** ofEngineeringandTechnology, people through field survey. local the by identified are places insecure some and authority police the from collected were theft vehicle research street crimes.Fortheoverall with differentof on occurrence impact have activity spaceswhich in public lead tochange elements design crime withtheselectedfourstudyarea.Inmicrolevel studyrevealsthatdifferenttypes oflanduse Space Syntax spatial layoutanddifferentfactors withsomeelementsof like landusealong streetscape. planning physical between is studiedthroughtheassociation layout andothercharacteristics.Inthislevel,therelationship area(DCC)accordingtotheirphysical areashavebeenselectedfromDhakaCityCorporation (police station) elements Keywords: streetcrime,spatialdistribution, planning onoccurrenceofstreetcrimesinacity. micro levelt proposing urbandes and triestorecommenddif inc * A Urmee Chowdhury City Occurrence ofStreetCrimesin of SpatialPlanning Aspects in Ab Volume 15,December2018 Nakhara: JournalofEnvironmentalDesignandPlanning S reasing streetcrime. This research focusesontherelationshipbetweenspatialplanningandstreetcrimes Faculty ofArchitectureand Corresponding author: Ahsanullah UniversityofScienceand Faculty of Architectureand Planning [email protected] s Study ontheRelationship t city of the world. The study area for this researchis Dhaka city, ansituationof which isexperiencing developing every in problems crime significant the are theft, vehicle and mugging like crime, treet rac hrough dif methodology was applied to assess the impact of spatial configuration in occurrence of street t ign andinfrastr f erent spatialthedetail andphysicalplanningcomponents.For levelstudy, * /Ishrat Islam ferent s It is expected that the outcome of this research will unveil the impacts of spatial [email protected] trategies forpreventionofcrimeandviolenceinthestreetsDhak A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity ucture planning. Planning the street crime data (both macro and micro level) of mugging and of mugging micro level) the streetcrimedata(bothmacroand **

s niguration, patial con , , BangladeshUniversity Technology, Bangladesh The s tudy triestoassesstherelationshipfrommacro land-use, crimedensity,streetscape four Thana a cityby

