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NIST Special Publication 1191 | NIST Special Publication 1191 Research Roadmap for Smart Fire Fighting Research Roadmap for Smart Fire Fighting Summary Report Summary Report SFF15 Cover.indd 1 6/2/15 2:18 PM NIST Special Publication 1191 i Research Roadmap for Smart Fire Fighting Summary Report Casey Grant Fire Protection Research Foundation Anthony Hamins Nelson Bryner Albert Jones Galen Koepke National Institute of Standards and Technology http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1191 MAY 2015 This publication is available free of charge from http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1191 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Willie May, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 1 6/1/15 8:59 AM Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. The content of this report represents the contributions of the chapter authors, and does not necessarily represent the opinion of NIST or the Fire Protection Research Foundation. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1191 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1191, 246 pages (MAY 2015) This publication is available free of charge from: www.nfpa.org/SmartFireFighting SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 2 6/1/15 8:17 AM Table of Contents List of Keywords viii List of Figures x List of Tables xii List of Acronyms xiii Overall Abstract xx Acknowledgements and Disclaimer xxi SECTION 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Background and Vision 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The Current State of Fire Fighting 4 1.3 A Vision of Fire Protection and Fire Fighting in the Future 5 1.4 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 6 1.5 Technical Challenges 14 1.6 Steps in the Development of Smart Fire Fighting 18 1.7 References 18 SECTION 2 Core Chapters 21 Chapter 2 Communications Technology and Delivery Methods 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Remote Voice Communications Technologies 24 2.3 Remote Data Communications Technologies 25 2.4 Overview of Emergency Responder Wireless Communications 32 2.5 Perceived Priorities for Research 35 2.6 References 36 Chapter 3 Sensors as Part of Personal Protective Equipment 39 3.1 Description of Problem 39 3.2 The Fire Fighting Environment and Associated Measurements 43 3.3 Physiological Monitoring and Measurements 48 iii SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 3 5/26/15 2:01 PM iv Table of Contents 3.4 Sensory Support 49 3.5 Tracking and Location 51 3.6 Electronic Textiles and Wearable Technologies 52 3.7 Other Considerations 52 3.8 References 54 Chapter 4 Mobile Sensors 59 4.1 Use of Sensor Technology Integral to or Delivered by Portable Equipment and Mobile Apparatus 59 4.2 Literature Review 62 4.3 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 68 4.4 Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research 69 4.5 Perceived Priorities for Research 71 4.6 References 73 4.7 Additional Reading 75 Chapter 5 Stationary Sensors 77 5.1 Description of Stationary Sensors 77 5.2 Historical Context and Literature Review 78 5.3 Summary of Current State of the Art 80 5.4 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 83 5.5 Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research 84 5.6 Perceived Priorities for Research 85 5.7 References 93 5.8 Case Study References for 5.6.4 94 5.9 Additional Reading 95 Chapter 6 Data Collections 97 6.1 Overview 97 6.2 Planning and Analysis 97 6.3 Preparedness 99 6.4 Response 100 6.5 Recovery 102 6.6 National Incident Reporting Systems in Use or Under Development 103 6.7 Looking Forward: Data Collection at the Local Level in a Unified and Scalable “System of Systems” 105 6.8 Conclusion 107 6.9 References 107 SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 4 5/26/15 2:01 PM Table of Contents v Chapter 7 Hardware/Software 109 7.1 Introduction and Content 109 7.2 Hardware/Software and Interoperability: A Fire Fighter Perspective 110 7.3 Case Study to Present the Technological Research Roadmap 114 7.4 Potential Action 119 7.5 Acknowledgments 120 7.6 References 120 Chapter 8 Real-Time Data Analytics 123 8.1 Case Study Description of Topic Area 123 8.2 Risk-Based Preparedness and Fire Prevention Efforts 125 8.3 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 126 8.4 References 128 8.5 Additional Reading 128 Chapter 9 Fire Service Data User Applications — Pre-Emergency and Post-Event 129 9.1 Description of Topic Area 129 9.2 Literature Review 130 9.3 Current State of the Art 132 9.4 Summary of Perceived Future Trends 132 9.5 Terminology 137 9.6 References 137 Chapter 10 Use of Data During an Emergency Event 139 10.1 Introduction/Motivation 139 10.2 Literature Review and Summary of Current