Bibliography

THE following bibliography lists those sources which have been most helpful to the author in the preparation of this volume. Many of the items vary in quality considerably and the reader wishing to pursue his studies further will find those sources marked with an asterisk the most helpful. All works are published in the unless other• wise stated.

BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS W. M. AcwoRTH, The Elements ifRailway Economics ( Igo5) *- The Elements ifRailway Economics (I g24 ed.) C. J. ALLEN, Locomotive Practice and Performance in the Twentieth Century (I g4g) - The (Ig55) *G. F. ALLEN, After Beeching ( Ig66) T. C. BARKER and M. RoBBINS, A History if Trans• port, vol. I, The Nineteenth Century (I g63) B. BAYLiss, European Transport (Ig65) R. BELL, History if the British Railways During the War, I93!}• I945 (Ig46) W. BoLLAND, The Railways and the Nation (I gog) R. BRADY, Crisis in Britain (Ig5o, University of California Press) BRITISH ELECTRICAL DEVELOPMENT AssociATION, The Case for Electrification ifthe Railways (I g35) A. BROWN, The Future ifthe Railways (Ig28) - The Railway Problem (I g32) P. BuRTT, Railway Rates, Principles and Problems ( Ig26) - Railway Electrification and Traffic Problems (I g2g) R. CALVERT, TheFutureifBritishRailways (Ig65) BIBLIOGRAPHY 227

C. D. CAMPBELL, British Railways in Boom and Depression: An Essay in Trade Fluctuations and their Effects, 1878-1930 (I932) D. N. CHESTER, Public Control ofRoad Passenger Transport (I 936) H. A. CLEGG and T. E. CHESTER, The Future of Nationalisa• tion (I953) E. S. Cox, British Railways' Experience with Diesel and Electric Traction (I 96 I) E. DAVIES, British Transport (I945) F. H. DixoN andJ. M. PARMELEE, War Administration of the Railways in the United States and ( I9I8) E. B. DoRSEY, English and American Railroads Compared (I887) G. Dow, Great Central, vol. 2, Dominion of Watkin, 1864- 1899 (I962) J. A. DUNNAGE, Transport and the Public (I935) C. H. ELLIS, British Railway History, 1887-1947 (I959) M. F. FARRAR, How to Make the Railways Pay (I 93 I) C. H. FEINSTEIN, Domestic Capital Formation in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (I965) K. G. FENELON, Transport Co-ordination (I929) - Railway Economics (I 932) *-British Railways Today (I939) G. F. FmNNES, I Tried to Run a Railway (I 967) G. FINDLAY, The Working and Management of an English Railway (I 89 I) *C. D. FosTER, The Transport Problem (I963) P. E. GARBUTT, A Survey of Railway Development and Practice (I938) H. W. GREENLEAF, Britain's Big Four (I948) C. H. GRINLING, The History of the Great Northern Railway, 1845-1902 (I903 ed.) *K. M. GWILLIAM, Transport and Public Policy (I 964) J. HIBBs, Transport for Passengers (Hobart Paper 23, I963) T. HuLTGREN, Transport and the State of Trade in Britain (I 953, occasional paper 40, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York) INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RAILWAYS, The Main Line Railways of Great Britain, 1923-1930 (I93I) - The Position of the European Railways: Difficulties, Causes and Remedies (I951) 228 BRITISH RAILWAYS IN TRANSITION

K. H. JoHNSTON, British Railways and Economic Recovery ( I949) *H. C. KmD, A New Erafor British Railways (I929) A. W. KIRKALDY and A. D. EvANS, The History and Economics of Transport (I927 ed.) LABOUR RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, Labour and Capital on the Railways (I923) - Ten rears of Railway Finance (I 932) W. R. LAwsoN, British Railways: A Financial and Commercial Survey (I9I3) H. OsBORNE MANCE, The Road and Rail Problem (I 940) A. MARSHALL, Industry and Trade (I 9 I9) C. F. DENDY MARSHALL, A History of the Southern Railway (I963) J. R. MEYER, The Economics of Competition in the Transportation Industries (Harvard University Press, I959) A. M. MILNE, The Economics of Inland Transport (2nd ed., I963) *-and A. LAING, The Obligation to Carry (I 956) G. T. MooDY, Southern Electric (3rd ed., I96o) NATIONAL CouNCIL oN INLAND TRANSPORT, A Future Policy for Britain's Transport (I964) H. NEWLANDS, The British Railways (I 936) 0. S. NocK, The London and North Western Railway (I 960) - The South Eastern and Chatham Railway (I 96 I) G. PAISH, The British Railway Position (I 902) A.J. PEARSON, Railways and the Nation (I964) E. A. PRATT, Railways and Their Rates (I 906) - Railways and the Nation (I 908) - A History of Inland Transport and Communication in (I9I2) - The Rise of Rail Power in War and Conquest, 1833-19I4 (I9I5) *-British Railways and the Great War (2 vols., I92I) RAILWAY CLEARING HousE, Tables of Statistical Returns Relating to the Railways of Great Britain, 1938-1946 (I947) Railway Gazette, 'The Jubilee of the Railway News: 50 Years ofRailway Progress, I864-I9I4' (I9I4) C. L. RAPER, Railway Transportation (I 9 I2) BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

*W. A. RoBERTSON, Combination Among Railway Companies (I912) W. A. RoBSON (ed.), Problems qf Nationalised Industry (1952) -Nationalised Industry and Public Ownership (1960) *J. R. SARGENT, British Transport Policy (I 958) *C. I. SAVAGE, Inland Transport (1957) *-An Economic History qf Transport (rev. ed., 1966) C. SHARP, The Problem if Transport ( I965) *C. E. R. SHERRINGTON, The Economics qf Rail Transport in Great Britain (2 vols. I928) *-A Hundred rears qfInland Transport, 183o-1933 (I934) J. SIMMONS, The Railways qfBritain (I 96 I ; 2nd ed., I 968) W. E. SIMNETT, Railway Amalgamation in Great Britain ( I923) J. SLEEMAN, British Public Utilities ( I953) W. SMITH, An Economic Geography of Great Britain (2nd ed., I953) J. B. SNELL, Britain's Railways under Steam (I965) H. C. SPARKE, An Outline qf State Control of English Railway RatesandFacilities (Calcutta, I930) STEPHENSON LocoMOTIVE SoCIETY, Railway Progress, 1909- 1959 (n.d.) W. J. STEVENS, The Future of British Railways (I 938) R. STONE and D. A. RowE, The Measurement qf Consumers' Expenditure and Behaviour in the United Kingdom, 192o-1938 (vol. 2, I966) C. STUART-WILLIAMS and E. SHORT, Railways, Roads and the Public (I939) DAVID ST.jOHN THOMAS, The Rural Transport Problem (I963) H. F. TREWMAN, Railway Electrification ( I924) *G. WALKER, Road and Rail (2nd ed., I947) R. L. WEDGEWOOD and J. E. WHEELER, International Rail Transport (I946) H. P. WHITE, A Regional History qf the Railways qf Great Britain: vol. 2, Southern England ( I96I) G. WILSON, Britain's Transport Crisis (I96o) H. WILSON, TheFinancialProblemqfBritish Transport (I95I) R. WILSON, Technical Modernisation and New Freight Charges on British Railways (I 958) W. V. WooD andJ. STAMP, Railways (I928) 230 BRITISH RAILWAYS IN TRANSITION

