Animal Diversity Notes
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Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology Parasitology, Harold W
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of September 2005 Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: S Mary Ann Basinger Maggenti University of California-Davis Armand R. Maggenti University of California, Davis Scott Gardner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology Part of the Zoology Commons Maggenti, Mary Ann Basinger; Maggenti, Armand R.; and Gardner, Scott, "Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: S" (2005). Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology 800 sagittal triact (PORIF) A three-rayed megasclere spicule hav- S ing one ray very unlike others, generally T-shaped. sagittal triradiates (PORIF) Tetraxon spicules with two equal angles and one dissimilar angle. see triradiate(s). sagittate a. [L. sagitta, arrow] Having the shape of an arrow- sabulous, sabulose a. [L. sabulum, sand] Sandy, gritty. head; sagittiform. sac n. [L. saccus, bag] A bladder, pouch or bag-like structure. sagittocysts n. [L. sagitta, arrow; Gr. kystis, bladder] (PLATY: saccate a. [L. saccus, bag] Sac-shaped; gibbous or inflated at Turbellaria) Pointed vesicles with a protrusible rod or nee- one end. dle. saccharobiose n. -
Pupillary Response to Light in Three Species of Cubozoa (Box Jellyfish)
Plankton Benthos Res 15(2): 73–77, 2020 Plankton & Benthos Research © The Plankton Society of Japan Pupillary response to light in three species of Cubozoa (box jellyfish) JAMIE E. SEYMOUR* & EMILY P. O’HARA Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 11 McGregor Road, Smithfield, Qld 4878, Australia Received 12 August 2019; Accepted 20 December 2019 Responsible Editor: Ryota Nakajima doi: 10.3800/pbr.15.73 Abstract: Pupillary response under varying conditions of bright light and darkness was compared in three species of Cubozoa with differing ecologies. Maximal and minimal pupil area in relation to total eye area was measured and the rate of change recorded. In Carukia barnesi, the rate of pupil constriction was faster and final constriction greater than in Chironex fleckeri, which itself showed faster and greater constriction than in Chiropsella bronzie. We suggest this allows for differing degrees of visual acuity between the species. We propose that these differences are correlated with variations in the environment which each of these species inhabit, with Ca. barnesi found fishing for larval fish in and around waters of structurally complex coral reefs, Ch. fleckeri regularly found acquiring fish in similarly complex mangrove habitats, while Ch. bronzie spends the majority of its time in the comparably less complex but more turbid environments of shallow sandy beaches where their food source of small shrimps is highly aggregated and less mobile. Key words: box jellyfish, cubozoan, pupillary mobility, vision invertebrates (Douglas et al. 2005, O’Connor et al. 2009), Introduction none exist directly comparing pupillary movement be- The primary function of pupil constriction and dilation tween species in relation to their habitat and lifestyle. -
Review Sheet for Lecture 15: Life in the Benthic Realm
Lecture 15: Life in the Benthic Realm Terminology Planktonic, nektonic, benthic, epifaunal, infaunal, sessile, mobile, bathyal, abyssal, abyssopelagic, hadopelagic, supratidal, intertidal, subtidal, spicules, spongin, radial symmetry, encruster, epidermal cell, porocyte, sclerocyte, amoebocyte, mesohyl, choanocyte, polyp, medusa, colonial, solitary, aragonite, octocoral, gorgonin, cnidocyst, nematocyst, zooxanthellae, hematypic, coral bleaching, lophophore, zoid, zooecium, zooaria, polymorphism, pedicle, helically coiled shell, radially coiled shell, exoskeleton, endoskeleton Dates: none Review Questions: Be familiar with the life and feeding modes of all of the invertebrate groups we discussed and their major morphologies, behaviors, life strategies etc. Why are so many sessile invertebrates radially symmetric? Explain the three different wall types found in sponges, what’s the point? Discuss the different roles of the different sponge cells How do hematypic corals contribute to the creation of different nearshore environments and conditions? Describe the community created by an innkeeper worm How does the skeleton of a brachiopod differ from that of a clam? How do the shells of clams, snails, and nautiloids differ? Classification: Phylum Porifera Class Demospongiae (soft sponges) Class Calcarea (calcareous sponges) Class Hexactinellida (glass sponges) Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa -stony corals -sea fans -soft corals -sea anemones -sea pens Phylum Annelida (worms) -bristleworms -innkeeper worm -lugworms -spaghetti worm -feather duster -catworm Phylum Bryozoa (moss-animals) Phylum Mollusca -Class Bivalvia (clams) -Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs) -Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautiloid) -Class Scaphopoda (tusk shells) -Class Polyplacophora (chitons) . -
