Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013) 2, 420–434

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

www.elsevier.com/locate/foar

CASE STUDY Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka

Mohammad Sazzad Hossainn

Department of Architecture, Southeast University, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh

Received 18 March 2013; received in revised form 19 July 2013; accepted 1 August 2013

KEYWORDS Abstract Mughal settlement; The Mughal settlements are an integral part of Old Dhaka. Uncontrolled urbanization, changes Urban transformation; in land use patterns, the growing density of new settlements, and modern transportation have Integration brought about rapid transformation to the historic fabric of the Mughal settlements. As a result, Mughal structures are gradually turning into isolated elements in the transforming fabric. This study aims to promote the historic quality of the old city through clear and sustainable integration of the Mughal settlements in the existing fabric. This study attempts to analyze the Mughal settlements in old Dhaka and correspondingly outline strategic approaches to protect Mughal artifacts from decay and ensure proper access and visual exposure in the present urban tissue. & 2013. Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

1. Introduction

Dhaka was established as a provincial capital of Bengal during the Mughal period. The focal part of Mughal City is currently located in old Dhaka, which has undergone successive transfor- mations. The Mughal settlements are considered the historic core of Mughal City. The old city covers an area of 284.3 acres nTel.: +880 1715 010683. with a population of 8,87,000. The area is home to 15% of the E-mail address: [email protected] total population of urban Dhaka while occupying only 7% of its Peer review under responsibility of Southeast University. gross built-up area (DMDP, 1995–2015, Vol ll). Most parts of the place are undergoing gradual physical deterioration. The scar- city of open spaces, coupled with the high plot coverage, limits the scope of recreational and cultural activities. The social characteristics of the old district have also undergone changes.

2095-2635 & 2013. Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.08.002 Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka 421

Figure 1 Pre-Mughal Dhaka. Source: Islam, 1996b.

Figure 2 Layout of Shankhari Bazaar in the Late 18th Century (Ahmed, 2012).

Figure 3 Hussaini Dalan in 1982. Source: Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT. 422 M.S. Hossain

Historic buildings have been subdivided for multiple families, densities have risen to inordinate levels, and new settlements are growing rapidly without due consideration of the historic settlements. This study examines the Mughal settlements and their successive transformations in the old fabric to suggest corresponding comprehensive guidelines for integration.