ARTICLES W. M. AcwoRTH, 'English Railway Statistics', Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 65 ( I902) -'The Problem of Railway Reconstruction', .National Review (Oct. I9I9) - 'Grouping under the , I 92 I', Economic Journal, 33 (1923) -and G. PAisH, 'British Railways: Their Accounts and Statistics', Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 75 (I 9 I 2) D. H. ALDCROFT, 'The Decontrol of British Shipping and Railways After the First World War', Journal of Transport History, 5 (196I) *- 'The Efficiency and Enterprise of British Railways, 187o-I9I4', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 5 (I968) G. F. ALLEN, 'What Dr Beeching Ordered', The Listener, 15]une 1967 M. BAILY, 'Seeking Higher Speeds for Britain's Trains', The Times, 12 Sept. I967 M. E. BEESLEY, 'Financial Criteria for Investment in Railways', Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, 24 (I962) -and A. A. WALTERS, 'Investment in British Railways', Westminster Bank Review (May 1955) E. J. BROSTER, 'Railway Passenger Receipts and Fares Policy', Economic Journal, 47 (1937) -'Variability of Railway Operating Costs', Economic Journal, 48 (I 938) C. D. CAMPBELL, 'Cyclical Fluctuations in the Railway Industry', Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1929-30) D. N. CHESTER, 'Notes on the Price Policy Indicated by the Nationalisation Acts', Oxford Economic Papers, 2 (I 950) J. H. CoNSDALE, 'The Economics of Railway Electrifica• tion', Railway Gazette, Electric Traction Supplement, I 8 Aug. 1939 E. C. Cox, 'The Progress of the Southern Railway Electrifi- cation',Journal of the Institute of Transport, 18 (Jan. 1937) A. DAY, 'Social Profit and Loss of Beeching Plan', The Observer, 12 May 1963 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23I

D. M. DEER, 'Thoughts on Comparative Costs of Road and Rail Transport', Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, 24 (1962) A. R. DuNBAR, 'British Railways- the Next Stage', Journal of the Institute of Transport, 30 (May I 964) J. ELLIOT, 'Efficiency Versus Cost in Public Transport', Journal of the Institute of Transport, 27 (I 958) *K. G. FENELON, 'British Railways Since the War', Journal ofRoyal Statistical Society, 96 (I 933) - 'The Present Economic Position of British Railways', Journal of the Institute of Transport, I 4 (July I 933) P. FERRIS, 'Beeching's Revolution', The Observer, 24 Mar. I963 . G. F. FmNNES, 'Running a Region: WR and ER', Modem Railways, Oct. I967 S. H. FISHER, 'Acceleration of Railway Services', Journal of the Institute of Transport, 20 (Feb. I 939) C. FosTER, 'Beeching and Beyond', The Listener, 23 May I963 C. D. FosTER, 'Surplus Criteria for Investment,' Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, 22 (I96o) - 'The Social Effect of Beeching', The Guardian, 29 Apr. I963 *A. A. HARRISON, 'Railway Freight Charges', Journal of the Institute of Transport, 27 (July I957) A. J. HARRISON, 'Investment in Liner Trains', Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics, 26 ( I964) M. HoWE and G. MILLS, 'The Withdrawal of Railway Services', Economic Journal, 70 (I96o) C. HuRCOMB, 'The Co-ordination of Transport in Great Britain During theYears I 935-I 944', Journal of the Institute of Transport, 22 (May-June I945) -'An Integrated Transport System', Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (I 950) E. jACOBs, 'What the Doctor Ordered', The Guardian, I7 May I965 H. J. jENNINGs, 'Our Insolvent Railways', Fortnightly Review, 108 (I92o) 232 BRITISH RAILWAYS IN TRANSITION

C. JoNEs, 'In Search of a Transport Policy', The Statist, I5 Mar. I963 - 'Do Railwaymen Really Mean Business?', The Statist, 8May I964 -'Do We Really Want to Modernise?', The Statist, I9 Feb. I 965 S. Joy, 'British Railways' Track Costs', Journal qf Industrial Economics, I3 (I964) -'The "Standby" Concept on Railways', Journal qf Transport Economics and Policy, I (I 967) C. P. KINDLEBERGER, 'Obsolescence and Technical Change', Bulletin qf the Oiford University Institute qf Statistics, 2 3 ( 1 96 I ) C. F. KLAPPER, 'Some Aspects of Suburban Railway Operation', Journal qf the Institute qf Transport, 2I (Oct. I943) N. LEE, 'Current Transport Policy in Britain', District Bank Review, I 6o (I 966) G. MILLS and M. HoWE, 'Consumer Representation and the Withdrawal of Railway Services', Public Administra• tion, 38 (I96o) --'On Planning Railway Investment', Bulletin qf the Oxford University Institute qfStatistics, 24 (I 962) Modern Transport, 'Diesel Electric Traction', 4 and I I July I93I D. L. MUNBY, 'Finance of the Nationalised Industries', Bulletin qfthe Oxford University Institute qfStatistics, 2 I (I 959) - 'The Roads as Economic Assets', Bulletin qf the Oxford University Institute qfStatistics, 22 ( I96o) *- 'Economic Problems of British Railways', Bulletin qf the Oxford University Institute qfStatistics, 24 ( I962) *-'The Productivity of British Railways', Bulletin qf the Oxford University Institute qfStatistics, 24 (I 962) *-'The Reshaping of British Railways', Journal qf Industrial Economics, 11 (I962-3) *-'Road and Rail Track Costs', Transactions qf the Manchester Statistical Society, (I 962-3) *- 'The Future of British Railways', London and Cambridge, Economic Bulletin, 49 (I 964) BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

S. E. PARKHOUSE, 'Railway Freight Rolling Stock', Journal qfthe Institute qf Transport, 24 (Sept. I 95 I) E. H. PHELPS BROWN and S. J. HANDFIELD-jONES, 'The Climacteric of the I89os: A Study in the Expanding Economy', Oxford Economic Papers, 4 (I 952) G. J. PoNSONBY, 'An Aspect of Competition in Transport', Economica, 2 (I935) - 'Freight Charges· by Road in Competition', Economic Journal, 48 (I938) - 'Earnings on Railway Capital', Economic Journal, 70 (I 960) -'Towards a New Railway Charges Policy', Journal qfth.e Institute qf Transport, 25 (Sept. I 954) A. R. PREsT, 'Some Aspects of Road Finance in the U.K.', The Manchester School, 3 I (I 963) Railway Gazette, 'Integration of Freight Services by Road and Rail', 4 Aug. I 950 -'Ten Years of Nationalised Transport', 20 Sept., 4 and 25 Oct. I957 G. F. RAY, 'Transport: Notes and Comments', .National Institute Economic Review, 24 (I 963) P. REDFERN, 'Net Investment in Fixed Assets in the United Kingdom, I938-I953', Journal qf Royal Statistical Society, Au8 (I955) H. W. RICHARDs, 'Primary Considerations Relating to Steam, Electric and Diesel-Electric Traction', Proceedings qfthe Institute qfCivil Engineers, 236 (I932-3) B. C. RoBERTS, 'Wages on the Railways', Political Quarter{)~, 26 (I955) B. RoBERTSON, 'The Organisation of Transport', British Transport Review, 5 (I 958) J. RoGALY, 'Liner Trains -A Success at Half-Throttle', The Financial Times, 7 Nov. I966 W. G. ScoTT, 'Competition and Combination in Railway Transportation in Great Britain', Proceedings of Royal Philosophical Society q[Glasgow, 4I (I909-10) *-'An Aspect of the British Railways Act, I92I', in H. A. Innis (ed.) Essays in Transportation in Honour of W. T, Jackman (University ofToronto Press, I94I) *C. E. R. SHERRINGTON, 'Some Economic Results of the 234 BRITISH RAILWAYS IN TRANSITION

