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D Vid L. Dilcher & Steven R. Manchester See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267241613 Wetherellia fruits and associated fossil plant remains from the Paleocene/Eocene Tuscahoma-Hatchetigbee interval, Meridian, Mississippi Article · November 2014 CITATIONS READS 11 347 3 authors, including: Steven R Manchester David L Dilcher Florida Museum of Natural History Indiana University Bloomington 300 PUBLICATIONS 10,149 CITATIONS 395 PUBLICATIONS 14,092 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Nature and Time on Earth - Project for a course and a book for virtual visits to past environments in learning programmes for university students (coordinators Edoardo Martinetto, Emanuel Tschopp, Robert A. Gastaldo) View project Diatom biostratigraphy View project All content following this page was uploaded by David L Dilcher on 04 November 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Tertiary Res. 45-58 J Text-fig-, .'3 Plates Leiden 1988 Investigations of Angiosperms from the Eocene of North America: a Fruit Belonging to the Euphorbiaceae D VID L. DILCHER & STEVEN R. MANCHESTER Abstract. Crcpe/ocarpon, a neVi genu:; of anatomically preserved fruits similar to the extant fruits of Hippomane (Euphorbiaccac; tribe Hippomaneae) is recognized from the Middle Eocene Claiborne Formation of Ten­ nessee. USA. The fruits are oblate capsule-like structures with 4: to 8 radially arranged, single-seeded locules. Detailed morphological compari. ons suggest the same tribal affinity I'm these fruits as the inflorescences of Hip­ pomaneoidea warmanensis Crepet and Daghlian, which occur in the same formation. These fnlils are among the earliest unt'quivocal records of the Euphorbiaceae and are easily accommodated in the extant tl'ibe Hip­ pomaneae, which has been presumed to be one of the advanced tribes of the family. D.L. DILCHER, Department of Biolog, and Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. S.R. MANCHESTER, Department of Geology and Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloorn­ inglOn, IN 47405, USA. Accepted 4.4.85 INTRODUCTION The Euphorbiaceae is a large and diverse family today. There are about 300 genera and 5000-7000 species recognized from m:arly all areas of the world except the arctic (HEYWOOD, 1978; AIRY SHAW, 1966; WEBSTER. 1967a, 1967b). As WEBSTER (1967a) reports, "The amplitude of morphological variation is so great that it is difficult to characterize the family ... " In view of its cosmopolitan distribution and remarkable diversity, the Euphorbiaceae is an especially intriguing group to consider in relaTion to the evolution of the angJOspenns. In spite of its present-day prominence, the Euphorbiaceae has a relatively poorly known fossil record and the early history of the j~'1mily is not clearly resolved. In describing several species of fossil euphorbiaceous fruits from the Lower Eocene London Clay flora, REID & CHANDLER (1933) observed that the same uniformity in fruit characters that facilitate' identification of fossils to the family renders the determination of individual generic aflinities difficult. rn this paper we describe anatomically preserved fruits from the Middle Eoc ne of Tennessee which exhibit a morc pecialized morphology closely comparable to fruits of extant Hippomane L. These fruits, together with previously described staminate inflorescences from the same formation (CREPET & DAGHUAN, 1982) contiI'm thc occurrence of the tribe Hippomaneae in the Middle Eocene. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the past 20 years about 75 specimens of the fruit described and discussed in this paper have been col­ lected from commercial day pits in the Claiborne Formation of Tennessee. These clay pit include Richies Black (IU 15828), Lawrence (IU 15816 , New Lawrence (IU 15818), and Miller (IU 15817) in Henry Co, Tennessee (see POTTER, 1976 for specific locality information). The fruits were found exposed on the weathered surface of lignit ic clay and also found while splitting clay in search of fossil Oowers, leaves, fruits, and seeds. Some specimens were kept in a mixture of J/ 95% ETOH, 1/3 glycerine, and 1/3 distilled water while other specimens were allowed to dry out after collecting. A I;'ange of herbarium material of several extant families and genera was examined and some [wit material was borrowed and prepared. Weathered fruits of Hippomane were collected from beach areas on Grand Cayman Island and Jj'esh fruits were examined on Jiving trt'es of Hippomane in the Florida Everglades National Park. Both extant and fossil fruit· were split open and also sectioned to reveal details of internal anatomy. In addition, the SEM wa used to examine cell types of split sur­ faces. Some of tht' fossil fruits were x-rayed to reveal lorule number and position (e.g., fig. 6). The two specimens illustrated by BERRY (1922) were examined at the U.S. National Museum. All other specimens