Research Roadmap for Smart Fire Fighting Summary Report
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Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions
Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions Joint EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Workshop August 21-25, 2017 A Collaboration of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) & U.S. NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES) What is a Fire? .Fire: – destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, smoke (ASTM E176) – the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) – the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat (Merriam-Webster) – Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a solid, liquid, and/or gas-phase fuel (NFPA FP Handbook) 2 What is a Fire? . Fire Triangle – hasn’t change much… . Fire requires presence of: – Material that can burn (fuel) – Oxygen (generally from air) – Energy (initial ignition source and sustaining thermal feedback) . Ignition source can be a spark, short in an electrical device, welder’s torch, cutting slag, hot pipe, hot manifold, cigarette, … 3 Materials that May Burn .Materials that can burn are generally categorized by: – Ease of ignition (ignition temperature or flash point) . Flammable materials are relatively easy to ignite, lower flash point (e.g., gasoline) . Combustible materials burn but are more difficult to ignite, higher flash point, more energy needed(e.g., wood, diesel fuel) . Non-Combustible materials will not burn under normal conditions (e.g., granite, silica…) – State of the fuel . Solid (wood, electrical cable insulation) . Liquid (diesel fuel) . Gaseous (hydrogen) 4 Combustion Process .Combustion process involves . – An ignition source comes into contact and heats up the material – Material vaporizes and mixes up with the oxygen in the air and ignites – Exothermic reaction generates additional energy that heats the material, that vaporizes more, that reacts with the air, etc. -
The Art of Reading Smoke for Rapid Decision Making
The Art of Reading Smoke for Rapid Decision Making Dave Dodson teaches the art of reading smoke. This is an important skill since fighting fires in the year 2006 and beyond will be unlike the fires we fought in the 1900’s. Composites, lightweight construction, engineered structures, and unusual fuels will cause hostile fires to burn hotter, faster, and less predictable. Concept #1: “Smoke” is FUEL! Firefighters use the term “smoke” when addressing the solids, aerosols, and gases being produced by the hostile fire. Soot, dust, and fibers make up the solids. Aerosols are suspended liquids such as water, trace acids, and hydrocarbons (oil). Gases are numerous in smoke – mass quantities of Carbon Monoxide lead the list. Concept #2: The Fuels have changed: The contents and structural elements being burned are of LOWER MASS than previous decades. These materials are also more synthetic than ever. Concept #3: The Fuels have triggers There are “Triggers” for Hostile Fire Events. Flash point triggers a smoke explosion. Fire Point triggers rapid fire spread, ignition temperature triggers auto ignition, Backdraft, and Flashover. Hostile fire events (know the warning signs): Flashover: The classic American Version of a Flashover is the simultaneous ignition of fuels within a compartment due to reflective radiant heat – the “box” is heat saturated and can’t absorb any more. The British use the term Flashover to describe any ignition of the smoke cloud within a structure. Signs: Turbulent smoke, rollover, and auto-ignition outside the box. Backdraft: A “true” backdraft occurs when oxygen is introduced into an O2 deficient environment that is charged with gases (pressurized) at or above their ignition temperature. -
Technical Bulletins: Drinking from a Fire Hydrant: the Fire Department's Role in Protecting the Public Water System
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange MTAS Publications: Technical Bulletins Municipal Technical Advisory Service (MTAS) 3-1-2006 Technical Bulletins: Drinking from a Fire Hydrant: The Fire Department's Role in Protecting the Public Water System Gary West Municipal Technical Advisory Service Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_mtastech Part of the Public Administration Commons The MTAS publications provided on this website are archival documents intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered as authoritative. The content contained in these publications may be outdated, and the laws referenced therein may have changed or may not be applicable to your city or circumstances. For current information, please visit the MTAS website at: mtas.tennessee.edu. Recommended Citation West, Gary, "Technical Bulletins: Drinking from a Fire Hydrant: The Fire Department's Role in Protecting the Public Water System" (2006). MTAS Publications: Technical Bulletins. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_mtastech/20 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Municipal Technical Advisory Service (MTAS) at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in MTAS Publications: Technical Bulletins by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TECHNICAL bulletin 03-01-06 DRINKING FROM A FIRE HYDRANT: The Fire Department’s Role in Protecting the Public Water System Gary L. West, Fire Management Consultant A revised state regulation concerning fire in carrying out the state’s primary enforcement hydrants is causing concern for fire department responsibility under the Federal Safe Drinking leaders, providers of public water supplies, Water Act. -
