And the Hits Just Keep on Coming

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And the Hits Just Keep on Coming and the hits just keep on coming... Adaptive Erwartungen, Pfadabhängigkeit und -bruch am Beispiel der Vermarktung von Musik durch große Tonträgerunternehmen Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswis- senschaft des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Kristian Kunow Berlin, 2013 Erstgutachter Univ.-Prof. Dr. Martin Gersch Freie Universität Berlin Zweitgutachter Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jochen Koch Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) Tag der Disputation 06. Dezember 2012 3 4 DANKSAGUNG Meiner Erfahrung nach stellt man sich mit einem Promotionsvorhaben und damit verbunden dem Verfassen einer Dissertationsschrift, einer zunächst unüberschaubaren Herausforderung. Im Verlauf einiger Jahre muss man sich dieser immer wieder aufs Neue stellen, auch in Anbetracht von Rückschlägen und in den Weg gelegten Steinen. Es liegt in der Natur der Sache, dass man dabei oftmals auf sich allein gestellt ist. Das ist jedoch nur die halbe Wahrheit. Wenig ist möglich ohne die Hilfe anderer. Deshalb möchte ich die Gelegenheit nutzen, all denen zu danken, die mich die letzten Jahre auf vielfältige Weise darin unterstützt haben, die mit meiner Promotion verbundenen Herausforderungen zu meistern. Zunächst möchte ich Prof. Dr. Gebhard Rusch danken, dass er mein Interesse für Organisationstheorien und die Betrachtung vielfältiger Phänomene aus dieser Perspektive geweckt hat. Er war es auch, der mich nach meiner Diplomarbeit darin ermutigte und unterstützte, ein Promotionsvorhaben anzugehen. Im Hinblick auf die Verwirklichung des Vorhabens, gilt mein Dank allen Beteiligten des Graduiertenkollegs „Pfade organisatorischer Prozesse“ sowie der Dahlem Research School der Freien Universität Berlin. Ich möchte besonders Prof. Dr. Jörg Sydow und Prof. Dr. Georg Schreyögg für den Aufbau und die Leitung des Graduiertenkollegs danken. Mitglied des Kollegs und Stipendiat zu sein, habe ich stets als Privileg betrachtet. Ich habe hier eine Fortsetzung meiner wissenschaftlichen Ausbildung in einem stets debattenfreudigem und Dank der Deutschen Forschungs- gemeinschaft finanziell gut ausgestatteten Forschungsumfeld erfahren. Dazu gehörte auch die Möglichkeit, einer Einladung der Jönköping International Business School nach Schweden zu folgen. Für die nicht nur meine Arbeit bereichernden Monate am MMTC möchte ich allen dort tätigen Kollegen danken. Zu ganz besonderem Dank bin ich meinen beiden Gutachtern, Prof. Dr. Martin Gersch und Prof. Dr. Jochen Koch verpflichtet. Ihre konstruktiv-kundige, in der Kritik stets sachliche Begleitung meiner Arbeit habe ich sehr wertgeschätzt. Darüber hinaus haben sie es verstanden, auf wohlwollend-verständnisvolle Weise, pragmatische Entscheidungen und ehrgeizige zeitliche Zielsetzungen anzumahnen. Ein Graduiertenkolleg lebt vor allem von den KollegiatInnen. Den kollegialen Austausch und Zusammenhalt untereinander habe ich als äußerst bereichernd für 5 meine Arbeit und hilfreich im Meistern der vielfältigen Herausforderungen einer Promotion in diesem Forschungsumfeld wahrgenommen. Das Herausgreifen Einzelner erscheint hier besonders schwierig. Hervorheben möchte ich trotzdem das außerordentliche Engagement von Dr. Alexandra Langer und Frithjof Stöppler als SprecherInnen. Darüber hinaus möchte ich mich herzlich bei Dr. Olivier Berthod, Thomas Blanchet und Dr. Friedemann Koll bedanken. Der Austausch mit Ihnen ging weit über das Kollegiale hinaus und half mir nicht zuletzt durch manches Tal hindurch. Wenn ich die Danksagung nun mit der Erwähnung meiner Familie schließe, so ist dies weit jenseits eines Akts von Höflichkeit. Der immer neuen Erfahrung von Liebe, Verständnis, Rückhalt und Unterstützung durch meine Frau Natascha verdanke ich alles. Dem Glück des Beisammenseins mit unserer Tochter Marlene ebenso. Für die Aufmerksamkeit, bedingungslose Unterstützung und Zuneigung mit der meine Eltern, Sigrid und Günter, mich begleiten, kann ich mich gleichsam nur aus tiefsten Herzen bedanken. 6 I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS DANKSAGUNG ............................................................................................................... 5 I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................................. 7 II ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................... 11 III TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ......................................................................................... 12 IV ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS .................................................................................... 13 1 EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................................ 