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A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hartmann, Mia Rosa Koss Doctoral Thesis In the gray zone: With police in making space for creativity PhD Series, No. 39.2014 Provided in Cooperation with: Copenhagen Business School (CBS) Suggested Citation: Hartmann, Mia Rosa Koss (2014) : In the gray zone: With police in making space for creativity, PhD Series, No. 39.2014, ISBN 9788793155794, Copenhagen Business School (CBS), Frederiksberg, http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9043 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/208915 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Acknowledgements So many people have supported and contributed to this study that it almost seems pointless to even try to mention them by name. To all of you who work in the Danish police and genuinely offered your voice, reflections and helpfulness: I am deeply grateful and impressed by your stories of the deeply felt pride and honor that you put into your call to keep our country safe, secure and just. I sincerely hope that this piece of text does justice to the brave, humble and dedicated people that I feel very privileged to have met. May your voices be the clear and far- reaching and inspire others to follow in your footsteps. For even making this research project possible, however, I want to thank Professor Preben Melander, Head of Center for Business Development and Management at Copenhagen Business School’s Department of Operations Management, for initially offering me ‘shelter’ to write the proposal and encouraging an in many ways ‘off the road’ PhD project and to the National Police Commissioner, Jens Henrik Højbjerg, for approving the project. My regards go to the people who carried it through to the police: Chief of Staff Mogens Hendriksen, Chief Superintendent Peter Ekebjærg, Dr. Camilla Hald and Chief Superintendent Jørgen Harlev. For their deeply qualified and trustful guidance, I most respectfully thank my supervisors, Professor Daniel Hjorth and Professor Ester Barinaga, both from the Department of Management, Politics and Philosophy. My warm regards go to Professor Linda Smircich and Professor Marta Calàs at the Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, for generously hosting my visit and enriching the project through your highly competent teaching, advice and discussions. 3 Through different periods of the project, a number of police managers provided great support for the PhD project. For their insightful efforts and encouragement along the way, I owe my deep gratitude to Chief Superintendent Bo Samson, Chief of Staff Karen Aastrup Bak, Chief Superintendent Klaus Munk Nielsen, Chief Consultant Jens Dünweber and Chief Consultant Anne-Stina Sørensen. I also thank Prosecutor Heidi Dearman for her help and legal advice, Jette Deltorp for reading large parts of the thesis and sharing her observant in reflections on it and Amalie Wulff Jedig for designing the cover illustration. Without the relieving laughter, deep reflections and enthusiastic sphere created and shared among close colleagues and friends at work, the intense and at times challenging process would not have offered so much personal joy, passion and warmth as it did. For your insights, kindness and bright smiles, I thank Nadja Kirchoff Hestehave, Lotte Høgh, Louise Johansen, Søren Obed Madsen, Trine Vendius Thygesen, Sidsel Kirstine Harder, Jette Louise Flensburg and Dr. Kira Vrist Rønn. The final and warmest thanks go to my family and friends for your unconditional support; in particular my life companion, Rasmus, for lighting up every second of life. 4 Abstract What does it mean to be innovative in public organizations? Scholars and policy makers call for public sector organizations to become innovative, whether this is through increasing collaboration, exploring networks or recognizing the innovation that occurs in government. This study contributes to this discussion a critical perspective arguing that much of the innovation that occurs in public organizations may come about in ways that are intentionally silenced by the organization and therefore dependent on the tactical creation of space for everyday creativity. It does so through an 18-month ethnographic study informed by Foucault’s concepts of governmentality and discourse, as well as his history of the emergence of police within the state, and by De Certeau’s theory of everyday practice and metaphor of the city. I observe that innovation is understood differently across the hierarchical strata of the organization and that this matters considerably for how creative practices emerge. At the top of the organization, managers relate to innovation as a ‘correct’ means of improving efficiency and legitimizing police to the surrounding society. Middle managers relate to innovation through their work of translating top-down initiatives and selecting amongst bottom-up solutions, while prioritizing that they themselves remain ‘safe’. Rather than relating to innovation as an aim of government, rank and file police officers at the bottom of the hierarchy relate to creativity as inherent in doing ‘real’ police work. ‘Real’ creativity is widely perceived as essential to concrete responsiveness to crime and unexpected situations here and now. As such, we observe a tension between an ‘inner’ office approach to innovation as correct, safe bets and an ‘outer’ street approach to innovation/creativity as ‘real’ responses to ‘real life’ challenges as they play out in this very moment. 5 As especially rank and file officers experience that what they associate with creativity is not necessarily recognized as desirable or necessary to other domains of the organization, they do not cease being creative. Rather, they exploit what they themselves term ‘gray zones’. Gray zones are an integral part of police work, in which laws and rules do not always translate into meaningful practices ‘on the street’, nor do they provide meaningful guidelines for dealing with novel problems. However, gray zones are also spaces of indistinction and obscurity that police officers actively seek to create and expand in order to develop, use and share novel solutions. While gray zones are mostly informal and discrete (even secretive), some parts of the formal organization seem to institutionalize aspects of them and hereby support similar kinds of spaces for creative development of new practices and solutions. I discuss these observations relative both to the ethical dilemmas of this type of creative and innovative activity and to the theoretical frameworks that I apply. Of central importance, however, are the implications for innovation research, particularly in the context of public organizations. Paradoxically, the call for more innovation may result in less innovation: Because innovation is understood so differently across hierarchical strata, because ‘real’ creativity is not recognized as innovation by the ‘innovators’ themselves and because much ‘real’ creativity occurs at the edge of accepted rules and procedures, there is little formal support for these kinds of creative, yet highly persistent, practices.