2. Methodology

The study is conducted as a “desk-top research”, which includes a review of related literature and field survey. Historical research1 method is adopted partly to establish the chronology and legacy of physical growth patterns. Then, qualitative research2 method is used to address the research problems. This study will use two approaches: Figure 4 Kartalab Khan Mosque in 1982.  The theoretical part will be based on literature review. Source: Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT.  The field research will be based on an empirical survey that will involve the collection and analyses of two types of data: organization of houses at both sides along narrow lanes resulted in very compact settlement patterns (See Figs. 1,2 Quantitative data: Involve architectural survey and ana- and Table 1). lysis of numerical data, such as data on land use, infra- structure, and on-site investigation at a small scale. 4. Mughal settlements (1608–1764) Qualitative data: Involve analysis of data obtained through interviews and historical assessment. Documentary research and on-site investigations will be During the Mughal period, Dhaka became an important important in identifying historic interventions and urban metropolis and capital of Bengal because of its administrative, elements. This research will be a continuation of the commercial, and infrastructural importance. It started to author's previous study on the same heritage site. extend westward up to Sarai Begampur and northward to Badshahi Bagh (Dani, 1962). Under Shaista Khan (1662–1679), the city extended to 12 miles in length and 8 miles in 3. Pre-Mughal settlements (before 1608) breadth and served as a home to nearly 1,000,000 people (Taifoor, 1956). Before the Mughal period, Dhaka was successively ruled by Local roads were filled with pedestrians, and river and Sena,Turkish,andAfghans(Taifoor, 1956). Dhaka was a canals were the important traffic conduit of the city. trading center for the pre-Mughal capital located at Sonar- Therefore, landing platforms at the river bank, locally gaon and consisted of a few market centers, along with few known as ghats, were the significant feature of Mughal City. localities comprising craftsmen and businessmen. All of these Several bridges in Mughal Dhaka are completely lost now. localities were confined within the circuit of the old Dholai The city was divided into a number of neighborhoods, which Khal. The tantis (weaver) and the sankharis (shell cutter) are were a cluster of houses webbed with intricate narrow lanes believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the city, and they still (Islam, 1996a). These narrow lanes were paved with bricks live in the area (Dani, 1962). In most of the localities, the in 1677–1679 (Dani, 1962). Two principal roads can be found: houses of local craftsmen had small factories. The row houses one that ran parallel to the river from Victoria Park to of Shankhari Bazaar had a narrow frontage of 6–10 feet, depth the western fringe of the city, and another that extended of 30–40 feet, and a height up to 4 stories (Taifoor, 1956). from Victoria Park to Tejgaon.3 The intersections of narrow Tanti Bazaar also had similar types of settlements. The linear lanes formed wide and irregular nodes that acted as a civic space at the local level. The sense of enclosure of these 1Historic research is based on a description of the past. This type spaces was very intimate in scale. Some of the local nodes of research includes, for instance, investigations that record, turned into chowks (squares) of mohallahs (neighborhood), analyze, and interpret events of the past with the purpose of whereas other nodes were rather intimate in nature and discovering generalizations and deductions that can be useful to held local social gatherings (Nilufar, 2011). Dhaka lacked understand the past, present, and, to a limited extent, the future any kind of corporate or municipal institutions during the (Landman, 1988). 2 Mughal period (Gupta, 1989) (See Figs. 3–9 and Table 2). A Qualitative research is a multi-method in terms of focus because fi it involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject magni cent view of the Mughal buildings was observed from matter. Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings the river because the river front was the most dominant and attempt to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meaning people bring to them. Qualitative research involves 3The roads had no names, but the mohallas had names at that studies that use and collect a variety of empirical materials. time. The roads were named after the establishment of the Dhaka Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally Municipality in 1864; the former one is the Patuatoli-Islampur- specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and Mughal Toli Road, and the latter one seems to be the Nawabpur social context of a particular population (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000). Road (Source: Islam and Khan, 1964). Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka 423

Figure 5 Demarcation between pre-Mughal and Mughal Dhaka (Dani, 1962).

Figure 6 Land Use Plan of Dhaka during the Mughal Period (Ahsan, 1991). 424 M.S. Hossain

Figure 8 Chota Katra from the River Bank in 1875. Source: Department of Archeology, Bangladesh.

Figure 7 Schematic Layout of the Mughal Quarters in old Dhaka. Source: based on Mowla, 1997b. part of Mughal City that can be approached through the river route. The functional zoning of Mughal Dhaka was as follows.

4.1. The residential zone

The areas to the south and southwest of the Old Fort up to the river bank grew mainly as commercial areas, whereas the areas to the north and northeast grew as residential areas (Chowdhury and Faruqui, 1991). The neighboring localities of Lalbagh Fort, namely, Rahmatganj, Kanserhata, Urdu Bazaar, Bakshi Bazaar, Atishkhana, Shaikh Saheb's Bazaar, Chaudhury Figure 9 South Wing from the Court Yard of Bara Katra in 1870. Bazaar, Qasimnagar, Bagh Hossainuddin, Nawabganj, and Source: British Museum. Enayatganj,includingQazirbaghandHazariBagh,werethe Mughal colonies of officers. The entire area of Bakshi Bazaar and Dewan Bazaar served as the residence of provincial areas. Chauk Bazaar was connected to Sadarghat (a landing ministers, dewans, and secretaries. Large palatial buildings platform at the bank of Buriganga River) by a road running were found at Becharam Dewri, Aga Sadeq Dewri, Ali Naqi parallel to the river. Another commercial center was located Dewri, and Amanat Khan Dewri. The Mughal elites, including at Bangla Bazaar, which was the main shopping center before princes, had palaces along the riverfront (Dani, 1962). the Mughal period (Taifoor, 1956)(SeeTable 3).