15 1.1 Pfade als Thema der Organisations- und Managementforschung .................... 15 1.2 Musikindustrie als empirischer Forschungsgegenstand ................................... 18 1.3 and the hits just keep on coming... Annäherung an die Fallstudie ................... 20 1.4 Aufbau der Arbeit ............................................................................................. 22 2 THEORIE ................................................................................................................. 24 2.1 Organisation matters! Strategisches Management, Kompetenzen und Routinen ............................................................................................................ 27 2.1.1 Standardisierte Verfahren in Organisationen und Routinen als „Gene“ der Organisation – Der Ursprung des (organisations- theoretischen) Konzepts ........................................................................... 30 2.1.2 Common Grounds der aktuellen Forschung zu organisationalen Routinen ................................................................................................... 34 2.1.2.1 Eigenschaften organisationaler Routinen ........................................... 35 2.1.2.2 Bedingungen der Routineausbildung .................................................. 38 2.1.2.3 Effekte der Routinenausbildung ......................................................... 39 2.1.3 Die Veränderlichkeit organisationaler Kompetenzen und Routinen ........ 41 2.1.3.1 Nicht-routinisierte Fähigkeiten, dynamische Fähigkeiten und Innovationsroutinen ............................................................................ 42 2.1.3.2 Strukturationstheoretisch inspirierte Ansätze: Routinen als Grammatik, inkrementeller Wandel und Resistenz gegen intendierte Veränderlichkeit ............................................................... 45 2.1.3.3 Mechanismen-orientierte Betrachtung der Stabilität und Veränderlichkeit von Routinen und Kompetenzen ............................ 49 2.2 Das theoretische Modell organisatorischer Pfadabhängigkeit .......................... 50 2.2.1 Exkurs: Die ökonomischen Wurzeln und technologische Standardisierungsprozesse ....................................................................... 50 2.2.1.1 Die „QWERTY-Story“ ....................................................................... 51 2.2.1.2 Reformulierung der „Story“ als Prozessmodell - Das Regime der Ereignisse und Increasing Returns ..................................................... 53 2.2.1.3 Die Frage der Pfadeffizienz ................................................................ 56 2.2.2 Zwei Strömungen in der Übertragung des Modells auf organisatorische Prozesse und ein Versuch der Integration ..................... 58 2.2.3 Die pfadabhängige Entwicklung von Handlungsmustern: Phasen und konstitutive Elemente ............................................................................... 61 7 2.2.3.1 Phase I: Von dem flexiblen Handlungsmuster zur kritischen Schwelle der Hyperstabilisierung ....................................................... 61 2.2.3.1.1 Relative Kontingenz ..................................................................... 62 2.2.3.1.2 Ereignishaftigkeit von Handlungssequenzen ............................... 63 2.2.3.1.3 Intentionalität der „Small Events“ ............................................... 64 2.2.3.1.4 Kumulation bis zur kritischen Schwelle ...................................... 65 2.2.3.2 Phase II: Die Selbstverstärkung eines Handlungsmusters und die Mechanismen ...................................................................................... 65 2.2.3.2.1 Soziale Mechanismen .................................................................. 66 2.2.3.2.2 Mechanismen positiver Rückkopplung als Treiber der Hyperstabilisierung ...................................................................... 68 2.2.3.2.3 Mechanismenkombinationen und Ebenenübergriff ..................... 70 2.2.3.2.4 Kategorisierung infrage kommender Typen von Mechanismen ............................................................................... 71 2.2.3.3 Phase III: Lock-in eines Handlungsmusters ....................................... 81 2.2.3.4 Rationality shifts, „Pfad-Inneffizienz“ und das Problem der überlegenen Alternative ...................................................................... 83 2.2.4 Zusammenfassung des Phasenmodells – Unterschiedliche Regime, Identifikation kritischer Schwellen und zeitliche Ausdehnung ................ 87 2.2.5 Mögliche Ausdifferenzierungen des theoretischen Modells und Spezifizierung der forschungsleitenden Fragen ....................................... 90 3 METHODIK .............................................................................................................. 93 3.1
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