Nakhara 11 Nakhara 12 predict the street characteristics that attract criminals predict the street characteristics that attract criminals between spatialplanning and crimes in orderto planning. This paperfocusesontherelationship by incorporating urban design and infrastructure city in thestreetsofDhaka of crimeandviolence forprevention strategies recommends research This Bank, 2007). have been identified as key issues for Dhaka (World law andorder. In this situation Crimeandviolence of problems results ingrowing governance, urban construction, increasingairpollutionandpoor electric supply,and drainage,irregular unplanned sanitation poor shortages, water congestion, traffic highlandprices, , poorhousing,excessively (Hossain, 2006). The character of live Dhaka, with large population total country‘s of 10% than less of thecountry‘scrimeoccursinDhakaCitywhere to According 61% nearly (1996) Baqee and Ahmed 2007). Bank, (World country the of rest the in than poor. The situationinDhakaisthoughtto be worse issues forDhaka,andparticularlyaffects the urban key as identified been have violence and Crime living inslumsandsquattersettlements. 2001). Significant portions of Dhaka’s population are (UN 2015 in million 22.8 of population total a reach expected to grow at a 3.99% annual growth rate and also continue to remain high. During 2000-2015 it is will population Dhaka’s of rate growth The 2001). (UN 7% was 1975-2000 during population the of which reached 12.5 million in 2000. The growth rate with a manageable population of 2.2 million in 1975 commensurate with its overall development. It began not is Dhaka of transformation massurban rapid experiencing ahighrateofurbangrowth. This As a fast-growing megacity, Dhaka has been of streetcrime. exception andisahorrifyingsituation experiencing Dhakacity,The studyareaforthisresearch, isno usually committed outdoors (UK Home Office 2009). such as vandalism, car theft and mugging that are The mosttalkedaboutstreetcrimerefersto street is oneof the mainproblems ineverydaylife. on thequalityofurbanlife.Crimethatoccurs impact has adeep which concern be amajorurban problem for every society andalwaysconsideredto city.developing social Crime isalsoapredominant every for situation considered asadisquieting Crime occurrenceinurbanareasisalways Int roduc t io n secure andsafercommunityinthecity. for a makers toplan architects andpolicy planners, for beneficial be will research this of Findings city. law enforcersinof the diminutionstreet crime ina can beausefultoolforpoliceadministratorsand of streetcrimesinacityandit on theoccurrence will unveiltheeffects ofphysicalplanningfactors thattheoutcomeofthisresearchIt isexpected spatial andphysicalplanningcomponents. from the macro scale to micro scale through different order situation. The studyassessestherelationship on otherfactors as factors, socio-economic lawand environmental aspects and less priority will be given street crime. is physical The focusofthisresearch theyofferthe opportunities and of totheoccurrence in Fanek,1997). 1961 (Jacob, them surrounding activity all observe inaway thatallowsresidentsto buildings orienting for and argued andlessisolated less anonymous areas could be reduced if those areas became activity. She proposed that crime in urban residential (”eye onthestreet”)isagooddeterrenttocriminal and indicatedthatinformal(natural)surveillance space arecrucialelementstotheurbanvitality of public appreciation and of people the circulation that argued She place. a of features situational and specific site on focused Jacob (1961). Jacobs develop atheorylinkingcrimetostreetusewas to planner urban contemporary first The 1972: in Newman Oscar by theory Space Defensible and (1961) Jacob Jane by theory Surveillance Natural (Kruger, 2005). to reduce opportunities for specific crimes to occur discrete managerialandenvironmentalchanges prevention, which involves the introduction of crime“defensible space”ideas,andsituational housing schemesintheUnitedStatesthroughhis effects the reduce form to public in ofcrime architectural using at attempts Newman’s Oscar between crimeand street layout and land use, the work of JaneJacobs regarding the relationship various angles over the time. Earlier studies include environment hasbeenstudiedextensivelyfrom The relationshipbetweencrimeandthephysical feelings: design theoriesregardingsecurity Street designanddifferenturban considered. One is the place of actual crime related toinsecurityfromcrime occurrenceare study, this In planning spatial of dimensions two (Brunsdon etal,1995). figures official the with associated consequences criminal behaviour, non-reportable crimes and other occurrence. This wouldallowustoaddressthe crime actual with associated problem the of figures official the by identified not is which “vulnerability” as termed is (1995) al et Brunsdon by given view Another 2000). Bryan, and (Henry segment) street place (suchasastreetcorner, or address, building an object in propertycrimes)convergetimeand and target(referstoapersoninpersonalcrimes dimensional event that occurs whenthe law, offender multi- complex, a as defined be Jefffery,can crime which theyhappen. and According toBrantingham Crimes cannotbeseparatedfromthespacein Aspects Crime andSpatialPlanning et. al.,1994). transit(Beavon, public or street-level automobiles those using particularly of criminals, target choices the mobility patterns, awarenessspaces and The study suggested that street networks influence cities throughzoningandroadnetworkdevelopment. created by the importanceofurbanbackground crime totals. The findings of the study clearly point to to accessibility and traffic flow and to overall property concentration ofpotentialtargets was highlyrelated in thelessaccessibleandusedareas. The lower and used areas highly and more accessible be ofimportance.Crimewashigherin substantial to found were flow traffic and complexity network volume andquantityof potential targets. Both road traffic accessibility, relative segment’s that with amount ofpropertycrime in eachstreetsegment potential targets. The studycomparedtherelative networks, propertycrime,andtheconcentrationof the relationshipsamongaccessibilityof street Brantingham’s (Beavon, et. al., 1994), which explored But later, A study done by the Beavon and Environmental Design (CPTED) (Baran, et al, 2007). ofCrimePrevention for thedevelopment Through defensible spaceprovidedthetheoreticalgrounding and natural surveillance. Later, the concept of and its most important elements of territoriality space defensible of idea the elaborated Newman A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity sellers. security guards,students,architects, and localtea workers, office including people; of mix diverse a included and participants, size fromthreetoeight repeated ineach Thana. Focusgroupsvariedin from thesefocusgroupmeetings. The processwas recorded crimeandspacecontextwere on residents vulnerable crime locations and the views of the of thesefocusgroupswastoassessthe purpose studyareas. the selected in of people groups The group discussionswereconductedwithdifferent posts, andotherattributesofthestudyarea.Focus of lamp entry points,position features, building wall attributes suchaslanduse,roadnetwork,boundary areas to find the characteristics of physical planning A thestudy in out carried was survey physical interviews andfocusgroupdiscussion. observation, field survey, field survey, literature as General methodswereusedtogatherdatasuch been gatheredfromprimaryandsecondarysources. crime dataanddifferent spatial data(mapsetc.)have In thisresearch,different statisticalandreported Meth of crimearenothigh(Kruger, 2005). others caninduce fear, even inareaswherelevels of safety,can impartafeeling environments while Certain safety. of perceptions influencing in role significant a play also can environment The 2004). vegetation) can help ameliorate crime (Liggett, et al, can block views (for example, blank walls,thick well-lit areas)andtheabsenceoffeaturesthat as openstorefronts,unobstructedwindows,and ofasite(such features thatincreasethevisibility the incidence of crime. The presence of physical uses hasbeenfoundtohaveamajoreffect on land Surrounding 2004). al, et (Liggett, attractive where residential areas considered being least criminals, for target attractive more be to tended crime, foundthat commercial andtransitionalareas examine the relationship between land useand to Columbia of District the in done Study A2006). of crime or actualcrimelocation (LongandBaran, between physicalenvironmentandfear relationship the exploring on focused research of bodies Differentenvironment. with thephysical associated Crime has long been thought to be intimately related tofearandinsecurefeelingsofpeople. people local the by identified place insecure the is authority andanother to police reported occurrence odo l o gy o f theSt ud y