examined are housed 111 the Paleobotanical Collection at Indiana University. Specimens of T'Vetlu:rellia 46 DILCHER & MANCHESTER EUPHORBIACEAE FRUIT and PaLaeowetherellia from England and Egypt were examined at (he British Museum (Natural History) and also borrowed for detailed com parison. SYSTEMATICS Family Euphorbiaceae Subfamily Euphorbioicleae Tribe Hippomaneae Genus Crepetocarpon genus nov. Crepetocarpon perkinsii (Berry) comb. nov. Figures 1-10, 15-21,24,26-34, Text-Figure 1 A, B. Synonymy: 1922 MonocarpeLlites perkinsi Berry - BERRY, p. 16, pI. 12, figs. 1-6 Generic Diagnosis: Fruit oblate, with (4-)5-6(-8) single-seeded, radially arranged locules and axile placenta­ tion. Endocarp composed of fibres forming a massive central core extending from base to apex with radially ar­ ranged extentions or rays produced along the median plane of each loculc and sometimes along the plane dividing adjacentlocules. Margins of the endocarp rays rounded, reaching nearly to the fruit surface. Endocarp containing a central column of vascular tissue and traces to each of the Jocules. Planes of weakness loculicidal, not epticidal. Mesocarp composed of rounded, relatively thick-walled parenchyma cells filling in between and around endocarp rays. Exocarp persistent, about 5 cells thick, dotted on the surface with circular pirs that are often occluded with organic residue. Seeds rounded; funiculus traversing a straight to concave course between the central fruit axis and the seed. Seed coat with a thick tegmic layer. Source of Generic Name: This fossil fruit is named in honour of William L. Crepet, niversity of Connec­ ticut, ·who has worked on fossil plants from the Eocene clays of Tennessee and published on euphorbiaceous in­ florescences from those sediments. Specific Diagnosis: Fruits conforming to lhe above generic diagnosis, measuring 18-40 mm in equatorial diameter, 4 to 23 mm in pola, diameter, with a height/maximum width ratio of 0.2 (vertically compressed specimens) to 0.75 (laterally compressed specimens), about 0.5 in relatively uncompressed specimens. Apex with a rounded dome to peg-like extension 1 mm, base with a prominent peduncle scar 2.5 to 4.5, avg. 3 mm in diameter and 2 to 2.5 mm deep. Funiculi diverging from the axis of the fruit J/3 to 1/6 of the distance from the apex. Seeds filling the locules, which measure 3 to 10 mm in length. Seed testa thin and inconspicuous; tegmen thick, consisting of thick-walled palisade-like cells 150 fJ.m high and 7 to 10 fJ.m wide. Endoearp fibers 12 to 43, avg. 22 fJ.m in diameter and commonly 200 to 250 IJ.lD long, thick-walled (5 to 12.5 fJ.m) with prominent pits. Fibres lining the locules organized in a patchwork pattern of small groups of similarly oriented fibres, each group with an o,ientation different from that of those surrounding it. Mesocarp parenchyma cells 40 to 130, avg. 80 fJ.m in diameter, with small intercellular spaces (up to 10 IJ.m) ar the junctions of 3 or more cells, relative­ ly thick-walled (3 to 7 fJ.m). Exocarp cells similar to those of mesocarp but smaller, 12 to 18 fJ.m in diameter. Sur­ face pits with exudate 50 to 100 fJ.m in diam. Lectotype: With his original description of the species, BERRY (1922) published sketches of two specimens but did not esrablish a holotype. We therefore designate the first of the two specimens illustrated by him (VSNM 298818) as the lectotype (our figures 1,2). Other Material: VSNM 298819 (Figs 3,4), IU 15816-3721 through I 15816-3736; IV 15818-3737 through 15818-3740; IV 15816-3741 through 15816-3799; IU 15817-3800 through 15817-3809; IV 15818-3810; IU 15828-3811; IV 15817-3812. Remarks and Description: The shape of the fruits is variablt' due to the differing effects of compression. Those compressed transversely are roughly circular in the plane of compression (e.g., fig. 7). When compre sed laterally (e. g., figs 1, 2) the specimens are elliptical in he plane of compression and the width is gt-eater than the height. Hence, the original shape was apparentl . oblate. Figures 9, 10, and 11 illustrate a rare and important specimen that received very little compression. Some of the specimens are multianguJar (e. g., figs 3-6), but this appears to be another artifact of compre-sion in which the softer mesocarp tissues has squeezed out between the hardened fibrous rays of the endoearp. This phenomenon is best illustrated in the X-ray photograph (fig. 6). DILCHER & MANCHESTER EUPHORBIACEAE FRUIT 47 Thin sections reveal that the mcsocarp cells are often flattened due to compression whereas the endocarp fibers remain relatively undistorted. The basic construction of the fruit consists of a fibrous endocarp with a central column and radiating blade-like rays, a parenchymatous mesocarp tissue which fills in between and around the endocarp rays and a covering layer of exocarp. Single-seeded locules occur within the endocarp and have axile placentation.
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