A Review of Biological Fluid Power Systems and Their Potential Bionic Applications
The University of Manchester Research A review of biological fluid power systems and their potential bionic applications DOI: 10.1007/s42235-019-0031-6 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Liu, C., Wang, Y., Ren, L., & Ren, L. (2019). A review of biological fluid power systems and their potential bionic applications. Journal of Bionic Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-019-0031-6 Published in: Journal of Bionic Engineering Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:04. Oct. 2021 A review of biological fluid power systems and their potential bionic applications Chunbao Liu1,2, Yingjie Wang 1,2, Luquan Ren 2, Lei Ren2,3 1 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China 2 Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China 3 School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Abstract Nature has always inspired human achievements in industry, and biomimetics is increasingly being applied in fluid power technology. -
Invertebrates Invertebrates: • Are Animals Without Backbones • Represent 95% of the Animal Kingdom Animal Diversity Morphological Vs
Invertebrates Invertebrates: • Are animals without backbones • Represent 95% of the animal kingdom Animal Diversity Morphological vs. Molecular Character Phylogeny? A tree is a hypothesis supported or not supported by evidence. Groupings change as new evidence become available. Sponges - Porifera Natural Bath Sponges – over-collected, now uncommon Sponges • Perhaps oldest animal phylum (Ctenphora possibly older) • may represent several old phyla, some now extinct ----------------Ctenophora? Sponges - Porifera • Mostly marine • Sessile animals • Lack true tissues; • Have only a few cell types, cells kind of independent • Most have no symmetry • Body resembles a sac perforated with holes, system of canals. • Strengthened by fibers of spongin, spicules Sponges have a variety of shapes Sponges Pores Choanocyte Amoebocyte (feeding cell) Skeletal Water fiber flow Central cavity Flagella Choanocyte in contact with an amoebocyte Sponges - Porifera • Sessile filter feeder • No mouth • Sac-like body, perforated by pores. • Interior lined by flagellated cells (choanocytes). Flagellated collar cells generate a current, draw water through the walls of the sponge where food is collected. • Amoeboid cells move around in the mesophyll and distribute food. Sponges - Porifera Grantia x.s. Sponge Reproduction Asexual reproduction • Fragmentation or by budding. • Sponges are capable of regeneration, growth of a whole from a small part. Sexual reproduction • Hermaphrodites, produce both eggs and sperm • Eggs and sperm released into the central cavity • Produces -
Regulatory Circuit Rewiring and Functional Divergence of the Duplicate Admp Genes in Dorsoventral Axial Patterning
Developmental Biology 410 (2016) 108–118 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/developmentalbiology Evolution of Developmental Control Mechanisms Regulatory circuit rewiring and functional divergence of the duplicate admp genes in dorsoventral axial patterning Yi-Cheng Chang a,b, Chih-Yu Pai a, Yi-Chih Chen a, Hsiu-Chi Ting a, Pedro Martinez c,d, Maximilian J. Telford e, Jr-Kai Yu a, Yi-Hsien Su a,b,n a Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan c Department de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain d Institució de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain e Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK article info abstract Article history: The spatially opposed expression of Antidorsalizing morphogenetic protein (Admp) and BMP signals Received 18 December 2015 controls dorsoventral (DV) polarity across Bilateria and hence represents an ancient regulatory circuit. Accepted 18 December 2015 Here, we show that in addition to the conserved admp1 that constitutes the ancient circuit, a second Available online 21 December 2015 admp gene (admp2) is present in Ambulacraria (EchinodermataþHemichordata) and two marine worms Keywords: belonging to Xenoturbellida and Acoelomorpha. The phylogenetic distribution implies that the two admp BMP genes were duplicated in the Bilaterian common ancestor and admp2 was subsequently lost in chordates Admp and protostomes. We show that the ambulacrarian admp1 and admp2 are under opposite transcriptional Sea urchin control by BMP signals and knockdown of Admps in sea urchins impaired their DV polarity. -
Chapter 1 and 2