British Railways Act of I 92 I', American Economic Review, I4(I924) LoRD STAMP, 'The Weight of Consignments in Transport', Economic Journal, 50 (I 940) C. STUART-WILLIAMS, 'British Railways: Present and Future', English Review (I 93 I) M. E. TAYLOR, 'Express Freight Can Make Railways Pay', The Guardian, IO Sept. I962 G. WALKER, 'Transport Advisory Council: Report on Service and Rates', Economic Journal, 48 (I938) *-'The Transport Act I947', Economic Journal, 58 (I948) *-'Transport Policy Before and After I953', O:iford Economic Papers, 5 (I 953) -'Highway Finance', Journal of Industrial Economics, 4 (I956) - and H. MADDICK, 'Responsibility for Transport', Political Quarterly, 23 (I 952) -and C. I. SAVAGE, 'Inland Carriage by Road and Rail', ch. 3 in D. Burn (ed.) The Structure of British Industry (I 958) I. WALLER, 'It May Be Quicker by Rail', Times Review of Industry and Technology, Mar. I963 A. A. WALTERS, 'Track Costs and Motor Taxation', Journal of Industrial Economics, 2 (I 953-4) - 'The Long and the Short of Transport', Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics, 27 (I965) Maj.-Gen. LL. WANSBROUGH-jONES, 'National Transport Under the Transport Act of I962', Journal of the Institute ojTransport, 30 (May I963) *W. L. WATERs, 'Rationalisation of British Railways', paper presented before American Society of Mechanical Engineers (May I938) T. WATSON CoLLIN, 'Railway Finance in the Light of the Railways Act, I92 I', The Accountant, 86 ( I932) R. L. WEDGEwooo, 'Statistics of Railway Costs', Economic Journal, I9 (I909) G. H. WHEELER, 'Classification of Merchandise - Origin and Application', Journal of the Institute of Transport, I 3 (May I932) BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

*B. WILLIAMS, 'Transport Act, I947= Some Benefits and Dangers', Journal ofInstitute of Transport, 24 (May I 95 I) W. V. WooD, 'Are British Railways Over-Capitalised?', Modern Transport, 23 Nov. I935 -'The Problem of Railway Charges', Journal of the Institute of Transport, I 7 (May I 936) - 'Some Aspects of Railway Finance', Journal of Institute of Transport, I8 (Nov. I936) - 'Transport Efficiency and Levels of Charges', Journal of the Institute of Transport, 24 (July I 95 I) - 'Railway Charges, Efficiency and Integration Policy', paper given to Liverpool Economic and Statistical Society (I Dec. I950) - and C. E. R. SHERRINGTON, 'The Railway Industry of Great Britain, I927', London and Cambridge Economic Service, Special Memo. no. 27 (I929)

THESES K. G. GLOVER, 'The Recent Course of Gross Investment in Inland Transport and the Influence of Government Action Upon It' (M.Sc. Econ., L.S.E., I949) J. L. GRUMBRIDGE, 'Co-ordination of Inland Transport in Great Britain' (Ph.D., London University, I939)

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS Acts ofParliament

Ministry of Transport Act, 1919, 9 & I o Geo. V, c. 50

Railways Act, 1921, 11 & I2 Geo. V, c. 55

Transport Act, 1947, IO & I I Geo. VI, c. 49

Transport Act, 1953, I & 2 Eliz. II, c. I3

Transport Act, 1962, 10 & I I Eliz. II, c. 46 236 BRITISH RAILWAYS IN TRANSITION

Command Papers Cd. 5052 (I910) Departmental Committee on Railway Accounts and Statistical Returns, Report and Minutes qfEvidence Cd s63 I (I 9 I I) Report qf the Departmental Committee on Railway Agreements and Amalgamations Cd 9I93 (I9I8) Report qf the Advisory Council qf the Ministry qf Reconstruction on the Standardisation qf Railway Equipment *Cmd 325 (I9I9) War Cabinet Reportfor I9I8 Cmd 402 (I9I9) Statement showing the results of working the Railways during the periods qf Government Control qf the Railways in Great Britain Cmd 525 (I920) Report qf the Rates Advisory Committee on the Rates ifConveyance of Goods, Minerals and Merchandise Cmd 654 (I920) Statement as to Railways in Connection with the Ministry qf Transport Estimates, I 92o-2 I Cmd 787 (I 920) Outline qf Proposals as to the Future Organisa• tion of Transport Undertakings in Great Britain and their Relation to the State Cmds 857 and 886 (I920) Reports qfthe RatesAdvisoryCom• mittee on the Interim Revision qf Railway Rates, Tolls, Fares and Charges Cmd I 098 (I 920) Report qf the Rates Advisory Committee on General Revision qfRailway Rates and Charges Cmd I I 32 (I 92 I) Report qf the Departmental Committee on Railway Agreements Cmd 3420 (I929) StandingCommitteeonMineral Transport: First Report to the Minister qf Transport and the Secretary for Mines *Cmd 375I (I93I) Final Report qf the Royal Commission on Transport Cmd 6I68 (I940) Financial Arrangements between the Minister qf Transport, the Four Amalgamated Railway Companies and the Passenger Transport Board Cmd 62 52 (I 940-I) Government Control qf the Railways: Financial Returns, I940 (also similar returns for years I94I-47, Cmds 6349, 6436, 65I2, 66I9, 6797, 7I06 and 7399) Cmd 63 I 4 (I 94 I) Government Control qf Railways: Revised Financial Arrangements BIBLIOGRAPHY 237

Cmd 8513 (1951-2) Report of the Committee on the B. T.C. (Passenger) Charges Scheme I952for Increase in Passenger Fares Cmd8538 (195I-2) Transport Policy Cmd 919I (I954) Railways Reorganisation Scheme Cmd 988o (I956) Proposalsfor the Railways Cmnd 8I3 (I959) Re-appraisal of the Planfor the Modernisation andRe-equipment ofBritish Railways Cmnd I248 (1960) Reorganisation of the Nationalised Transport Undertakings Cmnd I337 (I96I) The Financial and Economic Obligations of the Nationalised Industries Cmnd 30 57 (I 966) Transport Policy Cmnd 3437 (I967) Nationalised Industries: A Review of Economic and Financial Objectives *Cmnd 3439 (I967) Railway Policy Cmnd 3470 (I967) The TransportofFreight Cmnd 348 I ( 1967) Public Transport and Traffic

