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Development of Ecotourism Based on Community Empowerment (A Case Study of Kebumen Regency)

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Development of Ecotourism Based on Community Empowerment (A Case Study of Kebumen Regency) Avalaible online at http://journals.ums.ac.id, Permalink/DOI: 10.23917/jep.v19i2.6996 Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 19 (2), 2018, 196-206 Development of Ecotourism Based on Community Empowerment (A Case Study of Kebumen Regency) Izza Mafruhah1), Nunung Sri Mulyani2), Nurul Istiqomah3), Dewi Ismoyowati4) Lecturers at Faculty of Economics, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Jl Ir Sutami no 36 Kentingan Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected] Recieved: October 2018 | Revised: November 2018 | Accepted: Desember 2018 Abstract The main objective of this research is to formulate a participatory and inclusive model of economic development by optimizing the potential of local resources in Kebumen regency, Central Java, Indonesia by 1) identifying local resource-based economic potentials to be developed into pilot projects in regional development, 2) analyzing factors affecting the success of potential development, 3) analyzing the needs that influence the increase of community and stakeholders participation in regional development activities. This study uses Geographic Information System to map economic potential, Analytical Hierarchy Process to analyze factors that influence community participation, and ATLAS.ti to analyze needs and activities in developing leading sectors. The analysis shows that the economic potential in Kebumen district is focused on the potential of natural resources which include forestry, agriculture, fisheries, plantations and livestock. The regional development needs to be carried out thoroughly from upstream to downstream. AHP analysis shows that the factors that influence the success of potential development are internal, institutional and external factors. Needs analysis shows that the community holds an important role but must be supported by other stakeholders, namely the government, business actors and academics. This study recommends upstream-downstream development through nature-based ecotourism. The upstream sector that must be prepared is natural conservation combined with access to accessibility. The concept of back-to- nature developed in ecotourism must be supported by the provision of facilities and infrastructure that allows visitors to reach and enjoy the nature’s beauty. In the downstream sector, tourism support services such as culinary and souvenir typical of Kebumen regency become an important part and need to involve all elements of community, especially those around the tourism destinations. Keywords: Community empowerment, Tourism regions, Participatory development JEL Classification: Z32, P48 How to Cite: Mafruhah, I., Mulyani, N., Istiqomah, N., & Ismoyowati, D. (2018). Development of Ecotourism based on Community Empowerment (a Case Study of Kebumen Regency). Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 19(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.23917/jep. v19i2.6996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v19i2.6996 Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, ISSN 1411-6081, E-ISSN 2460-9331 196 Avalaible online at http://journals.ums.ac.id, Permalink/DOI: 10.23917/jep.v19i2.6996 Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 19 (2), 2018, 196-206 Source: Bappeda of Kebumen Regency, 2015 Figure 1 Map of EMAS Area in Kebumen Regency 1. Introduction environment is changing and is run by public National development is an effort that is institutions and private sector investment ((Bert) carried out continuously and sustainably both at Helmsing, 2003). Local economic development is the national and regional levels with the main a process of economic development in which local objective of achieving prosperity for the entire governments and / or community groups play an community. National development requires active role in managing local natural resources collaboration of four interrelated components, through cooperation with private or other parties namely a) natural resources, b) capital or to create jobs and stimulate economic activities. investment resources, c) human resources, and d) Local economic development is the creation of technology and expertise. Regional development opportunities for community businesses to enter in the context of increasing regional independence the economic flow that rests on a network of is a local manifestation of national development. partnerships between actors in both rural and One important element of regional development urban areas. is participatory local economic development. The Kebumen Regency has a relatively diverse use of local resources basically includes physical, natural potential, ranging from mountainous, human and institutional resources. Local land and coastal areas. The development of economic development is a development based on these three geographical and topographic local capacity and the use of internal factors to elements must be carried out in an integrated develop the local economy. and sustainable manner so as to improve the The context of local economic development community welfare, and therefore the concept of has changed radically in low-income countries. EMAS, a collaboration between Ekologi (Ecology), Structural adjustments and market liberalization Mina (Fisheries), and Agri Wisata (Agritourism) have generally changed the context of the is introduced (Pemerintah Kabupaten Kebumen, local economy. The central government is no 2016). The concept is based on leading potentials, longer the main regulatory actor. The business namely agriculture, plantations, fisheries, small 197 Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, ISSN 1411-6081, E-ISSN 2460-9331 Avalaible online at http://journals.ums.ac.id, Permalink/DOI: 10.23917/jep.v19i2.6996 Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 19 (2), 2018, 196-206 businesses and tourism especially natural networks of cooperation, trust, relationships tourism in the forms of mountains, waterfalls, between actors, and social and institutional beaches and caves. management. Figure 1 shows that the main potential is There are three ways in which institutions development in (1) Agriculture. With a total area are differentiated within the institutional- of 128,111.50 hectares or 1,281,115 km², most of structure framework. First, institutions can be the Kebumen area is lowland with several coastal seen as structures that allow or limit agency areas and hills. Based on the type of land use, choices. Second, institutions can be considered as 39,748.00 hectares or around 31.03% are paddy attached to agents, for example through norms, fields and 88,363.50 hectares or 68.97% dry which may be socially or culturally determined, land. With superior products such as rice, corn ultimately responsible for behavioral differences. and soybeans, agriculture is one of the leading Third, institutions can develop as a result of sectors in Kebumen. The next main potential is the choice of both agents and the impact of (2) Ecology. Kebumen has a protected area and the structure on the agency’s preference for a cultivation area with an area of 245 hectares institutions (Rommel, 2015). Empowering and located in the Wadaslintang Reservoir and participatory are key words in endogenous Sempor Reservoir. Geological protected areas economic development, namely direct involvement include Karangsambung Geological Reserve area, of local organizations or functional groups of Karst Landscape Area, and Groundwater Balance citizens who are able to become active agents Area of approximately 18,340 ha. Furthermore, in their own development process (Fernández- Green Open Space reached around 4,478 hectares Moral, Vidueira, Díaz-Puente, & Nicolás, 2015). or 46.53% of the total settlement area. The next Community participation has long been linked to main potential is (3) Mina, or fisheries, both rural development. Regional developers believe capture fisheries and aquaculture. The number that in order for a project to succeed, people need of fisheries production reached 7618.06 tons per to actively take part in designing, implementing year with the number of fishermen and cultivation and maintaining projects that affect their living groups reaching 30 groups. The last major conditions. However, despite demands for a potential is (4) Tourism, because the number of ‘bottom-up’ approach to rural development, tourists reached 1,117,136 people per year with project beneficiaries still lack participation in an average annual growth of 16%. the identification, planning, implementation, The potential of natural tourism combined monitoring and evaluation of projects intended with fisheries and agriculture is expected to to improve their welfare (Laah, Adefila, & Yusof, be a synergistic blend in the framework of 2014) economic activities, especially in Small Business The Departemen Agribisnis ( 2002) conducted Communities which will ultimately improve a study on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) welfare. The concept of the EMAS area is one of and stated that the approach to learning about the efforts to transform natural potential into an rural conditions and life would be successful if economic potential that is ready to be developed. it refers to the concept of from, with and by the In the concept of Participatory Development village community itself. The main objective of Program, inclusiveness becomes a key word, that the PRA method is to produce program designs is how development is carried out by involving the that are more in line with the community desires community from the beginning as the planner, and circumstances.
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