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021 Copyright © 2021 National Fire Protection Association® (NFPA®) Key Findings Smoke alarms were present in three-quarters (74 percent) of the injuries from fires in homes with smoke alarms occurred in properties reported homei fires in 2014–2018. Almost three out of five home with battery-powered alarms. When present, hardwired smoke alarms fire deathsii were caused by fires in properties with no smoke alarms operated in 94 percent of the fires considered large enough to trigger a (41 percent) or smoke alarms that failed to operate (16 percent). smoke alarm. Battery-powered alarms operated 82 percent of the time. Missing or non-functional power sources, including missing or The death rate per 1,000 home structure fires is 55 percent lower in disconnected batteries, dead batteries, and disconnected hardwired homes with working smoke alarms than in homes with no alarms or alarms or other AC power issues, were the most common factors alarms that fail to operate. when smoke alarms failed to operate. Of the fire fatalities that occurred in homes with working smoke Compared to reported home fires with no smoke alarms or automatic alarms, 22 percent of those killed were alerted by the device but extinguishing systems (AES) present, the death rate per 1,000 reported failed to respond, while 11 percent were not alerted by the operating fires was as follows: alarm. • 35 percent lower when battery-powered smoke alarms were People who were fatally injured in home fires with working smoke present, but AES was not, alarms were more likely to have been in the area of origin and • 51 percent lower when smoke alarms with any power source involved in the ignition, to have a disability, to be at least 65 years were present but AES was not, old, to have acted irrationally, or to have tried to fight the fire themselves. -
Flood After Fire Fact Sheet: Risks and Protection
FACT SHEET Flood After Fire Fact Sheet Risks and Protection Floods are the most common and costly natural hazard in the nation. Whether caused by heavy rain, BE FLOODSMART – REDUCE YOUR RISK thunderstorms, or the tropical storms, the results of A flood does not have to be a catastrophic event to flooding can be devastating. While some floods develop bring high out-of-pocket costs, and you do not have over time, flash floods—particularly common after to live in a high-risk flood area to suffer flood wildfires—can occur within minutes after the onset of a damage. Around twenty percent of flood insurance rainstorm. Even areas that are not traditionally flood- claims occur in moderate-to-low risk areas. Property prone are at risk, due to changes to the landscape owners should remember: caused by fire. The Time to Prepare is Now. Gather supplies in Residents need to protect their homes and assets with case of a storm, strengthen your home against flood insurance now—before a weather event occurs damage, and review your insurance coverages. and it’s too late. No flood insurance? Remember: it typically takes 30 days for a new flood insurance policy to go WILDFIRES INCREASE THE RISK into effect, so get your policy now. You may be at an even greater risk of flooding due to . Only Flood Insurance Covers Flood Damage. recent wildfires that have burned across the region. Most standard homeowner’s policies do not cover Large-scale wildfires dramatically alter the terrain and flood damage. Flood insurance is affordable. An ground conditions. -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families
A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families JULY 2019 A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families July 2019 NOTE: This publication is a draft proof of concept for NWCG member agencies. The information contained is currently under review. All source sites and documents should be considered the authority on the information referenced; consult with the identified sources or with your agency human resources office for more information. Please provide input to the development of this publication through your agency program manager assigned to the NWCG Risk Management Committee (RMC). View the complete roster at https://www.nwcg.gov/committees/risk-management-committee/roster. A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families provides honest information, resources, and conversation starters to give you, the firefighter, tools that will be helpful in preparing yourself and your family for realities of a career in wildland firefighting. This guide does not set any standards or mandates; rather, it is intended to provide you with helpful information to bridge the gap between “all is well” and managing the unexpected. This Guide will help firefighters and their families prepare for and respond to a realm of planned and unplanned situations in the world of wildland firefighting. The content, designed to help make informed decisions throughout a firefighting career, will cover: • hazards and risks associated with wildland firefighting; • discussing your wildland firefighter job with family and friends; • resources for peer support, individual counsel, planning, and response to death and serious injury; and • organizations that support wildland firefighters and their families. Preparing yourself and your family for this exciting and, at times, dangerous work can be both challenging and rewarding. -