Nakhara 13 Nakhara 14 space (Hillier, 1996). a global integration map of the whole of a whole most segregatedspaceofa system andproduce red throughpurple,meansmost integratedtothe the maptheseintegrationvaluesrepresentedfrom In system. the in lines other all from ‘depth’ linear mean its reflects line each of value’ ‘integration The ‘integration’. of measure the through exactly view of its constituent lines can be measured of thepoint from aspace of configuration The activity inurbanenvironments.(Fanek,1997). map in representing the patterns of movement and Research hasrevealedtheimportanceofaxial all spacesinthenetworkknownasanaxialmap. of the fewest and longest lines of vision that link The spatial configuration is represented by the set spaces as a continuous network of open spaces. configuration ofcitiesbydefiningallexternal Space Syntax analysisexamines the spatial et.al., 2014). is; theaxiallinesor“linesofsight”(Al_Sayed,K. lines that cover all convex spaces in a map, that reduces thesespacestothelongestaccessible the genericfunctionofstreetspacesandhence; urban scale,SpaceSyntaxregardsmovementas condition for a functioninglayoutstructure. On an where permeabilityofallspacesisthepriority occupation asthefundamentalfunctionsofalayout, and movement defining with starts Syntax Space Space SyntaxMethodology streetscape elements. Space Syntaxmeasures,landuseanddifferent attributes asintegrationandconnectivityof the relationship on the basis of physical planning statistical tools. The datawasanalysedtoestablish methodology, incorporatingGISdataanddifferent street crime is analysed through Spaceyntax The relationship of spatial configuration with 2005). phenomenon or to display classes of values (Yang, or shaded to reflect the value of the mapped type of thematic map in which areas are coloured rate andcrimedensity. Choroplethmapsarea software withattributesusingcrimecount, represented inaChoroplethmapusingGIS street crimes of all Thana in the DCC area were At the Macro Level, the spatial distribution of income group. Ramna, developedformiddleorlower-middle residential planned and , income group. The other twoareinadequately developed for Dhanmondi, upperandupper-middle areas class, plannedresidentiallikeGulshanand four Thana, two of them are selectedfrom higher availability to accomplish the study. Among the of socialgroup,crimerate,builtspaceanddata use, accommodation of land character diversified the of DCCareahavebeenselectedconsidering Stations) (Police Thanas Four 2007). (BBS census a population of about 5.33 million according to 2001 and km square 153.84 of area an has which Area, selected fromtheDCC(DhakaCityCorporation) To conducttheresearch,studyareahasbeen Sele distribution of crime. It also delineates theactivityof delineates of crime.Italso distribution Land useplaysapivotalrolein thepatternofspatial area inDifferent L Banani hasturnedtocommercialarea. But now the land use of major portion of Gulshan and income peopleandUttara for middle income people. by the DIT as areasfor planned residential higher developed were Baridhara and Banani Gulshan, industrial withsomeresidential andcommercialuse. area. use ofthe The land Tejgaonis mainly area commercial areasetc.alongwiththeresidential of landwith enougheducational andhealth institutes, 1958. But now Dhanmondi has turned to mixed use in city Dhaka of plan master first the to according was developedasaplannedresidentialarea as acommercialarea developed whereDhanmondi residential and industrial. Motijheel area was there aremixturesoflanduselikecommercial, the roadside.InoldDhaka to infrastructurealong side byforeasyaccess areas weredeveloped - period since 1947. The residential and commercial Dhaka citymainlystartedfromthepre-independence of development The 2007). (BBS, 2001 census to according 70.66% of rate literacy a with Mahalla of no. 731 and ward 90 total with km square 153.84 comprises withatotal Profile ofStudy Area and UseCharacteroftheDCC c t io n o f theSt T hana ud y A r e a the specific area from the land use pattern of the city. necessary toidentifythemajorlandusecharacterof understand the spatial pattern of acity it is also commercial, institutional andadministrative. To of mixedusecharacterlandwithresidential, land usepatternofacitywhichhascombination a city. The corepartof a cityisalsoguidedbythe Source: Preparedbythe Author fromtheSpatialDataprovidedbyDCC Land PatternofDCCareawithdifferent ThanaBoundary Figure 1: A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity Thana boundary. use patternof DCC areademarcateswithdifferent land the shows 1 boundary.Figure Thana different and overlainwiththelandusepatternmap by DCC fromGISdataprovided was alsocollected In this study Land use data from the DCC area

Nakhara 15 Nakhara 16 prone areasarelocatedinthecoreareaornear distribution ofstreetcrimeitwasseenthat higher. also is transaction monetary various Fromthe commercially developed urban core area where The public movement is always higher in the where thereisadensityofpublicmovement. area ofDhakacity, whereurbanactivityishigh of crime occurrence is concentrated inthe core analysis ofstreetcrimeinDCCareathatvulnerability It has been found from the spatial distribution crime rateanddensity(Chowdhury, 2013). count, as crime attributes three through is produced to conduct the research. The spatial distribution map collected from the Dhaka Metropolitan Policeis used street crimedataofall Thana ofDCCareawere distribution patternofstreetcrime. Three months is usedtoshowthe from GISapplication generated map In thisstudytheChoropleth occurrence. crime pattern ofstreet the spatial area tounderstand DCC A overall the covering done was analysis level macro U C S Source: Preparedbythe Author usingGISdata Spatial DistributionofStreetCrimes inthe Figure 2: pa s rim e t i ia e D n Dh l P is a a t tte k ri a b C u r i t n ty io o n f St a n r d ThanasofDCCarea eet

