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The Blade Manufacturing of Clovis, Solutrean and the Broader Technological Aspects of Production in the Upper Palaeolithic

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The Blade Manufacturing of Clovis, Solutrean and the Broader Technological Aspects of Production in the Upper Palaeolithic Testing the Atlantic Ice Hypothesis: The Blade Manufacturing of Clovis, Solutrean and the Broader Technological Aspects of Production in the Upper Palaeolithic. Submitted by Thomas Joseph Williams, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Archaeology October 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature)……………………………………………………………………… 1 Abstract The origins of Clovis technology and the nature and timing of the first populations to reach the Western Hemisphere is one of the most contentious issues in American archaeology. With the rejection of “Clovis-first”, many scholars consider that all colonising migrations followed a route out of Asia and across Beringia into North America. However, none of the technologies present in the far northeast of Asia or Beringia exhibit the manufacturing processes that were used in Clovis. To address this enigma, Stanford and Bradley proposed a radical alternative for the origins of Clovis. They argue that a small pioneering group of Solutreans crossed the Atlantic ice sheets of the LGM and reached the shores of North America. The basis for this argument stems from technological similarities between Clovis and the Solutrean, as well as from climatic, oceanographic, and ethnographic data. Biface manufacture is at the centre of their technological analysis, specifically comparing the reduction sequences of the distinctive Solutrean laurel leaf points and comparing them to Clovis points. This thesis tests the assumption of Stanford and Bradley that the blade manufacturing technologies of Clovis and Solutrean were “virtually identical”. By analysing the blade manufacturing processes from the Solutrean assemblage at Laugerie-Haute and the Clovis assemblage from the Gault site and comparing them to the broader technological patterns present across Eurasia between ~30,000 BP and 11,000 BP; this thesis supports the findings of Stanford and Bradley with the amendment that Clovis specifically intended to produce curved blades but did not use blades to produce projectile points. While convergence cannot be completely ruled out, there is a lack of evidence that would explain the number of similarities in the manufacturing processes. Thus it remains highly likely that interaction across the ice-edge corridor of the Atlantic may have occurred during the LGM. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents ............................................................................................. 3 List of Figures ................................................................................................ 12 List of Tables .................................................................................................. 21 Acknowledgements........................................................................................ 23 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 26 Research Agenda ......................................................................................... 31 Aims .............................................................................................................. 33 Objectives ..................................................................................................... 34 Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 35 Summary ...................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 2: Blades, Cores and Flint Knapping: A Technological Perspective ..................................................................................................... 38 Blades ........................................................................................................... 38 Cores ............................................................................................................ 43 Blade Production .......................................................................................... 48 Stages in Blade Manufacturing Technology .................................................. 51 Raw material selection .............................................................................. 51 Initial Reduction ......................................................................................... 51 Curvature and morphology ........................................................................ 52 Blade production ....................................................................................... 52 Platform preparation and core platform maintenance................................ 54 Core Maintenance ..................................................................................... 54 Core abandonment.................................................................................... 55 Examples of blade technologies ................................................................... 55 Upper Palaeolithic Blade Technology........................................................ 55 3 Qesem Cave, Israel (400-200 kyr) ............................................................ 57 Mesoamerican Polyhedral blade cores ..................................................... 59 Discussion .................................................................................................... 62 Summary ...................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3: The Solutrean-Clovis Hypothesis: A short history and critique ............................................................................................................ 65 The Clovis-first Model ................................................................................... 65 Beyond Clovis-first ........................................................................................ 68 The Solutrean-Clovis hypothesis .................................................................. 71 Summary ...................................................................................................... 87 Chapter 4: Across Atlantic Ice: The Data ..................................................... 88 Constructing the Solutrean-Clovis hypothesis .............................................. 88 Quantitative Analysis .................................................................................... 93 Qualitative Analysis ...................................................................................... 97 Addressing the critiques .............................................................................. 108 Summary .................................................................................................... 109 Chapter 5: Theoretical Models of Culture ................................................... 111 Archaeological Culture ................................................................................ 111 Clarke’s hierarchical cultural model ............................................................ 113 Representation and Recursion ................................................................... 119 Combining Theory and Reality .................................................................... 121 Chapter 6: Taxonomy of Blade Technologies ............................................ 122 Constructing the taxonomy ......................................................................... 122 Core Platforms ............................................................................................ 123 Type I – Single Platform, Plain ................................................................ 123 Type II – Single Platform, Faceted .......................................................... 124 Type III – Double Platform, Plain ............................................................. 124 Type IV – Double Platform, Faceted ....................................................... 125 4 Type V – Multi-platform Cores ................................................................. 126 Type VI – Expedient Cores ..................................................................... 126 Morphological Use ...................................................................................... 126 A – Facial Flaking .................................................................................... 127 B – Frontal Flaking .................................................................................. 127 C – Full Circumference Flaking (Tournant) ............................................. 128 D – Semi-Circumference Flaking (Semi-Tournant) ................................. 129 Flaking trajectory (direction of blade removals) .......................................... 130 1 – Unidirectional .................................................................................... 130 2 – Bi-Directionally Opposed ................................................................... 131 3 – Bi-Directionally Alternate ................................................................... 131 4 – Bi-Directionally Angular ....................................................................
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