Cosumnes Fire Department History
COSUMNES FIRE DEPARTMENT HISTORY The rich history of the Cosumnes Community Services District (District) dates back 127 years to the establishment of three districts: the Elk Grove Fire Protection District (1893), the Galt Fire Protection District (1921), and the Elk Grove Recreation and Park District (1936), which combined in two phases. In 1985, the Elk Grove Fire Protection District and Recreation and Park District merged to form the Elk Grove Community Services District. The Galt Fire Protection District merged with the Elk Grove Community Services District in 2006 to form today’s District, which takes its name from the nearby Cosumnes River. The following is a chronological history of the Cosumnes Fire Department, with the Elk Grove and Galt’s Fire Department’s history listed prior to the merger. ELK GROVE FIRE DEPARTMENT 1892 – 2006 • After a series of fires destroyed all but two buildings on Main Street in 1892, a group of citizens who started the Elk Grove Water Company, constructed an 80-foot water tower on Elk Grove Boulevard. The tank held 45,000 gallons of water, and 3,500 feet of water main was laid east and west on Elk Grove Boulevard, and five fire hydrants were installed. The Elk Grove Water Company conceived the idea of forming a Fire Department. • In 1893 the Elk Grove Fire Department was founded with a single hose cart and a small group of dedicated volunteers. • In 1897 a hose cart shed, hose drying tower, and fire bell were installed to alert the volunteer firefighters, special ordered from San Francisco. It was erected in the hose-drying tower located east of the Southern Pacific Depot. -
FHFD Newsletter Summer 2009
Newsletter Volume 11, Issue 1 August 2009 www.fhfd.org FIRE COMPANY PRESIDENT FIRE DEPARTMENT CHIEF FIRST AID CAPTAIN Jim Butler III Shaun Foley Brian O’Reilly FIRE POLICE CAPTAIN WATER RESCUE CAPTAIN AUXILIARY PRESIDENT Gene Stefanelli John P. Felsmann Dale Connor It’s Fair Time! The 2009 Fireman’s Fair opens this week! Friday, August 28 --- Saturday, September 5 The fun starts at 6:00 pm every night. - The Fair will be closed Sunday - HELP WANTED: The Fair Haven Fireman’s Fair is the Would you like to be part of the fun? longest running Fair in New Jersey! There’s still time to sign up to volunteer for Don’t miss out on these traditions: one or more nights! Where would you • Homemade clam chowder at the Firehouse Sea- like to work? food Restaurant (Doors open at 6:00 pm) Game Booths • Food Prep and Set Up • Wednesday is Family Night! One less ticket gets Waitresses you on a ride! Restaurant Hosts • Outback Snack Bar • Super 50/50 Drawing is Saturday night, Septem- ber 5th! Last year’s winner won over $20,000! • Sign up today at: www.fhfd.org • First Aid Squad Raffle: A SONY 40” Or LCD HDTV Flat Screen TV! Stop by the • Personnel Booth any • Many rides and game booths for kids of all ages! night Old favorites such as the Rainbow Ride, the Zipper of the Fair and sign and the Ferris Wheel...plus some surprises! Have you up with Joe or Rich. noticed the new Teacup Ride? - 1 - WATER, WATER, EVERYWHERE! FAIR HAVEN FIRE DEPARTMENT n June 13th, the Fair Haven Fire Depart- O ment hosted its first wetdown in over 15 years. -
Session 611 Fire Behavior Ppt Instructor Notes
The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 1 Recruit Firefighter Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 Slide 2 © Darin Echelberger/ShutterStock, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Fire Behavior Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 3 Some have said that fires in modern furnished Fires Are Not Unpredictable! homes are unpredictable • A thorough knowledge of fire behavior will help you predict fireground events Nothing is unpredictable, firefighters just need to know what clues to look for Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 4 Connecticut Fire Academy Recruit Program CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 of 26 Revision: 011414 The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 5 A basic understanding of how fire burns will give a Chemistry firefighter the ability to choose the best means of • Understanding the • Fire behavior is one of chemistry of fire will the largest extinguishment make you more considerations when effective choosing tactics Fire behavior and building construction are the basis for all of our actions on the fire ground Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 6 What is Fire? • A rapid chemical reaction that produces heat and light Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 7 Types of Reactions Exothermic Endothermic • Gives off heat • Absorbs heat Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 8 Non-flaming -
IT's 10 P.M. Do You Know What Apps Your Kids Are Using?!?!?