La n d

(Chowdhury, 2013). areas inthese victims proper find they as crime are favourable places forthe criminals to commit targets for exploiting by the criminals so these areas is relatedwiththepotential occurrence As criminal etc.emergedfromhere. development constructions, the country’s investment, commerce, manufacturing, asmajorityof an importantfactorforBangladesh The urbancoreofDhakacityhasalwaysactedas land use. activity becauseofmixedorcommercial havehighpublic core areaofthecitywhichalways Crime Use of Mezzo types ofoffences. differentuse forcommitting type ofland particular in each Thana andwhether thecriminalchoseany sources ofcrimelocations there wereanypotential each Thana. It whether was necessarytorecognise criminals andpotentialtargetareaof criminals for area was analysed to identify the source of potential An overall perspective of land use pattern of an L E evel Perspectiveof ach T hana andStreet L and semi governmenthealthinstitutesand T&T complex. Mohakhali areusedfordifferent governmentand for commercialwherealargeportionoflands the landbesideMohakhali-Gulshanroadisused use.Inthisward, of land has avariation Mohakhali are used as diplomatic zone for different embassies. significant portion of lands of GulshanA and Baridhara 2007). M.S., (Islam, lives Thana Gulshan of informal settlement where 18% of the total population as anaristocraticresidentialarea,thereisalso developed was it (DAP, Though plazas 2004). and malls shopping restaurants, shops, banks, offices, Kamal towards Ataturk Avenue includes which about circle Gulshan-2 to up Complex Shooting strips developed along the roads leading to National commercial are there characteristics, residential areas for the high income group. In spite of the that were previously developed as residential Model town,andBaridhararesidentialarea residential area named Gulshan and Banani Gulshan Thana consists of mainly three planned • DCC andCrimeDatabyDMP Source: Prepared by the Author from the Spatial Data by Street with Thana Crime Location Gulshan of Map Use Land Figure 3: Street Crime Land UsePatternofGulshan Thanaand A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity Data byDMP Crime and DCC by Data Spatial the from Author the by Prepared Source: Land UseMapofDhanmondiThana withStreetCrimeLocation Figure 4: that particulartypeoflanduse. in movement public of low because quiet become zoneswhich diplomatic some portionsofBaridhara zone, neartheBananiGraveyardandalongwith residential the in found are places insecure some But in the zone with commercially concentrated land use. concentrated found thatstreetcrimes Thana, itwas area near T&T. From the overall pattern of Gulshan as insecure places specifically the surrounding oflanduseGulshan informal development Thana people from the focus group discussion identified the less attractiveto criminals. But a large numberof are recordedintheinformalportionswhich crimes rarestreet very and criminals for places of Gulshan target apotential become Thana which portions the crimesreportedmainlyinplanned land use pattern of Gulshan Thana, it was found that and the ofcrimeoccurrence From theperspective map ofGulshan Thana withcrimelocation. use 3 showstheland problem. Figure water logging utility services,connectionroads along withserious Mohakhali portion like Karail Slum which lacked There isalsospontaneousdevelopmentatthe

Nakhara 17 Nakhara 18 G., 2004). The land use pattern of Mohammadpur of pattern use land The 2004). G., migrant Muslimpeoplefrom Bihar, India (Tawhid K. accommodate to 1960’s mid in government the Mohammadpur areawaspreviouslydevelopedby • on theroad. activity uses withlowpublic in thequietzoneofland residential zone. The insecure places were identified inner the in distributed crime of portions significant commercially transformedmajorroad,therewere character. Though thestreetcrimewashighin special typeoflandusealongwithitschanging distributed allovertheresidentialareawith The crime pattern in Dhanmondi Thana was of Dhanmondi Thana withcrimelocation. to have an office. Figure 4 shows the land use map organization adopted Dhanmondi as their ideal place voluntary other and NGOs, Differentorganizations, to mixeduse,educationalandhealthinstitute. transformed been has use land inner significant a usearea. mixed land roads major the with Along a to 1971, in war Liberation after character its changed or classgradually group income for higher area residential Dhanmondi The initiallydesigned • Crime DatabyDMP and DCC by Data Spatial the from Author the by Prepared Source: Location Crime Street with Thana Mohammadpur of Map Use Land Figure 5:

T Land UsePatternofMohammadpur and StreetCrime Land UsePatternofDhanmondiThana hana andStreetCrime with crimelocation. use mapofMohammadpur shows theland Thana 5 Figure use. commercial as growing are Avenue Road, Tazmahal Roadandsomeportionsof Asad though thelandusebesideRing Dhanmondi, is notverymuchdevelopedasGulshanand Beribadh. The commercial useofMohammadpur use onbothsidesof ofresidential informal portions with some lying areas with low still underdeveloped Maximum portionofthewestsideBeriBadhis is unplanneddevelopmentwithresidentialarea. middle and lower middle class and lower portion area for residential asplanned Thana aredesigned The northernportionoflanduseMohammadpur Geneva campareainthecentralpartof this Thana. in thewesternfringeof Mohammadpur Thana andin commercial activities. There areinformalsettlements area formiddleincomepeoplewithsomeminor Dhaka. This Thana isdevelopedasaresidential Thana. Itisalsoadenselypopulated Thana of Thana isdifferent fromGulshanandDhanmondi and CrimeDatabyDMP DCC by Data Spatial the from the Author by Prepared Source: Crime Street with Thana Location Ramna of Map Use Land Figure 6: with commercial use. The vehicle theft crimes crimes basically concentrated in the major roads Like GulshanandDhanmondi thereportedstreet crime location. with Ramana Thana of map use land the shows 6 but with some mixed and institutional use. Figure Road. OtherRoadshasbasicallyresidentialuse Islam Mufidul Anjuman and Road Kakrail Road, both sides of Outer Circular Road, Tongi Diversion on developed are uses Commercial 2008). H., housings andprivateinstitutions(Sarkar, M. many government,semiautonomous very important area of Dhaka City Corporation with Ramna period. colonial the in residences a is Thana and offices government accommodating for core period asanadjacentdevelopmenttotheold wasemerged intheBritishColonial the WirelessGateRoad. The southernportionof administrative offices and quarters on both sides of Thana (basicallynorthern side)isconsisted of T&T of Ramna of lands parcel significant A facilities. Moghbazar area with poor service and infrastructure people as highly dense residential use mainly in the basically developedforloworlowermiddleclass Road. The northern portion of Ramna Thana is be dividedintotwozoneswiththeOuterCircular The landusepatternofwholeRamna Thana can Ramna Thana has a diversified pattern of land use. • Thana. land usehaveverylittleimpactonMohammadpur particular land use. The main roads with commercial as bothsidesofitarestillunderdevelopedorno also identified the total Beribadh as insecure places insecure inmovingbesidesthoseareas.People be apotentialsourceofcriminals. The peoplefeel could areas those useas land anegative as portion planned the in area Camp Geneva the identified From thefocusgroupdiscussionlocalpeople places forcriminalsincommittingstreetcrimes. or mixedusedactivitybecomeapreferredtarget is connected to Tazmahal road with commercial So thisquietroadwithlowpublicactivitywhich activity andothersidewithbacksideofschool. which hadalanduseinonesidewithresidential occurrences recordedinthe Aurangazeb Road also developedintheBeriBadhroad.Hugemugging were crimes street of portion. portion Asignificant were mainly concentrated in the planned residential The overall street crime patterns of Mohammadpur

Street Crime Land UsePatternofRamnaThanaand A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity slum areaatMoghbazar. which are located near the informal settlements of found in the Mirbag and Modhubag area of Noyatola people. crimeproneareasalsoThere aresome T&T areaalsofound asinsecureplacesbythe local area. Eskaton in housing officers government The both informally developed Moghbazar area and a fearofstreetcrimeintheresidentialportions unplanned portion. The local people always felt the localpeopleareconcentratedmainlyin factor isthattheinsecureplacesidentifiedby recreational use like . But the important Bhaban, Shipakala Academy etcwithothersideof International MotherLanguageInstitute, Matsho like offices government of use commercial a has found inShahid Monsoor Ali Sarani road which huge concentrationofmuggingandvehicletheft shops with motor parts vehicle and workshops. A road whereaconcentratedcommercialuseof road near Bangla Motor node and Outer Circular EskatonNew like roads major the in concentrated and lowerinothertypes. respectively (14%) organizational different (14%), mixed (24%), residential then (38%), use land found that mugging is highest besides commercial In Dhanmondi Thana analysis from Figure 7 it was Dhanmondi Thana reported crimelocation. different typesoflandusebesidethespecific This analysis was done from the percentage of the reportedstreetcrimesofeach Thana. from use land specific the beside occurs crime of relationship was examined from the definite location analysis of land use and street crime a detail level the commercialandmixedusezone.Inmicrolevel mainly concentrated in the commercial zone or near different Thana, itwasfoundthatstreetcrime From themezzolevelanalysisoflanduse E Use aroundcrimelocationsin Micro ach T L hana andStreetCrime evel Perspectiveof L and