House ofCommons Papers H.C.317 (1882) Report of the Select Committee on Railways (Rates and Fares) H.C.385/462 (1893) Report of the Select Committee on Rates and Charges H.C.I30/136 (1918) Report of the Select Committee on Transport H.C.u8 (1920) Second Report of the Select Committee on National Expenditure H.C.58 (1943-4) Third Report from the Select Committee on National Expenditure: Rail and Road *H.C.254/254-I (1960) Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries with Proceedings and Evidence - British Railways H.C.163 (1961) Special Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries- British Railways

Non-classified Abstract ofLabour Statistics ofthe U.K., I9I3-I936 Annual Abstract ofStatistics 238 BRITISH RAILWAYS IN TRANSITION

BoARD OF TRADE, Report on Private Traders' Railway Wagons in Great Britain (I 9 I 9) *, The Reshaping of British Railways: Part I, Report; Part 2, Maps (I963) -Annual Reports and Accounts, 1963-6 - A Study of the Relative True Costs of Rail and Road Freight Transport over Trunk Routes (I 964) - The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes (I965) BRITISH TRANSPORT CoMMISSION, Annual Reports and Accounts, 1948-1962 - Integration of Freight Services by Road and Rail: A Statement of Policy (I950) -Electrification of Railways (I 95 I) - Unification ofBritish Railways (I 95 I) - Modernisation andRe-equipment of British Railways (I 955) *- Modernisation Progress Report (I 96 I) HousE OF CoMMONS LIBRARY, The Railways of Great Britain: Pre-War, During the War and Now (Statistical Memo. 2I, I95I) MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, Railway Companies (Staff) Returns -Report of the Committee on Main Line Electrification (I 93 I) -Report of the Conference on Rail and Road Transport (I 932) - Report of the Railway Pool Committee (I 932) - Reports of the Permanent Members of the Transport Tribunal on Applications of B. T.C.for authorisation of additional charges in respect of their Railways, Harbours, Docks, Piers and Canals and Inland Waterways (I 950) -(and CIVIL AviATION) Report of the Committee on the Licensing of Road Passenger Services (I 953) - Public Road Passenger Transport in Great Britain, Statistics for 1961-62 (I963) - The Transport Needs of Great Britain in the Next Twenty rears (1963) - Report of the Committee on Carriers' Licensing (I 96 5) -British Railways Network for Development (I967) National Income and Expenditure Blue Books RAILWAY RATES TRIBUNAL, Annual Reports, 1922-1938 Railway Returns, 187cr-I938 (annually, Board of Trade and Ministry of Transport) Statistical Abstract of the U.K., I913-1938 BIBLIOGRAPHY 239

TRANSPORT ADVISORY CoUNCIL, Report on Service and Rates ( I937) TRANSPORT TRmUNAL, Report and Proceedings (irregular) TRANSPORT UsERS' CoNSULTATIVE CoMMITTEES, Reports

PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS

Basic Road Statistics (British Road Federation) The Economist Financial Times Guardian Ministry ofLabour Gazette Modern Transport Railway Gazette Statist The Times Index

Acworth, W., 14, 22 duties of, I 83, 2 I3; financial Air-raid attacks, and railways, 95, position of, 209-10; losses in• IOQ-I curred due to delays in closure, Aldcroft, D. H., I3, 24, 32 20I; new terms of reference for, Allen, C.J., 76 2I2-I3; payments for bus ser• Allen, G. F., I2, I6I, 206 vices, 202; proposals to alter Amalgamation, of railway com- structure of, 2 I8; regional panies, 8, 4I, 45; effects of, 77-8 boards of, I83 Area Boards, of railway manage• British Railways Productivity ment, I I8, I8o Council, I68 Aris, S., 204 British Transport Commission, Assets : reduction in value of, I 2 I• I27, I29, I36; railways under, I22, I83, 22I, 224; run-down of, Chs. 4 and 5; abolition of, I8I• 3 I, roo-I ; stock of, 99; transfer I82; achievements of, I73- of, under nationalization, Iog; I78; acquisitions, 108-g, rr2; see also under Capital liabilities attempt to pursue incompatible Automatic warning system, use of, obligations, I43-4, I77; attitude I63, 207 towards social obligations, I 29, I44-5, I77; borrowing powers Barker, T. C., I I of, I I2, I I5; changes in function Basic industries, depression in, of, II7-I9; criticisms of, I74-7, 53 I7g-8I; duties of, I08, II5, rr8; Beeching, Lord, I6, I85, 200, 2I I; establishment of, 108; Execu• Beeching Report, see under tives, I 09; financial provisions Reshaping Report; policy of, I 85-6 relating to, I II-I2; inadequate Bell, R., 96, IOI knowledge about costs, I8o; Birmingham-Lichfield line, I67 interest charges of, I w; invest• Board of Trade Journal, 30 ment under, I 5 I-2; Moderniza• Bradford, I I tion Plan, 149, I53-66, effects Brady, R., 85, 102, I I3, I46 of, I66-7, I68-72; obligation to Branch lines, 67; closure of, 65, break even, I I I ; and pricing I47-8, 20I-2; construction of, policy for railways, r 34-45; poor g-Io; profitability of, Io-I I quality of management, I78-g; British Docks Board, I82 progress in eliminating excess British Railways Board, I82, 200, rail capacity, I45-9; restrictions 2I I, 2Ig; achievements of, 20o- on, I I4; and revision of charges, 209; borrowing powers, 22 I ; 136-7; structure of, rr3, 181 242 INDEX

British Transport Stock, issue of, of, 30, 37, gi-2, 93; defects of IIO, Il2 charging policy, 45-6, I I4-I5, British Waterways Board, I82 I34 et seq.; delay in adjustment Broster,J., 6I, 78 of, I 36-8, I4o, reasons for, Brown, A., 75 I 36-45; determination of, I 02, Bulkeley, G., 8I I28--g; fall in, 6I-2, 63, 67; Burdett Coutts, P., 25 for freight, 38, 39, 6o-I, 62, Buses and coaches, passengers I 35, I 42; general revision of, 39, carried by, 56, I25 59; increase in, 38, 59, 66, I 04, I39, I40; inflexibility of, 2o-I, Campbell, C. D., 49 43. 45-6, 59; level of, 67, I04; Cancellation, of trains, 96 multiplicity of, I g, 6o; for Capacity: available, on railways, passengers, 38, 39, 6o-I, 62, 99; estimate of, 85, I46; excess, I35, I39; restriction on railway g-I4, I5-I8, I3I; elimination of, charging powers, I27-g, I43; I45--9, 20I; proposals to reduce stabilization of, 92, 103, I04; excess, 192; utilization of, 99 statistics on, 38--g, 6I-2, I35, Capital: allowance on railway I39, I42; under I92I Act, 42-3; capital expenditure in war-time, under I947 Act, I I I-I2, defects 30; capital expenditure, see of, II 4-I 5 ; see also under under Investment; overcapital• Pricing policy ization, 12; paid-up in railway Chester, D. N., 87 undertakings, 3; returns on, 6-7, Churchill, W., 40 I2, 13, fall in, 6-7, reasons for, Classification: determination of, 6-7, 13-14, 23; watering of 44; offreight, for pricing, Ig, 43; railway stock, 3 new,43 Capital liabilities, interest-bearing Closures: causes of delay in debt, 183, 221 ; proposals to effecting, I 48, 20 I, losses due to, reduce, 218; reduction of, I 21- 20I; estimated savings from, 122, 183, 22I, 224; see also under I48, I95; inquiries into, I48--g; Central charges and Interest of railway services, 65, I47-8, charges 20 I, proposed by Reshaping Carlisle, marshalling yard, I2, I66 Report, I 92; suspension of, 200 Carter Paterson, 86 Clyde region, electrification in, Central charges, railway share of, I6I-2 I 20, I 2 I ;see also under Interest Coal Controller, 3I charges Coal exports, decline in, 53 Central Electricity Generating Coal traffic: charges for, 62, I42; Board, contract with for con• contract for, 203; fall in, 50, I23; veyance of coal, 203 profitability of, I42, I7o, I9o; Central Transport Committee, 96, rationalization of, 3I, 203-4; 97 receipts from, 62; statistics on, Central Transport Consultative so, 99. I22 Committee, II2, I37, I48, I84 Coastal shipping, 109 Channel crossings, provided by Colwyn Committee, 35, 36 railway-owned steamers, 4 Commercial freedom, I36, I43; Charges, I9-2o, 21, 5g-66, 92, bid for, 84; greater freedom for 107, u6, I34-44, Ig6; control railways, I I8-I9, I84 INDEX 243

