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Soil Response to Cropping Sequences and Grazing Under Integrated Crop-Livestock System Hanxiao Feng South Dakota State

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Soil Response to Cropping Sequences and Grazing Under Integrated Crop-Livestock System Hanxiao Feng South Dakota State South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2017 Soil Response to Cropping Sequences and Grazing Under Integrated Crop-livestock System Hanxiao Feng South Dakota State Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Feng, Hanxiao, "Soil Response to Cropping Sequences and Grazing Under Integrated Crop-livestock System" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2160. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2160 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOIL RESPONSE TO CROPPING SEQUENCES AND GRAZING UNDER INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM BY HANXIAO FENG A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master of Science Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2017 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my grateful thanks to my advisor, Dr. Sandeep Kumar for his continuous encouragement, useful suggestion, great patience, and excellent guidance throughout the whole study process. Without his support and help, careful review, and critical recommendation on several versions of this thesis manuscript, I could not finish this paper and my MS degree. I would also like to offer my sincere gratitude to all committee members, Dr. Shannon Osborne, Dr. Thandiwe Nleya, Dr. Kris Ringwall and Dr. Eckhard Rolz for their assistance in developing the topic in this paper. With their thoughtful and insightful comments, my thesis looks more professional and meaningful. A very special thanks to Mr. Douglas Landblom and Mrs. Songul Senturklu for supplying the land to conduct our experiment and providing the information of field and crops whenever and whatever we needed, and big thanks for them as well as their team for collecting soil samples. It was a good fortune for me to join this soil physics lab with wonderful lab members, Kopila Subedi-Chalise, Shikha Singh, Abdullah H. Alhameid, Saroop Sandhu, Colin Tobin, Ekrem Ozlu, Liming Lai, Kunal Sood, David Ussiri, Navdeep Singh, Vishal Seth, Jasdeep Singh, Brant Douville, Atilla Polat, Juan Perez Gutierrez for helping me collected soil samples and tried to solve all the problems. I really had a great time with the wonderful lab team. Thanks all of you giving me good friendship, good time and the precious memories. iv Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents, Mr. D.S. Feng, and Mrs. S.X. Li for their constant love, support, encouragement to make me become stronger and independent. Furthermore, I would also like to express my gratitude to my brother and my best friends, thanks for giving encouragement, courage, and strength in the endless night and whenever I felt down. Thanks all of you for always being accompany with me throughout all my graduate studies. (Hanxiao Feng) Place: Brookings, South Dakota Date: September 25, 2017 v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS) .......................................................... 5 2.2. Crop Diversity Impacts on Soils under ICLS ...................................................... 7 2.3 Impacts of Grazing on Soils under ICLS ............................................................. 7 2.4 Response of Soil Qualities to ICLS ..................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Soil Organic Carbon ..................................................................................... 8 2.4.2 Soil Nutrients (Nitrogen) ............................................................................ 10 2.4.3 Carbon Fractions ......................................................................................... 11 2.4.4 Soil Bulk Density (BD) ............................................................................... 11 2.4.5 Wet Soil Aggregate Stability (WAS) .......................................................... 13 2.4.6 Microbial Biomass Carbon/Nitrogen .......................................................... 14 2.4.7 Urease Enzyme Activity ............................................................................. 15 2.4.8 Beta-glucosidase Enzyme Activity ............................................................. 15 2.5 Research Gap .............................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 17 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................................... 17 3.1 Experimental Location and Design .................................................................... 17 3.2. Sample Collection .............................................................................................. 18 3.3 Laboratory Analysis ........................................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Soil Bulk Density ........................................................................................ 19 3.3.2 Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) .................................................. 19 3.3.3 Soil Water Retention (SWR) ...................................................................... 19 3.3.4 Soil Wet Aggregate Stability (WAS) .......................................................... 20 3.3.5 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN)................................ 20 3.3.6 Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Fraction ............................................................. 20 vi 3.3.7 Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) and Nitrogen (MBN) .......................... 21 3.3.8 Beta-glucosidase Enzyme ........................................................................... 23 3.3.9 Urease Enzyme ........................................................................................... 24 3.4 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 26 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 26 4.1 pH and Electrical Conductivity .......................................................................... 26 4.2 Soil Bulk Density ............................................................................................... 27 4.3 Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen ........................................................... 28 4.4 Wet Soil Aggregate Stability.............................................................................. 30 4.5 Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions ................................................................... 31 4.6 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen ................................................... 34 4.7 Urease and Beta-glucosidase .............................................................................. 35 4.8 Soil Water Retention .......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5 ..................................................................................................................... 75 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 75 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 77 APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................................. 116 APPENDIX 3 .................................................................................................................. 119 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 123 vii ABBREVIATIONS ACE Acid Extracts ANOVA Analysis of Variance BD Bulk Density CaCl2 Calcium Chloride C3Cl2N3NaO3 Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate CFDE Chloroform Fumigation Direct Extraction Method C7H5NaO3 Sodium
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