Nakhara 19 Nakhara 20 than inotherareas. (48%) area commercial the in occurs mostly crime theft vehicle the that found was it 10 Figure From of mugging. occurrence had verylow Other types (28%) and in mixed use residential (20%) land use in respectively. then (42%) use land Commercial in highest is mugging that found was it 9 Figure From Gulshan Thana Thana. source of vehicle with low security in Dhanmondi land use with health institute activity which is a huge theft crimerelateswiththe major portionofvehicle a that found was it So (22%). use land commercial residential (35%) and health facilities (28%) than to ishigherbesides was foundthatcrimeoccurrence it 8 Figure from crime theft vehicle of case in But of Specific LocationsinDhanmondiThana Use Land of Types Different on Muggings Reported Figure 7: eotd ugns n ifrn tps f ad s of use land of specific locationsofGulshanThana types Different on Muggings Reported Figure 9: specific locationsofGulshanThana in use land of types Different on Theft Vehicle Reported Figure 10: occurred besidesthemixeduse(23%)ofland. use (9%). But a major portion of vehicle theft commercial crimes than (53%) use residential for higher much was theft vehicle that found was it 12 Figure It was different alsoincaseof vehicle theft. From educational institutes(19%). besides portion significant a with comes it Then use. land (30%) commercial and (30%) residential Mohammadpur Thana was sameincaseof in mugging that found was it 11 Figure From different from Dhanmondi andGulshan Thana. crimes inMohammadpur Thana wasfoundtotally The relationshipofland use with reported street Mohammadpur Thana specific locationsofDhanmondiThana in use land of types Different on Theft Vehicle Reported Figure 8: open spaces(13%). beside residential (26%), mixed (18%) land use and commercial (35%) land use. Then significant portions vehicle theft crime occurs inRamna Thana beside of number maximum that found was it 14 Figure organizational landuseinRamna Thana. From besides theft crimefound use. Butnovehicle land (18%) residential and (21%) organization different use. Then a major portion of mugging occurs besides in Ramna occurs land Commercial besides Thana mugging highest that found was it 13 Figure From Ramna Thana of use land of specific locationsinMohammadpurThana types Different on Muggings Reported Figure 11: eotd ugns n ifrn tps f ad s of use land of specific locationsinRamnaThana types Different on Muggings Reported Figure 13: A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity dis o specific locationsofMohammadpurThana in use land of types Different on Theft Vehicle Reported Figure 12: specific locationsofRamnaThana in use land of types Different on Theft Vehicle Reported Figure 14: Infl (Chowdhury, 2012). The crime data were plotted on axial mapofeach analysed the individually Thana Integration (R=3)andConnectivity werederivedfrom other valuesofdifferent attributes ofaxialmaplike city.entire networkofDhaka area considering The DCC of configuration spatial whole the of analysis for each Thana was obtained from the axial map for each four Thana area. The Integration (Rn) value global levelanalysis,andlocalanalysisisdone for area DCC for thewhole was done analysis level configuration and crime occurrence. At first a macro to examinetherelationshipbetweenspatial In this phase S C o f St nf t u ric i en r g eet C ura t c s e pace Syntax analysis was done t o io rim f S n pa e i n O i t n ia ccurr po l l ic e en c e

Nakhara 21 Nakhara 22 Source: Chowdhury, 2012 Axial MapsofDhanmondiThana Figure 16: Source: Chowdhury, 2012 Axial MapsofGulshanThana Figure 15: places the insecure and crime occurrence reported Fromthe attributes. each for prepared maps axial the lines wereidentifiedascrimeconcentratedarea. recognized by the local people some streets or axial Source: Chowdhury, 2012 Axial MapsofRamnaThana Figure 18: Source: Chowdhury, 2012 Axial MapsofMohammadpurThana Figure 17: Thana. according to different crimes and layout of each crimes, thefindingsaredifferent infour Thana From the analysis of spatial configuration and street A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity main roadswithhigherconnectivity whichturnsto street crimesconcentratedmainly intheintegrated income grouplikeGulshanand Dhanmondi Thana, upper with area residential ofplanned case In

Nakhara 23 Nakhara 24 Criteria for Analysing thePhysicalFeatures Figure 19: and Vehicle theft crime of Ramna Thana mainly much different fromother three Thanas. Mugging layoutofRamna The spatial veryThana was spatial configuration(Chowdhury, 2012). streets of foundinthesegregated Thana aremainly Mohammadpur the from identified places insecure theft mainlypreferredthesegregatedstreets. The the integrated areas where criminals of vehicular mainly happenedinthe lowconnectivity streets near Thana. The muggingcasesof Mohammadpur Thana andGulshan to totallycommerciallikeDhanmondi integrated roadsofMohmmadpur Thana isnotturned and Gulshan similar withDhanmondi Thana as the character ofMohammadpur use isnot Thana land similar with the Gulshan andDhanmondi Thana. The In Mohammadpur Thana, the relationship wasnot (Chowdhury, 2012). ends roads near the lake with low connectivity segregated partsofresidentialareawithdead in some crimes. Butsomestreetcrimesalsofound to escape routesforcriminalsaftercommitting of high monetary transaction and those arerelated have more potential targets of criminals because commercial areawithchangeoftimeasthoseareas streets withlowconnectivity(Chowdhury, 2012). segregated the in mainly identified places insecure parts oforganicportionsRamna Thana. The mugging crimes also occurred in the segregated higher connectivityandhighpublicactivity. Butsome concentrated intheintegratedmajorroadswith entry pointandstreetlight. streetscape elementslikeboundarywall,building factors like land use along with some selected the relationshipofstreetcrimewithphysicalplanning examining for criteria the shows 19 Figure people. authority and insecure places identified by the local level withmuggingandvehicletheftdatafrompolice in bothmacroandmicro The researchwasdone roadside plot. to the and entrance wall, features ofboundary like as landuse,anddifferent streetscapeelements relationship onthebasisofphysicalplanningfactors In this study theto data wasanalysed establishthe F D e i ffe a t ur r ent Phy e s