Committee on Railway Accounts I 4 I ; direct, I g6; discrepancy (Igw), Q4-5 with charges, QI, 3I, 37, 67-8, Common carrier obligations, 18; I04, I34-5; failure to price rail see also under Obligations services on basis of costs, Qo, 46, Commuter problem, Ig8 64, IQg, I4o, reasons for, I36- Company trains, development of, I45; indirect, Ig6; marginal, Q03 IQg; of permanent way, IgQ; Compensation, to transport share• pressure of, QQ3; rise in, 7-8, QI, holders upon nationalization, 34, 104, I34-5, Qog; scope for IOg-IO; fairness of, IIO-II reduction in, Q I o; see also under Competition: between railway Pricing policy companies, 8, I3, I4-I8, effects Cox, E. S., I6I of, I 5-I 8; between road and rail, Cross-subsidization, QQ, 64, I I4, 55-8, IQ4-6, IQ8, IQg, I30, I33; II5, I Qg; effect of I 94 7 Act on, as transport policy factor, I I 7, I I6; increased scope for as a I I8, I Ig, I8Q, I85; unfair basis result of amalgamation, 45 of, IQ7-33 , 86 Concentration, see under Amalga• mation Deficits, ug, IQo, IQI, I6o, Qog; Condor, express container service, accumulated, I83; deficit finan• I65 cing, QQI; estimates of, QI5; Congestion, I95; in inland trans• failure of modernization to port during Second World War, eradicate, I6o; Government g6; as a road charge, I 3Q advances to meet deficits, I Q I, Conservative Party, approach to I54,I84 transport, I I 7, I 8Q Depreciation: estimates of, 35, 70, Consignments, size of, I5 I5Q; of railway assets in First Construction, of new lines, Q-4 World War, 3I, 34, in Second Containers, use of, 78, I65, Q04, World War, IOo-I Q06 Diesel traction, I 57; advantages of, Control, of railways: in First 75; costs ofcompared with steam World War-Ch. QA; benefits of, and electric traction, 75; experi• 40, 44; end of, 3Q, 4I; fares and ments in, 7 5 ;increase in traffic charges under, 37; form of, Qg- resulting from, I67; neglect of, 30; lack of investment during, 75-6, I5Q, reasons for, 76; 33; in Second World War• progress with, I6I-2, QoQ; advantages of, 97-g; financial returns from, 75; savings from, terms of, go-4; machinery of, I66-7; use of, in America, 75-6, g6, 97; of transport generally, in Britain, I5Q, I6I-Q 94-IOO Dividends, 74 Costing, defects of system used by Dixon, F. H., 30 railways, I4; failure to develop Dow, G., Q5 satisfactory costing system, I8o; Dunnage,]. A., 83 see also under Costs Costs: average, IQg; cost-price Economies, I49; difficulties of structure, 37, 38, 39, 59 et seq., estimating, I58-g; due to amal• I 34 et seq. ; difficulty in deter• gamation, 77-8, 79; due to mining costs of operation, QI, modernization, I48, I67; due 12 244 INDEX

to wartime operation, 3 I, 44, 98, Fisher, S. H., 8o 99-Ioo Fishlow, A., 23 Economist, The, 35, 37, 74, I49 Foster, C. D., 132, I74 Efficiency, 23-5, Bs; comparison Freight Charges Scheme, I37, I39, with United States, 23-4; diffi• 140, I42 culties in measuring, I67-8; Freight handling: extent to which improvements in, 77-83, I68- modern methods used, 206; I72, 207-8; lag in, 24, reasons improvements in, I64-6, 204, for, 24-5; prospects for improve• 206, difficulties relating to, I64; ment in, 224; reluctance of inefficiency of, 24, 8 I ; scope for railways to adopt new tech• improvement in, 210 niques to improve, 24; scope for Freight Integration Council, 220 improvement in, 23-4; in war• Freight rates, tapering, 20; see also time,44, 99 under Charges and Pricing Electrification: advantages of, 72; policy cost of, 73-4; expected return Freight services: concentration of, from, 73-4, I59; failure of I65; improvements in, 165; railways to adopt, 72, reasons rationalization of, 201, 202-3; for, 73-4; increased traffic reorganization of, 193; special resulting from, 72, I 67; London• express services, 165 Midland scheme, I58-g, I6I, Freight terminals, rationalization I62, 167, 202; in Manchester of, 165-6, 203 region, 73; on Merseyside, 73; Freight traffic: contracts signed on North Tyneside, 71; on for, 203; encouragement of, Southern region, 71-2; switch 203; international comparisons, to, 161 17; long-term forecasts of, 223; Engine miles, 171 National Freight Corporation, Evans, A. D., 3, 15, 22 218; receipts from, 48, 120; Exchequer advances, to railways, scope for rationalization of, 206; 121, 154. 184 types of, 15; under-utilization Executives, under British Trans• of railway equipment engaged port Commission, 109 in, 16-17; volume of, 5, 50, 57- Expenditure: fall in, 44, 66, 77, 58, 99, 120, I22, I25; White 120; on roads, 132-3; statistics Paper on, 218-19 on, 6-7, 48, 120; see also under Freightliner Company, 218 Investment Freightliner services: introduction Export Express Service, 165 of, 204, 2o6; National Freight Corporation, 2I8; new organi• Fares, see under Charges zation for, 2I2; proposals for, Feinstein, C. H., 35, 69, 70 193, 218; results of, 206 Fenelon, K. G., 6o, 67, 78, 82 Fuel crisis, ofwinter I946-7, I03 Financial results, of railways, 48, 120, 121, 122,209 Glover, K. G., 71 First World War, 2, 6, 26, 34, 70, Government: advances to meet 89, xo6; administration of rail• deficits, 12I, 154, 184; compen• ways in, 29-32; effects of, on sation, 32, 35, s6; guarantee, so, railways, 27-8; see also under 37, 90-I, 92; lack of consistent Control railway policy, I 76; legislation INDEX 245