State of the Art 140 10.3 Where Is the Starting Line? 140 10.4 Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research 142 10.5 Proposed Approach 143 10.6 Fire Service Information Needs 149 10.7 Use of Data During a Wildland Fire 152 10.8 Use of Data During a Special Event (e.g., Hazmat, EMS, Tech Rescue) 154 10.9 Evaluation, Validation, and Technology Transfer 156 10.10 Future Research Problems and Priorities 158 10.11 References 159 SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 5 5/26/15 2:01 PM vi Table of Contents Chapter 11 Non–Fire Fighter Data User Applications 161 11.1 Overview 161 11.2 Call Processing Centers and Emergency Point of Contact (9-1-1 Centers) 162 11.3 Emergency Medical Receivers (Hospitals) 165 11.4 General Public and Building Occupants 167 11.5 Governmental Administration 172 11.6 References 174 11.7 Additional Reading 175 Chapter 12 User Interface Delivery Methods 177 12.1 Introduction 177 12.2 Review of Literature 180 12.3 Current State of the Art 183 12.4 Perceived Future Trends 188 12.5 Technology Gaps 193 12.6 Perceived Priorities for Research 194 12.7 References 194 SECTION 3 Conclusion 197 Chapter 13 Core Chapter Observations 199 13.1 Introduction 199 13.2 Research Priorities for Communications Technology and Delivery Methods (Chapter 2) 199 13.3 Research Priorities for Sensors as Part of Personal Protective Equipment (Chapter 3) 200 13.4 Research Priorities for Mobile Sensors (Chapter 4) 200 13.5 Research Priorities for Stationary Sensors (Chapter 5) 202 13.6 Research Priorities for Data Collections (Chapter 6) 202 13.7 Research Priorities for Hardware/Software (Chapter 7) 203 13.8 Research Priorities for Real-Time Data Analytics (Chapter 8) 204 13.9 Research Priorities for Fire Service Data User Applications — Pre-Emergency and Post-Event (Chapter 9) 205 13.10 Research Priorities for Use of Data During an Emergency Event (Chapter 10) 205 13.11 Research Priorities for Non–Fire Fighter Data User Applications (Chapter 11) 206 13.12 Research Priorities for User Interface Delivery Methods (Chapter 12) 207 13.13 References 208 SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 6 5/26/15 2:01 PM Table of Contents vii Chapter 14 Summary Observations and Recommendations 209 14.1 Introduction 209 14.2 Overview of Research Roadmap Key Elements 209 14.3 Standardization 209 14.4 Developmental Gaps 211 14.5 Broad Conceptual Gaps 215 14.6 Solution Approaches 218 14.7 Overall Summary and Next Steps 220 14.8 References 223 SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 7 5/28/15 7:13 AM viii Table of Contents List of Keywords actionable intelligence, 118 alerting, 161 building information modeling (BIM), 77 communication, 23 communication technologies, 25 computation, 109 computer-based simulations, 126 context of use, 178 cyber-physical systems (CPS), 3, 59 dashboard, 142 data, 23, 97 data analytics, 125 data collection, 102 database, 104 data-driven approaches, 158 decision making, 193 decision theory, 127 delivery methods, 178 education, 130 electronic safety equipment (ESE), 54 emergency dispatch, 163 enforcement, 137 fire service emergency responder, 5 geographic information systems (GIS), 141 hardware, 109 human centered design, 179 human sensing, 77 inspection, 130 integration, 179 Internet of Things, (IoT), 66 interoperability, 110, 179 investigation, 130 mobile communications, 68 SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 8 5/26/15 2:01 PM Table of Contents ix mobile computing, 59 mobile sensor platforms, 69 modeling, 90 networking, 25 NG9-1-1, 162 notification, 161 personal protective equipment (PPE), 39 post-event, 132 pre-emergency, 132 pre-planning, 133 protocols and interface standards, 112 risk-based inspection, 161 robotic applications, 61 sensors, 39, 140 simulation, 116 situational awareness, 141 Smart Fire Fighting, 3 software, 109 stationary sensors, 78 training, 133 unmanned aircraft system (UAS), 60 unmanned vehicles, 60 usability, 178 user interface, 177 user testing, 193 visualization, 146 SFF15_CH00_FM_i_xxii.indd 9 5/26/15 2:01 PM x Table of Contents List of Figures Figure 1.1 Example of the Smart Fire Fighting process. Figure 1.2 Historical perspective on technology development. Figure 1.3 Key concepts of the Smart Fire Fighting framework. Figure 1.4 Screen-shot of en-route information displayed by emergency responder’s laptop of the Wilson Hospital floor plan. Figure 2.1 Typical communication realms for an emergency event. Figure 3.1 A tethered helmeted fire fighter prepares to enter a structure. Figure 3.2 Schematic of multisensor fire fighter PPE. Figure 3.3 Triplet of MEMS gas sensors with integrated wireless transmitter. Figure 3.4 Concept drawing for interoperable spacesuit sensor, communication, and data system.
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