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Aeragram Newsletter VOL. 14 NO. 1 GR AM Spring 2013 ANCIENT EGYPT RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Groundbreaking Archaeology ISSN 1944-0014 How the Pyramid Builders May Have Found Their True North The Lost Port City of the Pyramids 8 The Heit el-Ghurab site reveals a new role as part First Photos Taken from the Great of a major port on the Nile 2 Pyramid Summit 16 http://www.aeraweb.org Khufu Pyramid Menkaure Pyramid D e s e r t W a d Khafre Pyramid i 3D reconstruction of the Giza Plateau during the late 4th Dynasty. Prepared by Rebekah Khentkawes Monument Sphinx Miracle, AERA GIS. Khentkawes Sphinx Valley Town Khafre Temple Valley ent D pm e Temple ar s e sc r t W a d i f e roximate o Menkaure App edge Valley Temple ent arpm Gebel el-Qibli esc of P e r g Wall of the Crowob d a e bl e te ed Broad basin and delivery zone a g im e ox o pr f Ap br oa Floodplain d ba s in Gallery a n Complex d d e liv er y zo ne Low desert Settlement continues Zone of estimated (now under modern Nile channel Low desert Lost City of the Pyramids construction) (Heit el-Ghurab site) The Heit el-Ghurab Site Reveals a New Face: The Lost Port City of the Pyramids by Mark Lehner uring Season 2013 AERA team members took a break from tomb of Queen Khentkawes were meant to convey the deceased Dfield excavations for a study season. Without new findings rulers to the Netherworld. emerging every week from the field, I took the opportunity to But a real harbor must have been located nearby for deliver- pan back and reconsider the mass of data from the Lost City of ing the vast quantities of materials and supplies used in build- the Pyramids site (also called Heit el-Ghurab) in the wider con- ing and supporting labor for the three Giza pyramid complexes text of Old Kingdom Egypt and its 3rd millennium BC world. over a period of nearly 80 years. If only for this reason, we A new working hypothesis emerged. Far more than a might expect a major Nile port, the Old Kingdom equivalent of workers’ town, which we had been calling Heit el-Ghurab for Nile ports such as Tell el-Daba and Memphis during the Second years, the site and its Gallery Complex belonged to a major Nile Intermediate Period and New Kingdom. port and harbor, with basins, off-loading quays, timber stock- We have evidence of a man-made harbor at Giza. Field logs piles, warehouses, and possibly even shipyards. The Gallery of drill cores taken in the floodplain show what might be a huge Complex as a barracks housed members of expeditions who cut through the natural layers of Nile silt and sandy outwash brought goods from the Levant in the north and from Aswan from the desert wadis. The cut is filled with deep clay and silt. in the south, as well as construction material from quarries and Here, to make a harbor, the pyramid builders may have excavat- foodstuffs from farms and ranches throughout the Nile Valley ed deep down into the floodplain. I present the data from these and Delta. cores in the second part of this story, which will appear in the next issue of the newsletter. Ports for Dead and Living It seems obvious that a harbor at Giza was essential for We know that the Giza Necropolis served as a magical port city pyramid building. Given the great weight of the granite and for the Afterlife. Ships buried next to the pyramid of Khufu limestone blocks, which were transported by ship on the Nile, and large pits cut in the shape of barks or containing actual Egyptians would have unloaded them as close as possible to the wooden funerary vessels next to the pyramid of Khafre and the construction sites. The massive stone Wall of the Crow, stretch- 2 AERAGRAM 14-1 D e Byblos s e r Beirut t ing 200 meters to the east of the escarpment (or slope) between time at sea.”1 In Egypt excavators have found most W a the Giza Plateau and the low desert and floodplain, formed the combed ware jars in the mastaba tombs of high d i southern boundary of a delivery zone in front of the Khafre officials in the royal cemeteries next to pyramids at Valley Temple and Sphinx. The Heit el-Ghurab settlement lay Giza, Meidum, and Dahshur. The importation of directly south, and stretched at least another 150 meters farther these vessels reached a peak in the 4th Dynasty— east on a spur of low desert, like the peninsular settlements at the very time that people occupied the Heit the Tell el-Daba port. el-Ghurab settlement. The 18 sherds we found We know that the Old Kingdom Egyptians also brought by at our site are the oldest combed ware from a The Levant