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Autoritarizmus Marockeho Politickeho Rezimu Po Nastupe Mohameda VI

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Autoritarizmus Marockeho Politickeho Rezimu Po Nastupe Mohameda VI Ostredni knihovna FSS MU Brna o 111111111111 1111111111 11111 IIIH 1111111111111111111111111111 Oft/& 4240737623 MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNE , v , I FAKULTA SOCIALNYCH STUDU Katedra politologie Autoritarizmus marockeho politickeho rezimu pO nastupe Mohameda VI. Bakalarska praca v , , Lenka Sarmlrova Veduci prace: PhDr. Stanislav Balik, Ph.D. UCO: 79009 Odbor: PL - ME Imatrikulacny rocnik: 2002 Trnava, 2005 REVIZE 2008 ",:ASA.RYKC '!l\ '.ANfVERZITAV BRNl!, Fakulta sociaInich studif JoStuva 10 'i0200 BRNO @ Tymto Cestne prehlasujem, ze som svoju bakalarsku pracu, vratane vsetkych priloh spracovala samostatne. Vsetky pouzite zdroje uvadzam v zozname pouzitYch zdrojov a literatury. Zaroven by som sa rada podakovala PhDr. Stanislavovi Balikovi za vedenie mojej bakalarskej prace. ')~ ~ ~... 2 Obsah Ovod ..........................................................................................................................5 1. Teoreticke vYchodiska ...........................................................................................6 1.1. Typol6gie autoritativnych rezimov .................................................................6 1.1.1. Linzova analyza autoritativnych a sultanistickych rezimov ...................7 1.1.2. Autoritativne rezimy podra Wolfganga Merkela ..................................10 1.2. Problematika legitimity politickeho panstva .................................................11 1.2.1. Vyznam a definicie legitimity ..............................................................11 1.2.2. Legitimita a symbolika ........................................................................12 1.2.3. Legitimizacia a udrfanie legitimity v autoritativnych rezimoch ............13 1.3. Analyza politiky arabskeho sveta .................................................................15 1.3.1. Kontroverzia v ramci discipliny politickych vied ..................................15 1.3.2. Arabsky autoritarizmus .......................................................................17 1.3.3. Demokratizacia bez demokratov alebo tzv. syndr6m autoritarizmu ....18 2. Charakter politickeho rezimu Maroka ..................................................................21 2.1. Ostavno-pravny ramec .................................................................................22 2.2. MOrlarchia v Maroku ....................................................................................24 • 2.2.2. Naslednictvo, prisaha vernosti a otazka legitimity ..............................25 2.2.3. Dar-al-Makhzen a Makhzen ................................................................26 2.3. Politicky pluralizmus ....................................................................................27 2.3.1. Parlamentne a komunalne vofby ........................................................27 2.3.2. Obcianska spolocnosf ........................................................................30 2.3.3. L.:udske a obcianske prava ..................................................................31 2.3.4. Marocky islamizmus a terorizmus .......................................................33 3 1 i laver.......................................................................................................................36 Pouzite zdroje a literatura .......................................................................................39 Poznamky ...............................................................................................................42 Priloha c. 1: lakladne kategorie Priloha c. 2: Maroko - zakladne data Priloha c. 3: Maroko - politicky system Priloha c. 4: Maroko od arabsko-moslimskeho dobytia Maghrebu Priloha c. 5: Vofby v Maroku Pocet znakov vlastneho textu prace: 70 927 • 4 , Uvod Na nasledujucich stranach sa pokusim 0 ucelene deskriptivne a analyticke zachytenie charakteru su~asneho politickeho rezimu marockej monarchie, jeho fungovania a tendencif vYvoja od nastupu su~sneho krara Mohammeda VI. na tr6n v roku 1999. Intronizacia Mohammeda VI. po smrti jeho otea - krara Hassana II. ­ bola vnimana ako un~itY bod zlomu; ~sf pozorovatefov a analytikov politickych rezimov vo vseobecnosti, a obzvlasf politickych rezimov arabskeho sveta, resp. regi6nu Stredneho vychodu a severnej Afriky, si od nastupu mladeho krara a transferu moci sfubovala vefke zmeny, politicku liberalizaciu, ~i dokonea demokratizaciu dosiaf silne nedemokratickeho marockeho rezimu. Bilancia viac nez siestich rokov vladnutia krara Mohammeda VI. dokazuje, ze sa skutocne udiali mnohe - menej ~i viac - vyznamne zmeny z politickeho, ale i socio-ekonomickeho hfadiska, no rovnako poukazuje na znacnu kontinuitu a nemennosf niektorYch