4.2. Service zone 4.4. Recreational zone

The cottage industries and trading areas of the pre-Mughal The Mughal elites had garden houses for recreation, festiv- period and some other localities were used to house the ities, and receptions. In the present Ramna area, a number of major part of the city's low-class population that consisted two- or three-storied mansions with spacious reception halls of artisans, laborers, and traders. Pre-Mughal localities, can be found. Gardens can also be found at Hazaribagh, which were confined within the circuit of the old Dholai Khal Qazirbagh, Lalbagh, Bagh Chand Khan, Bagh Hosainuddin, Canal, were turned into the service zone of Mughal City. Bagh Musa Khan, Arambagh, Rajarbagh, Malibagh, and Bagh- These localities were almost segregated from the high-class i-Badshahi (Dani, 1962). residential areas. 5. Post-Mughal transformation 4.3. Central business district During the British period (1765–1947), the old Mughal town During the Mughal period, Chauk Bazaar was developed as did not expand, but it underwent some forms of renewal. the main business center near Bara-Katra. The market was The medieval Dhaka transformed into a modern city with well located to serve both upper- and lower-class residential metal roads, open spaces, street lights, and piped water Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka 425

Figure 10 Land Use of Dhaka in 1910 and 1945 (Ahsan, 1991) and Land Use of Dhaka in 1962 (Islam, 1996b).

supply (Ahmed, 1986). Some roads within the old city were from the Mughal settlements, and the newly built settle- widened, and new buildings were erected near Victoria Park ments around the artifacts create obstacles to the visibility for administrative and educational purposes (Dani, 1962). of historic structures from the river and different parts of The Old Fort was turned into a jail. However, most of the the old city (See Fig. 11 and Table 4). residential quarters were within the historic core; the river front and the area near Victoria Park was a prized location for high-class residents (Islam, 1996). After the partition of 6.1. Urban pattern and spatial divisions British-India in 1947, Dhaka served as the capital of then East Pakistan. After the liberation in 1971, Dhaka became the Socio-cultural dynamics in the area resulted in the formation capital of Bangladesh. Dhaka continued to expand farther of a spontaneous neighborhood, known as para mahalla,which to the north. The old city has gradually become congested acts as the basic spatial unit of the organic pattern in the because of unplanned growth. Since 1947, most parts of the urban web. The basic pattern evolved a hierarchy of spaces: area have been losing residential quality and transforming courtyards, narrow lanes, nodes, and bazaars that manifested rapidly into wholesale and retail areas. Historic buildings have the socio-cultural quality of urban life (Mowla, 1997a). The been subdivided for multiple uses, and densities have risen to formation of major streets is significantly related to the course inordinate levels because of encroachment and growth of of the river. Documentation of the informal units of the urban informal settlements around. Cannals, such as Dholai Khal and web is necessary and should cover primary measurements, Begunbari Khal, that worked as important trafficconduitare including height, nature of internal divisions, and use. A filled up to create land for new settlements (See Fig. 10). comprehensive strategy may be required to determine the different levels of interventions for different spatial divisions on the basis of their townscape value. Ghats (landing plat- forms) at river banks establish a significant linkage between 6. Existing fabric streets and rivers. Typical lanes and the lanes of old Dhaka, in particular, are extremely narrow, with curves that often The old city is currently considered the historic core and create difficulties for modern transport but offer changing commercial nerve of Dhaka. The existing city web is very views during pedestrian movement. The streets are typically difficult to maintain because organic growth has remained accompanied by urban services. The Buckland embankment apparently unaffected by coerced geometry, and many that once used to offer recreational facilities for quality urban design qualities are inherent in such a townscape. Because life has undergone changes because of the growth of informal of changes in its course, the riverbank has now moved away settlements (See Figs. 12 and 13). 426 M.S. Hossain

Figure 11 Land Use Map of Dhaka in 1995 (Islam, 1996b). Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka 427

Figure 12 Historic Artifacts in Dense Settlements (Hossain, 2007a).