a n d St sica r eet C l Pl a rim nn i e ng condition ofthelocation. physical the observed and crime occurrence actual road frontage. This analysis is done with the place of in the and setbackfrominsidebuildings perforation of boundary wallsareconsidered. The featuresare property. individual of walls features two study this In plotisboundary of streetfromtheneighbourhood One ofthefeaturesthatimpactuponvisibility • Street Crime Different Streetscape Solid BoundarywallinOccurrence ofStreetCrimes Figure 20: Thana Mohammadpur Avenue at in Asad Walls Solid Boundary prone area identified crime Thana Dhanmondi Road no.2at Boundary Wall Features crime pronearea Thana identifiedas T&T areaatRamna side of AsadAvenue side in IqbalRoadandEast Thana Mohammadpur places identifiedat Other insecure E lements and identified ascrimepronearea at WirelessRoadinRamna Thana Solid BoundaryWall of T&T area A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity Thana at Mohammadpur Walls inIqbalRoad Solid Boundary prone areas. the instreet natural surveillanceandcreatecrime that solidboundarywallintheroadfrontageblocked 20 Figure in area study the from shown examples they werenotnoticedfromtheadjacentplot.Some in the streets in frontofsolidboundarywallsas to committheoffenceswas easyforthecriminals was also blocked from the surrounding plots. So it surveillance ofthecrimesthatoccurredonstreet the street from the property. In this casethenatural is one ofthe measures that block thevisibility of Solid boundarywallofaplotintheroadfrontage Perforation of Boundary Wall and Street Crimes

Nakhara 25 Nakhara 26 adjacent streetssothatthecriminalswouldnot of the thevisibility anditincrease crime prevention perforated boundary walls could act as atool for discussions andfieldsurveyitwasfoundthat road fromtheinsidebuildings.Fromfocusgroup of any plot enhanced the natural surveillance of or transparentboundarywallintheroadfrontage In the contrary ofsolid boundary wallperforated Perforated BoundaryWall EnhancetheVisibility ofStreets Figure 21: Set BackofBoundaryWall intheroadFrontageandStreet Crime Figure 22: Thana Mohammadpur Boundary Wall in Perforated Dhanmondi Thana Dhanmondi Boundary Wall in Perforated Mohammadpur Thana Mohammadpur in Aurongazeb Roadat creates muggingzone the roadsidefrontage Too muchsetbackin Road Ramna Thana Road places EskatonGarden marked asinsecure the roadsidefrontage Too muchsetbackin streets. increase thevisibility and lightingtothe adjacent could which walls boundary of perforated examples the absence of street lighting. Figure 21 shows some differentof without lighted be could street so the plot light streets withtheinside of theadjacent lighting crimes. The perforatedwallsalsoincreasethe different commit to vulnerable as places those find Dhanmondi Thana Dhanmondi Boundary Wall in Perforated Gulshan Thana Baondary Wall in Perforated important measure for street crime occurrences. Entry pointofaplotineverystreetcouldactasan Plot examples of crime prone locationsof the study areas. frontage onoccurrenceofstreetcrimeswithsome boundary wallsfromtheinsidebuildinginroad of setback of impact the shows 22 Figure building. in thestreetsidecreatedvisibilityfrominside Proportionate distanceofsetbackboundarywall of adjacentstreets. is toowideitwilldecreasethenaturalsurveillance from buildings the boundary wallsontheroadside of setback continuous the if that observation the from found was It Wall Setback frominside Plot EntrancefromStreetandVulnerability ofStreetCrime Occurrence Figure 23: Mohammadpur Thana Mohammadpur Aurangazeb Roadin Model HighSchoolin less entryofResidential Long BoundaryWall with E ntrance andStreetCrime B uildings and field survey and different and survey field A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity B oundary Mohammadpur Thana Mohammadpur in in AsadAvenue Wall withlessentry Long Boundary Road inRamna Thana area inWirelessgate with lessentryof T&T Long BoundaryWall for surveillanceofstreets. a continuous street segment is animportant element and position of entry points considering next entry in has a good influence on street crimes. The distance entry pointineverystreet The positionofbuilding in thecrimeproneareas. some examples with absence of building entry points the street will be from street crimes. Figure 23 shows of building entry points on a street the more secured the number So thelarge lighting. good possessed always Another factoristhattheentryofabuilding guards who could always keep an eye on the streets. entry pointhasoneormoresecurity Every building important factor in occurrence of street crimes. in eachstreetisan The numbersofplotentrance streets. of entrypointondifferentin astreetandposition observation. Onewasthenumbersof entry points Two factorsof entry pointareconsideredfrom the