CHAPTER 1 AND 2 Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules that expresses it self though chemical reactions which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation & reproduction. Unique features of living organesim: Growth- reproduction- metabolism- consciousness-life span. Living organisims are therefore, self- replicating, evolving & self-regulatory interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli. Currently 1.7-1.8 billion living organisms known to science. Out of which 1.25 are animals and abut 0.5 millions are plants. Systematic is branch of biology that deals with cataloguing plants, animals and other organism into categories that can be named, compared & studied. Biology : father of biology- Aristotle,Biology (Bio-life form, logy-study) -Father of Zoology ( Aristotle ) Father of Botany ( Theophrastus ) Taxonomy: study of rules & procedure to classify organisms. Cell contains - Cytoplasm and Nucleoplasm Collectively called Protoplasm (Physical bas is of life ) given by purkinje Taxonomic categories (7 obligate ) - Kingdom (less similarities) - Phylum ( animal ) / Division (plant ) - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species ( More similarity ) basic unit of classification Bionomical nomenclature given by C.linneaus Taxonomic AIDS: Herbarium : It is a place where dried and pressed specimens, mounted on sheets are kept systematically according bentham to bantams & hooker classification. It carries a label on right corner which provide. Information for future use. It provides a quick refer back system and is quite useful for people involved in taxonomic studies. All institutes leading with baotanical studies maintain their herbaria. HISTORY OF HERBARIA : Majority of the world’s famous herbaria originated from the botanical gardens. The first herbarium was set up at Pisa in Italy by a professor of botany Luca Ghini. -
S I Section 4
3/31/2011 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Porifera Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Cnidaria and Ctenophora Cnidaria and Protostomia SSiection 4 Radiata Bilateria Professor Donald McFarlane Parazoa Eumetazoa Lecture 13 Invertebrates: Parazoa, Radiata, and Lophotrochozoa Ancestral colonial choanoflagellate 2 Traditional classification based on Parazoa – Phylum Porifera body plans Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parazoa 4 main morphological and developmental Sponges features used Loosely organized and lack Porifera Ecdysozoa Cnidaria and Ctenophora tissues euterostomia photrochozoa D 1. o Presence or absence of different tissue L Multicellular with several types of types Protostomia cells 2. Type of body symmetry Radiata Bilateria 8,000 species, mostly marine Parazoa Eumetazoa 3. Presence or absence of a true body No apparent symmetry cavity Ancestral colonial Adults sessile, larvae free- choanoflagellate 4. Patterns of embryonic development swimming 3 4 1 3/31/2011 Water drawn through pores (ostia) into spongocoel Flows out through osculum Reproduce Choanocytes line spongocoel Sexually Most hermapppgggphrodites producing eggs and sperm Trap and eat small particles and plankton Gametes are derived from amoebocytes or Mesohyl between choanocytes and choanocytes epithelial cells Asexually Amoebocytes absorb food from choanocytes, Small fragment or bud may detach and form a new digest it, and carry -
Hemichordate Phylogeny: a Molecular, and Genomic Approach By
Hemichordate Phylogeny: A molecular, and genomic approach by Johanna Taylor Cannon A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 4, 2014 Keywords: phylogeny, evolution, Hemichordata, bioinformatics, invertebrates Copyright 2014 by Johanna Taylor Cannon Approved by Kenneth M. Halanych, Chair, Professor of Biological Sciences Jason Bond, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Leslie Goertzen, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Scott Santos, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Abstract The phylogenetic relationships within Hemichordata are significant for understanding the evolution of the deuterostomes. Hemichordates possess several important morphological structures in common with chordates, and they have been fixtures in hypotheses on chordate origins for over 100 years. However, current evidence points to a sister relationship between echinoderms and hemichordates, indicating that these chordate-like features were likely present in the last common ancestor of these groups. Therefore, Hemichordata should be highly informative for studying deuterostome character evolution. Despite their importance for understanding the evolution of chordate-like morphological and developmental features, relationships within hemichordates have been poorly studied. At present, Hemichordata is divided into two classes, the solitary, free-living enteropneust worms, and the colonial, tube- dwelling Pterobranchia. The objective of this dissertation is to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of Hemichordata using multiple datasets. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to Hemichordata and outlines the objectives for the dissertation research. Chapter 2 presents a molecular phylogeny of hemichordates based on nuclear ribosomal 18S rDNA and two mitochondrial genes. In this chapter, we suggest that deep-sea family Saxipendiidae is nested within Harrimaniidae, and Torquaratoridae is affiliated with Ptychoderidae. -
P> TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Chapter 32: Introduction to Animal Evolution