Instagram Facebook Twitter Snapchat Musical.ly WhatsApp kik SayAt.Me Marco Polo Monkey Ask.Fm House Party Fire Chat After School Sarahah VIDEO-MESSAGING APPS • VIDEO APPS LIKE MARCO POLO, HOUSE PARTY AND FIRECHAT ARE THE NEW CHAT ROOMS • MARCO POLO, WHICH HAS BEEN DOWNLOADED AT LEAST 10 MILLION TIMES ON THE GOOGLE PLAY STORE, TOUTS ITSELF AS A VIDEO “WALKIE-TALKIE.” YOU MAKE A VIDEO AND SEND IT. IN RESPONSE YOUR FRIEND MAKES A VIDEO. ALL THE VIDEOS LIVE IN A QUEUE; YOU ADD A VIDEO WHEN IT’S CONVENIENT. YELLOW • YELLOW, WHICH HAS BEEN CALLED “TINDER FOR TEENS” (SWIPE RIGHT IF YOU WANT TO BECOME FRIENDS WITH SOMEONE; SWIPE LEFT IF YOU DON’T), OPENS WITH A GEO-LOCATOR. THERE IS A 13-YEAR- OLD AGE MINIMUM, WHICH THERE’S NO WAY OF VERIFYING. ANONYMOUS APPS • ANONYMOUS APPS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR PEOPLE INTERESTED IN A FACELESS AND NAMELESS DOCUMENTATION OF THEIR LIVES (AS OPPOSED TO A SELFIE), DRAWING IN CHILDREN WHO LEARNED FROM EARLIER GENERATIONS ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF AN OFFENSIVE ONLINE FOOTPRINT. • THERE ARE A NUMBER OF ANONYMOUS APPS ON THE MARKET — AFTER SCHOOL, SARAHAH, SAYAT.ME, MONKEY AND ASK.FM ARE SOME OF THE MOST POPULAR — ALL OF THEM PROMISING THE SAME FEATURE: SPILL INTIMATE FEELINGS ABOUT YOURSELF OR, ON THE FLIP SIDE, SPREAD RUMORS AND ATTACK FRIENDS, WITHOUT ANY TRACE OF WHO SAID WHAT. EPHEMERAL APPS • MANY ADULTS HAVE HEARD OF SNAPCHAT AND INSTAGRAM STORIES, BUT WHAT ABOUT LIVE.LY, A RISING LIVE-STREAMING APP WITH A LARGE TEENAGE AUDIENCE? • ALL THREE WORK LIKE A DISAPPEARING MAGIC ACT. -
Early Career Award in Fire Science
Early Career Award in Fire Science 2016 Recipient Dr. Guillermo Rein, Senior Lecturer, Imperial College London, UK Dr. Rein is a prominent fire behavior scientist, studying ignition, combustion emission, smoldering and interactions of fires and ecosystems. At this early stage of his career, his greatest contributions have been in the area of smoldering wildfires, where he has revolutionized the experimental and numerical description of these fires, translating science from engineering to applications such as fire history, emissions and climate change. This work has been published in over 67 journal papers, receiving more than 1700 citations throughout his short career. Among these, 17 journal papers and 6 keynote lectures have focused specifically on wildland fires. Dr. Rein was first introduced to the subject of wildland fires by Professor Scott Stephens in his course Fire Ecology at University of California, Berkeley. Immediately following his PhD on computational smoldering combustion (graduated in Dec. 2005), he began his early research career on wildland fires as a member of the large international consortium, Fire Paradox (EU FP7) in 2006. Since then, he became a leader in the emerging field of smoldering wildfires, relating their effects to carbon emissions, fire ecology, and climate change. The impact of his work in both the combustion and geoscience communities has been equally impressive and measurable. The results of his wildfire work have been published in 2 book chapters, the International Journal of Wildland Fire, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Nature Geoscience and awarded twice the Distinguished Paper Awards (2009 and 2013) in the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute.