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Anales De Literatura Española. Núm. 28, 2016

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Anales De Literatura Española. Núm. 28, 2016 ANALES DE LITERATURA ESPAÑOLA ANALES DE LITERATURA ESPAÑOLA Director Enrique RUBIO CREMADES Codirector Miguel Ángel LOZANO MARCO Secretaría académica Eva GARCÍA FERRÓN & Cristina ROS BERENGUER Secretaría técnica Alexandra GARCÍA MILÁN Consejo editorial Carmen ALEMANY BAY (Universidad de Alicante) Beatriz ARACIL VARÓN (Universidad de Alicante) Miguel Ángel AULADELL PÉREZ (Universidad de Alicante) M.ª Ángeles AYALA ARACIL (Universidad de Alicante) Textos esenciales de Rubén Darío. Jean-François BOTREL (Université Rennes 2) Helena ESTABLIER PÉREZ (Universidad de Alicante) José María FERRI COLL (Universidad de Alicante) En el centenario de su muerte Dante LIANO (Università Cattolica di Milano) Renata LONDERO (Università degli Studi di Udine) Gregorio MARTÍN (Duquesne University) Remedios MATAIX AZUAR (Universidad de Alicante) Edición de Miguel Ángel Auladell Pérez y José Carlos Rovira Ermitas PENAS VALERA (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela) Ángel L. PRIETO DE PAULA (Universidad de Alicante) en colaboración con Ferran Riesgo Monserrat RIBAO (Universidad de Vigo) Juan A. RÍOS CARRATALÁ (Universidad de Alicante) José Carlos ROVIRA SOLER (Universidad de Alicante) Diego SAGLIA (Universitá degli Studi di Parma) Marisa SOTELO VÁZQUEZ (Universidad de Barcelona) Dolores THION SORIANO-MOLLÁ (Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour) Eva VALERO JUAN (Universidad de Alicante) Comité científico Joaquín ÁlvAREZ BARRIENTOS (CSIC) Francisco Javier DÍEZ DE REVENGA (Universidad de Murcia) Ana M.ª FREIRE LÓPEZ (UNED) Salvador GARCÍA CASTAÑEDA (Ohio State University) David T. GIES (University of Virginia) José Manuel GONZÁLEZ HERRÁN (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela) Yvan LISSORGUES (Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail) Francisco José MARTÍN CABRERO (Universitá di Torino) Piero MENARINI (Universitá di Bologna) César OLIVA (Universidad de Murcia) Leonardo ROMERO TOBAR (Universidad de Zaragoza) Santos SANZ VILLANUEVA (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Philip W. SIlvER (Columbia University) M.ª Carmen SIMÓN PALMER (CSIC) Adolfo SOTELO VÁZQUEZ (Universidad de Barcelona) ANALES DE LITERATURA ESPAÑOLA Núm. 28 (2016). SERIE MONOGRÁFICA, 18 ÁREA DE LITERATURA ESPAÑOLA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA ESPAÑOLA, LINGÜÍSTICA GENERAL Y TEORÍA DE LA LITERATURA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE Textos esenciales de Rubén Darío. En el centenario de su muerte Edición de Miguel Ángel Auladell Pérez y José Carlos Rovira en colaboración con Ferran Riesgo Los artículos publicados han sido evaluados por informantes externos, que en pares y de forma anónima han recomendado su publicación. I.S.S.N.: 0212-5889 Anales de Literatura Española se halla indizada en Depósito legal: A-537-1991 los índices RESH-CSIC y LATINDEX (catálogo). Maquetación: Marten Kwinkelenberg Asimismo, aparece recogida en las bases de datos Impresión: Kadmos de calidad PIO, ISOC y MLA. Busto de Rubén Darío en el Paseíto Ramiro de Alicante. INTRODUCCIÓN: “RUBÉN DARÍO HA MUERTO EN SUS TIERRAS DE ORO…”. CENTENARIO DEL POETA Nuestro título es un verso muy conocido que Antonio Machado escribiera en los días siguientes al 6 de febrero de 1916, cuando en León (Nicaragua) había fallecido Rubén Darío tras unos últimos años de cirrosis hepática y difículto- sa escritura. Tenía 49 años y había llegado a ser la voz más influyente de la poesía escrita en español, la voz determinante de esa renovación literaria que conocemos como modernismo. “En el principio fue Rubén Darío”, podemos decir para afirmar que la gran poesía del siglo XX latinoamericano y español se forma en su estela, para certificar que nadie influyó más que él en la recuperación del agotamiento que significaban remedos neoclásicos y estertores románticos con los que se anunciaba un final de siglo en desarrollo duradero de lo más estéril para la poesía, como es la reiteración abrumadora de algunos hallazgos y la pesadez retórica de la imitación. Darío transformó el lenguaje, su palabra y su ritmo; nada fue igual des- pués de su palabra y de su presencia que formó su carácter universal en un periplo mundial, desde su Nicaragua natal a toda Centroamérica, y luego Chi- le, Argentina, París, Madrid, Europa desde las tierras de brumas a las solares. Pertenecemos a un tiempo en el que hubo que desmontar algunas imá- genes de Rubén que determinaron nuestra visión infantil del nicaragüense. Recordamos la enciclopedia en la que estudiábamos de escolares en la que un dibujo de Darío vestido de diplomático, trazado desde una famosa fotografía del mismo, aparecía al lado de la “Salutación del optimista” que un maestro bienintencionado y querido nos hacía memorizar con su casi martilleante so- nido en el que intentaba imitar el hexámetro dactílico latino: Ínclitas razas ubérrimas, sangre de Hispania fecunda, espíritus fraternos, luminosas almas, ¡salve! Porque llega el momento en que habrán de cantar nuevos himnos lenguas de gloria… Eran tiempos del más brutal y estúpido nacionalismo que ha vivido este país, y Darío aparecía atrapado por aquella hispanidad abusiva. Hubo que aprender también que el poeta complejo llamado Rubén Darío era el de la “Salutación del optimista”, pero también el de el “Responso a Verlaine”, o el de la “Letanía de nuestro señor don Quijote”, o el de “Lo fatal”, poemas que pasaron a la memoria sin mucha necesidad de ejercicio voluntario de la misma. La relación que se ha mantenido con el poeta tiene ahora más de un si- glo de testimonios y sirve para explicar actitudes que recorrieron nuestras literaturas a través de muchas de sus figuras. Nos interesa siempre conocer que, después de unos años veinte profundamente antidarianos, surgidos en el contexto global de lo que llamamos vanguardias y en sus protagonistas princi- pales, los decenios siguientes fueron de aceptación y reconocimiento, a veces hasta apasionado, del poeta y prosista. Tantas veces hemos recordado a Jorge Luis Borges, José Lezama Lima, Pedro Salinas, Nicolás Guillén, Octavio Paz, Miguel Hernández, Mario Benedetti, etc., reconociendo a Darío como figura esencial desde posiciones poéticas divergentes. Muchas veces hemos recorda- do aquella conferencia al alimón que Federico García Lorca y Pablo Neruda dieron en Buenos Aires en 1935, manifestando su pasión dariana. En otras ocasiones, hemos relatado el debate contemporáneo sobre Rubén que protagonizaron en España, con la participación de otros, Leopoldo Alas Clarín, con su rechazo sistemático; o la distancia atenuada de Miguel de Una- muno, frente a la pasión también a veces con algún alejamiento de Ramón María del Valle Inclán, o el entusiasmo de Manuel y Antonio Machado, o la exaltación crítica y memorial de Juan Ramón Jiménez que nos dejó aquel libro, Mi Rubén Darío, que sigue siendo un testimonio imprescindible de una relación y una atracción poética. En este año 2016, donde se concentraban varios centenarios de muertes y nacimientos (Cervantes, Shakespeare, Ramon Llull, el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Rubén Darío, Camilo José Cela, Antonio Buero Vallejo, Blas de Otero, Alonso Zamora Vicente…) fue imprescindible recordar a todos. En la Uni- versidad de Alicante, el Centro de Estudios Iberoamericanos Mario Benedetti (http://web.ua.es/centrobenedetti/) celebró a comienzos de mayo unas jorna- das basadas en la lectura de textos de Darío que quince especialistas en su obra habían elegido para comentar. Eran sin duda quince textos ya clásicos de nuestra tradición literaria. Se llamó el seminario “Textos esenciales de Rubén Darío” y fue Carmen Alemany quien hizo la propuesta de plantearlo como textos que elige y co- menta cada conferenciante, mientras uno de los participantes, Teodosio Fer- nández, la celebró con su habitual precisión, en la que hablaba de que estaba muy bien lo de textos pues, si la gente se ciñe a los mismos, los lee, los co- menta, evitamos paseos por los cerros de Úbeda y reiteraciones innecesarias. Quedamos muy satisfechos de aquel seminario que durante tres días nos puso delante a un clásico como Darío en las intervenciones de Javier Díez de Re- venga, Teodosio Fernández, Carmen Ruiz Barrionuevo, Miguel Ángel Pérez Priego, Niall Binns, Rocío Oviedo, Alfonso García Morales, Francisco José López Alfonso, Joaquín Roses, Víctor Manuel Sanchis Amat, Alejandro Jacobo Egea, Ignacio Ballester y Ferran Riesgo, junto a algunos otros que no pudieron finalmente entregar su trabajo. Estos ANALES DE LITERATURA ESPAÑOLA se honran de recoger hoy las lecturas y comentarios de poemas y prosas de quien es sin duda el escritor que dio la mayor lección poética en su tiempo para América y para España. Agradecemos a Ferran Riesgo la colaboración editorial para que esta edi- ción llegara a su fin. MIGUEL ÁNGEL AULADELL PÉREZ y JOSÉ CARLOS ROVIRA Diciembre de 2016 ÍNDICE Miguel Ángel Auladell Pérez «Manuel Reina», texto esencial del joven Rubén Darío ............................... 15 Ignacio Ballester Pardo «Florentina» ................................................................................................. 39 Niall Binns «¡Pax..!» De Rubén Darío: testamento poético y acto de clausura .............. 53 Francisco Javier Díez de Revenga «Lo fatal», un poema conclusivo de Rubén Darío ....................................... 71 Teodosio Fernández Rubén Darío y su homenaje a Paul Verlaine ................................................ 85 Alfonso García Morales Paralela/mente: «El reino interior» como la «obra maestra» de Rubén Darío ............................................................................................................. 99 Alejandro Jacobo Egea Écfrasis de ida y vuelta: monólogo dramático y culturalismo en «Trébol»,
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