to control road transport, 84; of, after First World War, 32-6; loan to railways, 84; obligations by railways in road transport, regarding wage increases, 30, 86, returns from, 87; replace• 37; railway policy, 40-1, 83-6, ment requirements, 33; require• 108 et seq., 117-19, 179 et seq., ments, 193; in rolling stock, 4, 211 et seq.; and railways in 7o; statistics on, 70, 151--2; wartime, Ch. 2A and Ch. 3; under-investment, 31, 33, 174; traffic, 95; see also under volume of, 3, 6g-7o, 151-2, 16o; Transport policy in wartime, g6 Grants, to assist financial recon• struction of the railways, 84,221 Jackman, W. T., 66 Great Eastern Railway, 15 Johnston, K. H., 83 Great Northern Railway, Io-II, Jones, G. P., 16 13 , 4, 41 Kidd, H. C., 40 Grinling, G. H., 13 Kindleberger, C. P., 24 Gwilliam, K. M., 115, 131, 144 Kingsmoor (Carlisle), 166 Kirkaldy, A. W., 3, 15,22 Handfield-Jones, S.J., 23 Harrison, A. A., 59, 140 Labour: cost of, 67; decline in Harrison, A.J., 204 labour force, 78, 168-g, 208; Hibbs,]., 85 losses of manpower to Armed Howe, M., 149 Forces, 34, 97; productivity of, Hurcomb, Sir Cyril, 185 78-g, 16g, 207-8; shortages of, 34, 97, 100, 151 ; see also under Imperial Chemical Industries, 185 Wages Innis, H. A., 66 Labour Party: reasons for Innovation, 77-83, 161-6; lag in, nationalization of transport, 24; neglect of diesel and electric 105-7; transport policy, 211-12 traction, 73-6, 152; reluctance Laing, A., 20 ofrailways to innovate, 24, 74-5, Lawson, W. R., 11, 16, 17 reasons for, 24-5, 76 Lee, N., 221 Integration, 107, 176; abandon• Leeds-Barnsley line, 167 ment of, 185; prospects of, under Length of haul, increase in, 51, 1947 Act, 113-14; return to 95 policy of, 211-12,220 Licensing Authorities, 117 Interest charges, burden of, 121, Lloyd George, David, 40 194; of railways, 120, 121-2, Loan: advances to meet deficits, 183, 215, 221, 224 121, 154, 184; made by Govern• Investment: in ancillary under• ment to railways, 84 takings, 4; backlog of, 34-5, 36, Locomotives: condition of, 102; 100, 150; confusion over invest• end of steam, 161-2; miles run ment criteria, 158-g; disin• per locomotive, 78; performance vestment, 35, 6g-7r, roo-1, 151; of, 170--2, 208; productivity of, in electrification, 71-4; fall off 17o-2, 208; reduction in, 78, in, 2; limitations on, 151; under 208; shortages of, g6; stock of, Modernization Plan, 153-4. gg,2o8 160; in new mileage, 3; problem London, 10; transport, go London-Midland electrification, 183; intervention in charges I62, I67; completion of, 202; revision, I38; powers to make confusion over rate of return on, grants to railways, I84; powers I 58-g; cost of, I 59 under Railways Act, 42 London-Midland region, I66 Ministry of Transport, go, 14I, London, Midland and Scottish ISS, I57, 158, 176; Bill to Railway,4I establish, 37 London and North Eastern Rail• Ministry of War Transport, 93-4, way, 4I, 54; affected by gs,g6 depression in staple trades, 54 Modem Transport, 75 London and North Western Rail• Modernization, Ch. 5 passim; way,24 delay in, 152; little reference to, London Passenger Transport in 1947 Act, us-r6; need for, Board,73,go,g1, 108 I 15, I 50, 155 Board, 182 Modernization Plan, 146, 148, Losses, 48-g, ug--21, 209-10; I49, 150, 152; acceleration in, distribution of on different 155; aims, of, I53j confusion types of railway services, 120, over investment criteria relating 141-2, 186-7, rgo; on freight to, rs8-g; criticisms of, Iss-6o, traffic, 142, rgo; on passenger I67, 174-5, 177; delay in traffic, 141, 187 formulating, 152, 176; econo• mies from, I 66, 176; effects of, Maddick, H., 137 I66-7, 168-72, 179; estimates of Maintenance: arrears of, 34, 36, savings from, 156, 157; imple• 100, 101-3, reasons for, IOI, mentation of, r6o-6; limited I02, I 51; cost of, 6g; wartime effect on railway finances, 179; provision for, 92, I03 reappraisal of, I46, rs6-7; Manchester, Sheffield and Lincoln• revisions to, I54-5 shire Railway (Great Central), Moody, G. T., 72 3, II, 25 Motor transport, see under Road Manpower, see under Labour and transport Wages Motor vehicles, growth in number Marshalling yards: at Carlisle, I2, of, 55, 124, 126; see also under 166; modernization of, 166; Road transport reduction in number of, 20I Munby, D. L., 123, 131, 152, I70, Merchandise traffic, 54-5; charges I7I, I72, I75, 194, 196 for, 62, 142; losses on, 142, rgo; receipts from, 62, rgo; volume National Bus Company, 219, 220 of, so, gg, 122 National Council on Inland Trans• Midland route, 3, I I port, opposition to railway Mills, G., I49 closures, I 94 Milne, A.M., 20 National Freight Corporation, Mineral traffic: charges for, 62, 220, 22 I; proposals to establish, 142; profits on, 1go; receipts 218 from, 62, Igo; volume of, so, National Signalling Programme, gg, 122 207 Minister of Transport, 42, gi, 108, National Union of Railwaymen, 109, II I, ug, I37, I4I, I 55, 204 INDEX 247