esencialnych charakteristik marockej monarchie. Politicky rezim Maroka je bezne klasifikovany ako nedemokratickY. autoritativny politicky rezim. Je vsak nevyhnutne blizsie skumanie povahy politickeho rezimu v Maroku, aby sme mohli dospief k zaveru 0 jeho autoritativnosti, a to nielen z dOvodu jeho vyraznej specifickosti, ale i z dOvodu objektivnych obmedzeni sucasnej komparativnej politickej vedy. Predmetom nasledujucej prace budu jednotlive .,ciastkove aspekty a crty marockeho politickeho rezimu (ako napr. specificky sa definujuca legitimita marockej monarchie, charakter politickeho pluralizmu, miera politickej participacie obyvatefstva, islamsky I moslimsky prvok, arabsky prvok, exogenne faktory - kontext globalnej vojny proti terorizmu ci faktor rozvojovej pomoci. .. ). Maroko je ako priklad nedemokratickeho rezimu vefmi zaujimavou, no zaroven nesmierne zlozitou temou. Skumanie vybranych charakteristik jej su~sneho politickeho systemu, a nevyhnutne okrajovo i ekonomiky, kultury a celej spolocnosti predstavuje pre mna vefku vyzvu. V ziadnom pripade vsak nie je mojim zamerom vyeerpavajuea analyza marockej vlady a komplexu politickeho systemu. Zakladny ramec kvalitatfvnej analyzy zalozenej na empiricko-analytickom pristupe spolu 5 tematickym a chronologickym ohranieenim vytvaraju vhodnu platformu pre nasledny rozbor. 5 1. Teoreticke "ychodiska 1.1. Typologie autoritativnych rezimov Ak chcem pri dal~ej analyze vychadzaf zo vseobecnej hypotezy, ze politick" system sucasneho Maroka je autoritarskym rezimom, potrebujem vymedzif kateg6riu a typy autoritarskych rezimov, urcif ich prvkya kriteria, na zaklade ktorYch by som nasledne mohla pomeriavaf charakter marockeho autoritarizmu, jeho standardnosf ci naopak ~pecifickosf I jedinecnosf. Autoritativne rezimy su vymedzene ako jedna z dvoch zakladnych kateg6rii nedemokratickych rezimov. Stanislav Balik autoritativne rezimy popisuje ako svojbytne nedemokraticke rezimy, ktore sa odlisuju od dvoch historickych foriem ~tatneho usporiadania - dvoch p610v politickych rezimov - demokracie a totalitarizmu. Autoritatfvne rezimy nenaplriaju charakteristiky ani jedneho z uvedenych p61ov, a ani k ijmto p610m nesmeruju. Legitimita autoritarizmu sa nezaklada ani na slobodnych vofbach, ani na oficialnej, exkluzivnej a v~ezahfriajucej ideol6gii. (Balik 2003: 259, 268) Problemalikou nedemokratickych rezimov sa zaoberali a zaoberaju mnohi autori. Niektore prispevky sa vsak pre potreby tejto prace zdaju byf 0 cosi menej vyhovujucimi ci relevantnymi (napr. spanielska revolucia - autoritativno-konzervativny rezim - Raymonda Arona, typol6gia nie uplne demokratickych systemov Edwarda Shilsa). a tak som sa rozhodla analyzu sucasneho politickeho rezimu v Maroku teoreticky podlozif primarne typol6giou a charakteristikou autoritativnych a zvlasf sultanistickych rezimov americkeho pOlitol6ga Juana Jose Linza. Pre ucelenej~i pohfad na rOznorodosf pristupov k sledovanej problematike uvadzam i klasifikaciu nedemokratickYch rezimov nemeckeho politol6ga Wolfganga Merkela. 6 1.1.1. Linzova analyza autoritativnych a sultanistickych rezimov J. J. Linz vyraznou mierou prispel k poznaniu nielen totalitnych, ale i netotalitnych nedemokratickych rezimov.1 Politicky system mozno podfa J. J. Linza povazovaf za autoritativny, ak su mu vlastne nasledovne charakteristiky: • obmedzeny Ilimitovany politicky pluralizmus; • absencia artikulovanej oticialnej ideol6gie a pritomnosf typickej mentality; • absencia extenzivnej ci intenzivnej politickej mobilizacie; • tormalne zle definovane, no predvidatefne hranice uplatnovania moci mocenskymi strukturami; Najvyraznejsou crtou autoritativnych rezimov je podfa Linza prave prva 2 charakteristika - limitovany politickj pluralizmus . Rezim nepopiera pluralizmus totalne. Naopak toleruje, ba i priamo podporuje pluralizmus v politickej, no vacsmi v socio-ekonomickej stere (cirkvi, sukromne podnikanie, spolocenske zaujmove asociacie a organizacie ... ). Akokofvek vsak, existencia a posobenie roznych organizacii nesmie spochybnovaf ci ohrozif samotnu podstatu rezimu. Obmedzenie pluralizmu pritom moze byf zakotvene legislativne alebo existuje cisto v politickej praxi. Politicka participacia je institucionalizovana: rezim urcuje, ktore organizacie maju ci mozu posobif... Kooptacia je zakladnym mechanizmom zapajania clenov roznych spolocenskych ster do systemu. V dosledku tohto procesu je tak zakladna elity do istej miery heterogenna, v ramci elitnych kruhov posobi menej protesionalnych politikov a naopak vefke mnozstvo reprezentantov spolocenskych skupin. Pokiaf ide 0 posobenie opozicnych sit v autoritarizme, podfa Linza je ambivalentne (Linz hovori 0 tzv. semiopozicii a pseudoopozicii): opozicia je vo vlade nezastupena alebo nedominantna, casto kritizuje politiky a konkretne kroky rezimu, no inak prijima pravidla hry stanovene mocenskym centrom a nepozaduje podstatnu zmenu rezimu. Otazky
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