headpond, i.e. the area between the Akosombo dam and the Kpong Dam, has a surface area of 12 km2 with a total volume of about 190 km3. The average headpong elevation is about 14.7m. The lower Volta area, i.e. the area between the Kpong Dam at Akuse and the estuary at Ada, is about 68,600km2. Water available from the reservoirs is primarily used for hydro-energy production, other significant uses being transportation, fishery, water supply (commercial and domestic purposes), tourism and irrigation The Akosombo dam is of strategic importance for the economy of Ghana. It generates 80% of the power produced in the country. The primary purpose of the project was to supply cheap electricity to smelt aluminum and the secondary one, the development of the country. Contrary to many hydropower dams that are generally build upstream, the Akosombo dam is built closed to the ocean because of the flat relief of the basin and the difficulty to find potential locations.
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