Nationalization: implementation Phelps Brown, E. H., 23 of, 108-I2; motives for, Io6--8; Pickfords, 86 question of, 32, 40; rejection of, Pool, A. G., I6 4D-I Pratt, E. A., 15, 16, 29, 30 Nationalized industries, financial Prest, A. R., I32 objectives of, 224-5, impli• Prices: rise in, 37. s8, 103; cations for the railways, 225 stabilization of, 92; statistics on, Net income, guarantee of, so; see 38 under Revenue Pricing policy, 18-22, 59-66, I07, North-Western Road Car Com• II6, I34-45, I96; absence of pany,86 proper guidance on, 225; basis of, I8-I9, 2o-2, 42-3, I28-g; Obligations: effects of, 84; failure charges, see under that heading; to remove, 83-4; interpretation and cross-subsidization, 22, 45; of, 67, 88, I29; legal, 20, 47, 67, discrepancy between charges I28-g, I3o; relating to undue and costs as result of, 2I, 3I, 37, preference, 20, 47, 84; release 67--8, I04, 134-5; effect on from, I I8-I9, I84; removal of, revenue, 53; failure to cover II8-I9, I84; social, I29 costs properly, 20, 46, 64, 129, Oil, transport of, 203 I 40, reasons for, I 36 et seq. ; Operating ratio, decline in, 2I, 52 greater freedom in, I36, I3g-4o, Organization, of British Transport I82, I84; inflexibility of, 2o-I, Commission, II 3 45-6, 59; lack of discrimination in, 63, 64, I4o; parliamentary Paish, G., 23, 24 legislation relating to, 20, 42-3, Parmelee,]. M., 30 I I I, I I8, defects Of, 2I, 42-3; Passenger Charges Scheme, I37 requirements of, 59, 63; under Passenger coaches: age of, I 02; I947 Act, I II-I2, II4, de• awaiting repair, IOI-2; moder• fects of, II4-I5; unsatisfactory nization of, I 63; reduction of, nature of, 61, I42-5, I74, con• 208; renewal of, I o I ; stock of, sequences of, 67; weaknesses of, 99, 208; under-utilization of, I87 I8, I9, 20, 22, 45-6, 60, I36, Passenger facilities, I 63 I40, I4I-5, I 73-4; see also under Passenger services: improvement Charges in, 8o, I63, I66, 202; proposals Productivity: comparison with for withdrawal of, I92; with• other countries, I 72; of labour, drawal of, I46--8, 20I 23, I 68-g, 208, fall in, 23, Passenger traffic: losses on, I42, improvement in, 78-9, I6g-72, I87; receipts from, 48, 62, I20, 207--8; of rolling stock, I 6g-72, I39, I4I-2, 120; volume of, 5, 207--8; see also under Labour 5I,56,99 and Rolling stock Passenger Transport Authorities, Profits: of branch lines, Io-1 I; fall 2I9,220,221 in, 32, 37, I2o; from freight Permanent way: disinvestment in, traffic, I9o; from passenger 6g-7o, 71; improvements in, traffic, I87 162-3, 207; modem methods of Protection, of transport user, II 2 Inaintaining, 207; renewals, 101 Public ownership, see under Perth, I66 Nationalization 248 INDEX

Railway and Canal Commission, 85-6; financial position of, 32, 42 36, 48, 103, 104; financial Railway Clearing House, Ig, gg, prospects of, 210, 213, 222, 225; 100 future prospects of, 222-5; Railway development, before interests in non-rail transport, 1914, Ch. 1 passim; duplication 4, 85-6; investment require• of facilities, II-12, reasons for, ments, 32-3, 10o-4; losses of 13-14; length of line open for resources in war, 31, 34, Ioo; traffic, 2, 5; new track built, 3, measures to improve perform• nature of, 3-4, 5, g; scope for ance of in Second World War, expansion, 2-3 g6; nationalization of, 108-g; Railway Executive, 109; abolition new proposals for, !U3-14; of, 118; regional divisions of, II 3 organizational changes, 3g-44, Railway Executive Committee: in 108 et seq., I 17-18, 181, 182-5, First World War, 29, 30, 40; in 220-1; origins of railways' Second World War, go problems, g-26, summary of, Railway facilities: improvement 25-6; share of internal market, in, 6, 8o-1, 163, 202; reduction 56, 124-5; summary of position in, 146-8; speeding up of main• in inter-war years, 87-8; traffic line services, 8o suitable for, rg8; unfair compe• Railway Ga;;ette, 30, 40, 72, 73, tition and, 127-33; see also under 74 Charges, Efficiency, Invest• Railway management: character ment, Pricing policy, Technical of, 25; decentralization of, 118; progress, etc. deficiency in, before 1914, 25; in Railways Act (1921), 19, 22, 41, inter-war years, 76; under 59, 6o, gr, II5; amalgamation British Transport Commission, of railway companies by, 41; 178-g defects of, 44-7,66, 88; influence Railway Policy, see under Control of, 83-4; terms of, 41-4 and Government Raper, C. L., 20 Railway Rates Tribunal, 42, 43, Rates: need for revision of, 39; 46, 59; criticisms of, 65-6; little railway rates structure, 39; assistance to railways, 65-6; under 1921 Act, 42-3, 45, powers of, 42, 43, 46 exceptional, 43, 6o, 64; see also Railways: attempts to encourage under Charges and Pricing traffic, 6, 15, 16, 27, 203-4, 2o6; policy and changed economic con• Rates Advisory Committee ( 1920 ), ditions, 47-8; competition with 22,42,43.45 road transport, 55-8, 124-6, Rationalization: of railway freight 128, 129, 130, 133; condition of, facilities, 164-6, 202-3; of at end of First World War, 31-2, railway network, 166, 201; at end of Second World War, schemes for transport in war• 10o-4; conditions for viability time, 31, 97, savings from, of rail system, 28; costing g8 procedures, 14; courses of action Raw materials: price of, 104; open to, 68; deteriorating shortages of, 103, 151 position of in inter-war years, Ray, G. F., 126, 127, 172, 195, 27-8; entry into road transport, 199 INDEX 249

Receipts: from coal traffic, 53; Road haulage: denationalization fall in, 48, 66, I2o; freight, 48, of, I 17; growth of, 57-8, 125-6; I20; net, 7, 48, 93, I20, 209; nationalization of, 108-g; new passenger, 48, I20; from road licensing arrangements for, 220; users, I32-3; in Second World regulation of, 84-5 War, 93; statistics on, 6-7, 48, Road haulage licensing, 84, 85; 120 proposed changes in, 219, 220 Reconstruction, financial, of rail• Road passenger transport: changes ways, I 83, 22 I ; problem of, in organization, 2I9, 220; regu• after First World War, 3g-41, lation of, 84, 85, 219, 220; see after Second World War, 39-41 also under Road transport Redfern, P., ISI Road transport: acquisitions by Redundancy, I99 British Transport Commission, Regional accounting, I8o 108-g; advantages of, 55, 57-8; Regional development, railways competition of, 28, 56-8, 61, 68, and, I98--g 124, 127-8, 130; denationaliza• Regulation of the Forces Act tion of road haulage, u7; (I87I), 29 effects of, 56-8, 68; entry of Reorganization, debate on, 40; railways into, 85-6; gains from grouping of railway companies, rail, s6-8, 124-6; nationaliza• 4I, reasons for, 45; of nationa• tion of, 1o8-g; payment towards lized transport, I82-5, 2I2- road costs by, I 32-3; pricing 222; problem of, 32, 39-4I, policy of, compared with that 105; after war, 3g-47, 107 et of railways, 64, 127-8; restric• seq.; White Papers on, 4I, 45, tion of, 84-5; share in total I82 traffic, 56, 124-5; traffic carried Repairs, ISI; burden of, 36; to by,s6-8, 124-s rolling stock, 102 ; see also under Robbins, M., 1 1 Maintenance Robertson, Sir Brian, 185 Reserves, of railways, 36, I03 Robson, W. A., 107, I 19, 152 Reshaping Report: comparison Rolling stock: available in Second with Modernization Plan, I9g- World War, 99; condition of, 200; criticisms of, I94--g; details 101; investment in, 69, 71; of, I 86--g4; financial savings modernization of, 163; per 1000 expected from, I93, I98; imple• miles of line, in Britain and mentation of proposals, 2oo-7, other countries, I 7; productivity effects of, 207-10; neglect of of, I69-72, 207-8; proposals to pricing policy in, I96; proposals modernize, I 93; reduction in, for reform, I 92-3 208; repair of, 34; shortages of, Restriction: of railway charging 34, 96, 97, 100; statistics on, 99, powers, 1 27--9; of road trans• 171, 208 port, 84-5, effects of, 85; see also Route mileage: development of, under Obligations 3-4; network for development, Revenue, 160; fall in, 7, 37, 39, 214; proposals to reduce, 192; 104; net, 7, 48, 93, 100, 120, reduction in, 146-7, 201 209; standard, 47, 48, 54, Rowe, D. A., 51, 56, 61, 62, 125 failure to cover, 48; statistics Royal Commission on Transport on, 7, 48, 93, 120,209 (1929-31), 6o, 84 250 INDEX