ent pm ar sc boat large quantities of timber, olive oil, and probably wine and settlement. f e roximate o App edge resin from the Levant, the region bordering the eastern end of the Mediterranean. We also know that some of these products Tel Aviv ended up at Heit el-Ghurab. Specialists analyz- Mediterranean Sea ing material in our Giza Field Lab have been un identifying bits of Levantine pottery and Byblos R Levantine wood in charcoal samples we h have collected over the years. Although Tell nc bra c the need for a major delivery facility el-Daba a si lu to receive building supplies was obvi- Pe ous, looking at all these imported items sparked the port hypothesis. Giza Cairo The Old Kingdom Byblos Run Zone of estimated Abusir Nile channel AERA ceramicist Anna Wodzińska identified Memphis Dahshur The Sinai Levantine combed ware pottery vessels amidst Ayn Soukhna the vast numbers of Heit el-Ghurab ceramics. Meidum Altogether she found a total of 18 sherds. The Gulf of Suez name combed ware derives from its decoration: the potters striated or dimpled the surface as Wadi el-Jarf though by a comb. During the Old Kingdom (the equivalent of Early Bronze III in the A s Levant), potters made combed ware throughout w a n the Levant, but not in Egypt. R u Egyptians, however, shipped combed ware n jars back to Egypt, no doubt for their contents. Archaeologists who work in Wadi Gawasis Red Sea the Levant consider these jars, with loop handles, as N Egypt and the Levant showing the the “commercial maritime con- il e routes of the Byblos run and the tainer,” developed by Early Bronze R iv Aswan run with Giza as the terminus. e Age Levantine potters “for the rigors r of transport” and “long periods of On the cover: Detail of a scene in Sahure's mortuary temple at Saqqara. Returning from Punt, the king's ship of state, sail up, greeted by troops Combed ware two-handled jar. Drawing based on a dockside. (After Das Grabdenkmal photo of a jar from the Western Cemetery at Giza, des Königs Sáhu-reʻ, Band II, Die Pit G 4630; 36 centimeters (14 inches) high. The Wanderbilder, L. Borchardt, Leipzig, “T” inscribed on the pot is a maker’s mark. MFA J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, accession number: 19.1456. 1913, plate 9). On the left, the Heit el-Ghurab settlement after a map by Rebekah Miracle, AERA GIS. In Combed ware sherd from the Heit el-Ghurab the background an old photo of site. Photo by Hilary McDonald. the Great Pyramid from an undated postcard. 0 1 2 centimeters Aswan Spring 2013 3 Whatever the jars contained—most likely resin, wine, or The Ubiquity of Cedar olive oil—it was precious and worth trekking or navigating Perhaps the most compelling motivation for the pyramid hundreds of kilometers to obtain. In the Levant, the association builders to run to Byblos: procure timber, primarily the fabled, of these jars with olive oil production equipment—limestone towering cedars of Lebanon. They could also harvest cypress, basins, presses, hearths, and large combed ware vats—favors pine, and oak, none of which grew in Egypt, a land with a olive oil. sparse tree cover and limited variety of native woods. Additional evidence at Heit el-Ghurab may also point to Working his way methodically through thousands of char- olive oil. Our wood analyst, Rainer Gerisch, identified bits of coal bits—probably the remains of fuel—picked from Lost City burned olive twigs from several areas at the Heit el-Ghurab deposits by our excavators, Rainer Gerisch found that it was site.† These bits of wood might have come along with shipments mostly (93.3%) local Nile acacia. But, in addition to olive wood, of olive oil as some sort of packing material between the jars other Levantine wood kept turning up in almost every excava- and eventually ended up as firewood. tion area: cypress, pine, and oak. Cedar, however, was the most Curiously, they came from the Gallery Complex, a set of abundant import. It occurred in every part of Gallery III.4 (see four blocks of elongated structures, and from the adjacent map on page 7), which we excavated in 2002,‡ and with a rela- industrial areas. If the galleries served as barracks for lowly tively high frequency in other Gallery Complex excavations. workers, why do we find costly imports in these facilities? We know that cedar was used for ships and palace doors. Through petrographic analysis Mary Ownby traced the The pyramid builders used tall cedar beams as framework in origin of the Heit el-Ghurab combed ware to the region around pyramid construction.
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