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M.A. Previous Economics M.A. PREVIOUS ECONOMICS PAPER IV (B) DEMOGRAPHY WRITTEN BY SEHBA HUSSAIN EDITED BY PROF.SHAKOOR KHAN M.A. PREVIOUS ECONOMICS PAPER IV (B) DEMOGRAPHY BLOCK 1 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2 PAPER IV (B) DEMOGRAPHY BLOCK 1 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS Page number Unit 1 Introduction to Demography 4 Unit 2 Concepts and theories of population 14 3 BLOCK 1 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT The block opens with introduction to demography. The first unit deals with the explanation of what actually term demography stands for. Components of population growth are discussed with suitable examples and population change according to the specific regions will be another area of concern. Structure and distribution of population in India will be explained focusing on main classifications in related fields. The second unit covers different concepts of demography and related theories and views of experts on population. Robert Malthus and his principle of population are discussed in detail. Applicability and limitations of approach are explained in detailed. Demographic transition will be focused following by discussing views of Simon, Enke and Meadows And finally the impact of population and population growth will be revealed in context of development. 4 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DEMOGRAPHY Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to understand and appreciate: The concept of demography and population in different regions The relevance of various components of population growth The need to identify and measure the population change Understand the structure and distribution of population in India. Structure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Components of population growth 1.3 Population change 1.4 Structure and distribution of population in India 1.5 Summary 1.6 Further readings 1.1 INTRODUCTION Demography is the scientific study of characteristics and dynamics pertaining to the human population. The characteristics encompassed by this study include size, growth rate, density, vital statistics, and distribution of a specified population. Demography requires the study of specific information that may be gathered from a population census or vital statistic records. People who study and record this information are referred to as demographers. Demographers must know both how to scientifically obtain information and how to interpret it relatively. MEANING AND SCOPE Demography is widely used for various purposes and can encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations. Governments use demography for political observations, scientists use demography for research purposes, and businesses use demography for the purpose of advertising. In real estate, demography is employed to give clients an overview of specific neighborhoods. Statistical concepts essential to demography include birth and death rate, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, and life expectancy. These concepts can be further broken down into more specific data, such as the ratio of men to women and the life expectancy of each gender. A census helps provide much of this information, in addition to vital statistic 5 records. In some studies, the demography of an area is expanded to include education, income, the structure of the family unit, housing, race or ethnicity, and religion. The information gathered and studied for a demographic overview of a population depends on the party utilizing the information. Advertising relies heavily on demography, since service and goods providers need specific information to reach the maximum number of potential customers in their target audience. Similarly, education relies on demography to help gather information to provide necessary governmental and local assistance. An example of large-scale demography is the collection of demographic information for an entire country. Such information might be used to determine a need for world assistance due to famine, disease, or other serious issues. The term ‗demography‘ is derived from two Greek Words, ‗Demas‘ the people and ‗Grapho‘, to draw or write. Thus its meaning is to draw or Write about people. The credit for fusing together the two Greek words and coining the term demography goes to Achilles Guillard in 1855 wrote his book. ‗Elements de statistique humaine en demographic camparee‘. In fact John Graunt is the real founder of demography, who in 1762 wrote the book ―Natural and poliica1 observation made upon the bills of Mortality‖. Definition of Demography As regard definition of this term, the economists, geographers, social scientists and others have defined it in their own way that suits their convenience and view point. Obviously some definitions have adopted a narrow outlook on the subject while some have made its scope very wide. Some of the important definitions which have been given in this regard are discussed below. The Multilingual Demographic Dictionary defines demography as the ―Scientific study . of human populations, primarily with respect to their size, their structure and their development.‖. (U.N. 1958: 3)The Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, however, differentiates between various aspects of demography by defining separately demographic statistics, economic demography and social demography; the latter two imply the ―study of relations between demographic phenomena on the one hand and economic and: social phenomena on the other‖. Another limited view of demography is taken by Wrong who defines it as the statistical description and analysis of human populations. According to Peter R.Cox―Demography is the study of statistical methods of human population involving primarily the measurements of the size, growth and diminution of the numbers of the people ,the proportions of living being born or dying within the same area or region and the related functions of fertility, mortality and marriage‖ Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time 6 or space (see population dynamics). It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death. Demographic analysis can be applied to whole societies or to groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion and ethnicity. In academia, demography is often regarded as a branch of anthropology, economics, or sociology. Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes, while the broader field of social demography population. It also studies and analyzes the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population. The term demographics is often used erroneously for demography, but refers rather to selected population characteristics as used in government, marketing or opinion research, or the demographic profiles used in such research. Important concepts Figure 1 A population pyramid is an age/sex distribution diagram. Important concepts in demography include: The crude birth rate, the annual number of live births per 1000 people. The general fertility rate, the annual number of live births per 1000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44). age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of live births per 1000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24 etc.) The crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per 1000 people. The infant mortality rate, the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1000 live births. The expectation of life (or life expectancy), the number of years which an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels. The total fertility rate, the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates. 7 The gross reproduction rate, the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates. The net reproduction ratio is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of childbearing. Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. For example, the number of deaths per 1000 people can be higher for developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite standards of health being better in developed countries. This is because developed countries have relatively older people, who are more likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a life table which summarizes mortality separately at each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate of life expectancy. The fertility rates can also give a misleading impression that a population is growing faster than it in fact is, because measurement of fertility rates only involves the reproductive rate of women, and does not adjust for the sex ratio. For example, if a population has a total fertility rate of 4.0 but the sex ratio is 66/34 (twice as many men as women), this population is actually growing at a slower natural increase rate than would a population having a fertility rate of 3.0 and a sex ratio of 50/50. This distortion is greatest in India and Myanmar, and is present in China as well. 1.2 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION GROWTH The age and sex composition of a population affects its social life in many ways. Changes in age composition are due mainly to changes in birthrates and are presently increasing the proportion of aged and reducing the proportion of children in many countries. Migration is affected by the push given to people by unsatisfactory conditions at home by the pull of attractive opportunities elsewhere and by the channels or means through which they are able to migrate. Sex Composition: The small family norm together with a desire for a male child has further distorted a sex ratio against the girl-child.
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