Sargent,J. R., I43 Statistics, lack of, on railway Savage, C., 87, 95, 96, 98, 100, operation before I914, I4, 2I I02, I94 Steam traction: adherence to, by Scott, W. G., I2, I6 British railways, 76; end of, Scottish Motor Traction, 86 I6I--2, 202; improvements in, Scottish Transpm;t Group, 220 76 Second World War, I8, 33, 7I, 89, Stedeford Committee, 179, 181; Io6; control ofrailways in, 9o-4; recommendations of, I8I effects of, on railways, 89, 95, Stone, R., 51, 56, 6I, 62, I25 IOI, I04-5; lack of preparation Stuart-Williams, C., 69 for, go Subsidies, acceptance of policy of, Select Committee on Nationalized 220; for unremunerative rail Industries (Ig6o), I37-8, I4I, services, 22 I I55, I67; criticisms of British Sundries traffic, losses, on, 2 I 8 Transport Commission by, I 79- 8I; criticisms of Modernization Taxis, 56 Plan by, I55, I57• I59""6o, I79- Technical progress, 77-83, 161-6, I8o 20o-7; scope for, 8I, 2IOj see Select Committee on Railways also under Innovation and (Rates and Fares) (I882), I8-I9 Modernization Select Committee on Transport Thomas, David St.John, 149 (Igi8), 40 Tillings, 86 Shareholders, 74; compensation Times, The, 40, 83 paid to on nationalization of Tinsley, 166 railways, 109-10 Track: improvements to, I62-3, Shenfield-Southend line, I67 207; modem methods of main• Short, E., 6g taining,2o7;renewah, IOI Signal boxes, reduction in number Track costs: allocated between of, 163 road and rail, I3I, I33; con• Signalling, improvements in, 6, ceptual difficulties regarding, So, I 62-3, 207 I3o; payment for road track, Smith, W., 54, 57 132; railways' track cost argu• Snell,J. B., 81 ment, I3I, validity of, I3I--2 Southern Railway, 4I, 48, 53, 8I, Traders, demands of, IS, I8; 84; expenditure on electrifi• opposition to reforms on rail• cation, 7I-2, success of, 72-3; ways, 24, 82, 83 type of traffic carried by, 54 Traffic: carried in wartime, 3 I, Special Advisory Group, see under 94-5, 98, 99; changes in nature Stedeford Committee of, 54-5; decline in rail share of, Special trains, run on behalf of s6, I24-s; diversion to rail in Government, 98 wartime, 9I; fall in, 49-55, I04, Speedfreight, container service, 204 169; financial losses on, I42, Standard revenue, 42, 4B, 54; I86, I87, I9o, 195; flows of, failure to earn, 48 I86-7; fluctuations in, 49; State, see under Government freight, by rail, 5, 3I, so, 57, 99, Stations: closures proposed, I92, I22, 125, 208, by road, 57-8, effected, 20 I ; earnings of, I 86; 124-6; Government, 95; growth modernization of, I 63 in, 4-5, 15, reasons for, 5-6; INDEX 251

increase in, due to electrifica• Transport Bill (I967), comparison tion, 72; losses to road trans• with I947 legislation, 220; port, 57, 58, I24-6, I73j defects of, in relation to rail• methods ofhandling, I7-I8, 24, ways, 224; terms of, 220-2 8I, I64-6, 204, 206, 2IOj Transport Holding Company, I82, passenger, by rail, 5, 50, 52, 57, 2I2, 2I8, 2I9 99, I22, I25,208,byroad,56-7, Transport policy: changes in, I24-6; profitability of different II7-I9, 2II-I2; of Conserva• types, I23, I86, I87, I90j tive Party, I I7, I82-5; of stagnation in rail traffic, 49-55, Labour Party, I05-7, 2II-22; I22-3, I69, causes of, 53, I24 White Papers on, 2oo, 211; see et seq.; suburban, Io-I I, 73, also under Government peak hour nature of, Io; Transport Tribunal, I36, I37; suitable for railways, I98; vol• duties of, under I 94 7 Act, I I I ; ume of, 5, 5o-I, 94-5, 99, I22, reduced powers of, I84; and 208 revision of railway charges, Traffic Commissioners, I I 7 I36-43; see also under Charges Traffic costings organization, I38 and Pricing Policy Train loads, 203; compared with Transport Users Consultative other countries, 82; in Second Committees, II2, I48, I84 World War, 99-IOO Treasury, so, I55, I58-g Train miles, I7I-2, 208 Turn-round time, I7o, I72 Tramways, passengers carried by, 56 Undue preference, 20, 4 7, 84 Transport: congestion in, 96; Uneconomic services, I4-I8, 65, crisis in inland transport, 94-5; 67; estimates of, 85, I46, I86- integration of, I07, 220; motives I9o; need for removal of, 68, 8I, for nationalization of, I05-8; I46; withdrawal of, I46-8, 20I nationalization of, I08-I2j need for reorganization of, Io7; Wages: burden of, I34; rigidity of, planning of, 97; rationalization 78; rise in, 37, I03, I04, I20, schemes for in wartime, 97--8, I34, 209, 223; savings in, 79, savings due to, 98; reorganiza• 207 tion of nationalized transport, Wagons: antiquated nature ofcoal I82-5, 220-2; shortage of, in wagons, 83; awaiting repair, 34, Second World War, 94 I02; capacity of, I5, 78, I64, Transport Advisory Council, 84 I69, I7I; coal, I6; condition of, Transport Act (I947), 89, I05, I02; earnings of, I 70; limited II2, II7, II8, I36, I50, I77j use of large wagons by railways, criticisms of, I IS-I6, in relation 24, 82; mineral, loads of, I 6; to railways, I I6; terms of, ownership of, 83; reduction in, I08-I2 I64, 208, scope for, 206; short• Transport Act (I953), II7, u8, age of, 34, I 02; special type of, I36, I37. I39 I65; stock of, 99, 206, depletion Transport Act (I962), II9, 200, of, I02, I64; wagon as unit of 209, 2 I 2; terms of, I82-5 movement, 8 I ; wagon loads, 78, Transport Bill (I947), I05, I07, 82, I69, I7I, 208, compared Io8; debate on, I07 with other countries, 82 252 INDEX

Walker, G., 58, 64, 132, 137, 141 White, H. P., 72 Walker, H., 40 Williams, B., 64, 85 Wansbrough-Jones, Maj.-Gen. Ll., Wilson, H., I I I 182 Wood, W. V., 51, 78 Waters, W.L.,68,8o Work study: extent of, 168; Watkin, E., 25 savings from, 168 Watson Collin, T., 36 Working Party, to examine key Weir Committee, report of, 73-4, aspects of railway operation, unfortunate timing of, 74 212, 222-3; report of, 215, 218, Welded rails, t62, 207 223; terms ofreference, 212-13 Wheeler, G. H., 19