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Chapter 32: Introduction to Animal Evolution MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the one best answer. 1. Sponges differ from the rest of the animals be cause a. they are completely sessile. b. they have radial symmetry and are suspension- feeders. c -theirsimpIe-body structure rLas-notrue-nssues—-- and they have a unique embryology. d. they are not multicellular. e. they have no flagellated cells. 7. Which of the following is not descriptive of a 2.. An. insect larva pseudocoelomate? a. is a miniature version of the adult. a. a body cavity incompletely lined by mesoderm b. is transformed into an adult by molting. b. bilateral symmetry c. ensures more genetic variation in the insect life c. triploblastic cycle. d. true tissues d. is a sexually immature organism specialized e. schizocoelous formation of body cavity for eating and growth. e. is all of the above. 8. According to evidence from developmental genetics, the last common ancestor of the bilateral 3. Cephalization animals may have been a. is the development of bilateral symmetry. a. a parazoan that resembled a sponge. b. is the formation of a coelom by budding from b. a complex animal with a head, a longitudinal the archenteron. nerve cord, and a segmented body with legs. c. is a diagnostic characteristic of deuterostomes. c. a simple bilateral animal with no specializa d. is common in radially symmetrical animals. tion. e. is associated with motile animals that concen d. a colonial flagellated protist. trate sensory organs in a head region. e. a pseudocoelomate such as a roundworm. 4. A true coelom a. -
Practical Paleoecology GEO 342
Practical Paleoecology GEO 342 Compiled By: Dr. Osama Attia Compiled By Dr. Osama Attia 1 Phylum Brachiopoda Brachiopods or lamp shells Name: Name means "arm" (brachio) + "foot" (pod). Main characteristics: - Bivalved (two shells), each with bilateral symmetry. - The plane of symmetry passes through the center of each shell or valve. - The two valves differ in size and shape in most. Sometimes the larger valve will have an opening near the hinge line through which the pedicle extended in life. - Soft parts include a lophophore consisting of coiled tentacles with cilia. The lophophore circulates water between the two valves, distributing oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide. Water movements caused by the lophophore also transport food particles toward the mouth. Geologic range: Lower Cambrian to Recent. Very abundant during the Paleozoic. A few species (belonging to only three families) remain today. Mode of life: Inhabitants of shallow marine environments; they generally live attached in a fixed position on the seafloor. Inarticulate brachiopods are known to live in burrows in the sediment. Brachiopods are filter feeders. Compiled By Dr. Osama Attia 2 Living positions of brachiopods. A = Articulate brachiopod attached to the seafloor by its pedicle. B = Interior of brachiopod valve showing lophophore. C = Inarticulate brachiopod, Lingula, which lives within a tube or burrow in seafloor sediment. A. CLASS INARTICULATA – The Inarticulate Brachiopods Primitive brachiopods with phosphatic or chitinous valves; no hinge. Spoon-shaped valves held together with muscles and soft parts. Lingula is a well known inarticulate brachiopod. Geologic range: Lower Cambrian to Recent Compiled By Dr. Osama Attia 3 Fossil inarticulate brachiopod from the Cambrian. -
Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens
P.E. Society’s Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce Ganesh-Khind, Pune – 411 053 http://www.moderncollegegk.org Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens 1 Phylum Porifera 2 SyconSycon n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Porifera n Class: Pharetronida n Order: Sycettida n Genus: Sycon n General Characteristics: Sycon is a genus of calcareous sponges. These sponges are small, growing up to 5 cm in total length, and are tube- shaped and often white to cream in colour. The surface is hairy and spiky tufts of stiff spicules surround the osculum. 3 SpongillaSpongilla n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Porifera n Class: Demospongiae n Order: Haplosclerida n Genus: Spongilla n General Characteristics: Spongilla dwells in lakes and slow streams. Spongilla attach themselves to rocks and logs and filter the water for various small aquatic organisms such as protozoa, bacteria, and other free-floating pond life. fresh-water sponges are exposed to far more adverse and variable environmental conditions, and therefore they have developed gemmules as a means of dormancy. When exposed to excessively cold or otherwise harsh situations, the sponges form these gemmules, which are highly resistant "buds" that can live dormantly after the mother sponge has died. When conditions improve, the gemmules will "germinate" and a new sponge is born. 4 Phylum Coelenterata 5 JellyJelly fishfish n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Coelentrata n Subphylum: Medusozoa n Class: Scyphozoa n Order: Semaeostomeae n Genus: Aurelia n General Characteristics: Jellyfish are free-swimming members. Jellyfish have several different morphologies that represent several different cnidarian Jellyfish are found in every ocean, from the surface to the deep sea.