Nakhara 27 Nakhara 28 - • - • - • P - o elements inurbandesignstrategy community by incorporating streetscape Improve thenaturalsurveillanceofa the commercialarea. uses at different times can be incorporated with situation. Mixed use environment with multiple and isolated environment vulnerable to crime which became closed after office hour create quiet spaces office commercial or use less with space different openspacewith no activityorexhibition facilitate streetcrimesinurbanenvironment.Like uses with public movement. Negative land occurrence ofacityiscloselyrelatedwiththeland scenario inurbanlayouttoreducecrimeas Facilitating properlanduseinmicrolevel crimes at t which canactasafactorforreducingstreet Incorporate differentfeatures planning physical crime preventiontools a as configuration design urban in features Incorporating differentphysicalplanning visibility environment.in termsoflanduse,connectivityand crime preventionknowledgerelatedwithphysical the measure should city in development New strategy forcrimeprevention Develop acomprehensivespatialplanning adjacent streetswithlightsof inside building. committing crimes. the This canalsoilluminate natural surveillanceofadjacent roadsfrom visibility. with community the increase will This of instead of solidboundarywallintheroadfrontage and gates walls Incorporate perforatedboundary situational approachofthelayout. to according incorporate etc.should hours office after use land of alteration lighting, entry, criminals. Otherfeatureslikesecuredbuilding escape routeswiththepotentialtargetplacesfor can actaseasy roadswhich in theconnected roads orprovidesecurity commercial integrated Redesign and rethinking the connectivity at Dhanmondi andRamna)todeterstreetcrime. Gulshan, the commercialuseofroad(like l buildings with clever landscaping for a secured ic y Re he crime prone areas in or near comm en da t io n s use can

with physicalplanning. along of crimeprevention process and awareness community.in the be incorporated Sotheyshould are relatedwiththefearofcrimeinanystreet or of people anycommunity. ofthecommunity People locality which can berecognized by the local There are many non-reported crime areasinany integration ofallthesedifferent perspectives. and physicalenvironmentmayemergefroman understanding of the relationship between crime spatial planningwereconsidered. The powerful For the analysis different perspectives of spatial planningaspects. can behelpfulfor further crime analysisconsidering city which of Dhaka scenario of streetcrime picture a street crimesprovides level to local street crimes of distribution spatial like macro leveltomicro from The studyofstreetcrimesinspatialplanning to crimepreventioninacity. level inthepolicy torecognise is needed planning of understanding relationshipcrimeandspatial aspects. planning with thespatial relationship The From this study, it is evidentthat crime hasaclose ignored. aspects werealways planning the spatial problem from the socialcriminologypoint of view. But Crime andviolenceinDhakacityarenotanew C - - o Incorporate quantity and position of plot entrance road Careful planningshouldincorporatein streets andenhancevisibility. plot entrancecanalsoincreaseluminosityofthe of individual plots. The lights of the individual of streetsbysecurityguards natural surveillance in streetscapedesignwhichwillincreasethe plot. side setbackof boundary wall in any building surveillance ofroadsfromthebuildingitself. natural the reduce will it that much too shouldn’t n c The road frontage setback ofanybuilding frontage The road l usio n

Science cri (2013 U. Chowdhury, This article is based on par on based is article This ACknoWLeDGeMenTS Y Crime Space Al-Sayed, RefeRenCeS period. s The of University and in Chowdhur Newc I., Br P Beavon, Space SyntaxSymposium,Istanbul. c Baran, B B London: A., data the throughout support cordial their Ramna, Metropolitan Dhaka of officers expres to like would s s r Landscape. patter J paper design es ommunity. ahangirnagar University Planning Review, 10, 105- . prio o te resear the of upervisor ork: pecially tudent B B unsdon, me & J S S ( ear .

2014). occurrence . . Townshend, WillowTreePress (1994) astle uponTyne.

ning is author first ( o no. 2007) c crecs n hk City. Dhaka in ccurrences Prevention S - P.

& Technology, rpr udr eatet f Urban of Department under report h y a B einl lnig Bangladesh Planning, Regional D. y tx n cie Eiec fo a from Evidence crime: and ntax jan n Mohammadpur and Tejgaon C., 20. , artlett SchoolofArchitecture. K., of K., proposed . the

and U. S Global J. . pace Gilroy, property In Dhaka The (2012). n.p.: Smith, K., Turner, fies at officers from Proceedings T. Engineering of influenc the of Brantingham Studies, S Urban ( S R., agenda 1995) y Spatial July). , c z The ntax W.

hool this s offenses. census illa . 3( s treet P A., thanks s our I-2), 22-36. R., influenc . e ec Resear

m S of Vol , Hillier, paper c n ato ws the was author ond of afety, ethodology of A h & Gulshan, ts of a Master’s thesis Master’s a of ts crime . A ,

s street Technology M., r s tudy. II e Toker, In c c P uy Te authors The tudy. h AS Junl of Journal AUST The hitec h 6 The Unit. h and gratitude to all to gratitude and . c report of (pp. rime, R. L., B., d Roe, is s istribution of street istribution A StudyontheRelationshipofSpatialPlanning Aspects inOccurrenceofStreetCrimesDhakaCity patial networks E ue P ture,

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