Figure 13 Historic Artifacts in Dense Settlements (Hossain, 2007a).

Figure 14 Mughal Monuments in Old Dhaka: 1. Tanti Bazaar, 2. Shakhari Bazaar, 3. Lakhsmi Bazaar, 4. Binat Bibi Mosque, 5. Old Fort, 6. Dhakeshwari Temple, 7. Khan Mohammad Mridha's Mosque, 8. Lalbaghfort, 9. Bara Katra, 10. Chota Katra, 11. Chauk Bazaar Mosque, 12. Star Mosque, 13. Kartalab Khans Mosque, 14. Hussaini Dalan. 428 M.S. Hossain

Figure 16 Courtyard and the Southern Wing of Bara Katra (Hossain, 2006).

Figure 15 Road approaching Choto Katra (Hossain, 2007b).

6.2. Historic buildings and sites

The Mughal buildings stand in great contrast to post-Mughal structures. The Mughal buildings have almost become isolated Figure 17 Existing Riverside of Chawkbazar and Lalbagh Area. elements in the present fabric. Very few of the artifacts are Source: http://dhakadailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_ preserved: most of them exist in deplorable conditions and are archive.html. gradually deteriorating because of lack of maintenance. Archi- tectural conservation of these historic artifacts is obviously needed. The historic structures are hidden within newly standards of historic value and adopt those that respond to developed dense settlements that create a visual obstacle the economic and social realities within which the buildings and poor access to the artifacts (See Figs. 14–19 and Table 5). will to be used. The strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in old Dhaka may be as follows. 7. Strategies for integration 7.1. Special planning zone The dynamics of rapid urbanization, shifting economic activ- ities, changes in land use pattern, growing density in new The entire old city may be considered as a special planning zone settlements, and modern transportation have transformed the to protect the scale, visual exposure, skyline, and different city structure. These dynamics need to be managed through qualities of the Mughal fabric. The Dhaka Metropolitan Building the integration of historic urban elements within the existing Construction, Development, Protection, and Removal Rule of fabric. Shifting the focus from individual buildings to the urban 2008 introduced construction restrictions within a 250-meter context during integration may reinforce the incorporation of radius of the encircling area around historic structures. This rule the new structures by the urban pattern into the old fabric. still needs to give specific guidelines for color, texture, Therefore, the integration of the Mughal settlements may be material, façade design, height, function, orientation, and considered as a planning concept and tool to justify the urban other design specifications for any new structures in the existing form in incorporating the new and the old to maintain urban fabric, so that identical new structures may ensure the continuity and identity. Furthermore, establishing guidelines authenticity and integrity of the urban structures. Moreover, on the nature of interventions is important to meet the an effective buffer zone should be introduced to protect the Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka 429

Figure 18 Layout of row houses at Shankhari Bazaar in 2006 (Ahmed, 2012).

Mughal structures from traffic vibration, noise pollution, air pollution, water pollution, and other threats.

7.2. Traffic control

Narrow and curve streets, irregular crossings, and the shortage of parking spaces in the Mughal fabric are not suitable for the modern mechanical traffic system because the old urban setting was tailored for pedestrian movement. Trafficvibrationisa major constraint that needs to be considered to manage the damage and decay of the old fabric. Moreover, the unrestricted access of slow and fast-moving vehicles results in protracted congestion. Introducing strong control over mechanical traffic at the area is needed. Parking may be considered on the perimeter outside the ring road with loops into the center. The center may be restricted to pedestrian movements, light vehicles, and a limited number of heavy vehicles. The trans- portation route should be developed to establish a link between the periphery and the new city and thus reduce trafficload because of commercial activity. Shifting the focus on water transportation may also reduce traffic load on existing roads. Small routes for heritage walk may be developed within the Figure 19 Existing condition of the Row Houses at Shankhari present fabric to promote cultural tourism. The trafficroute4 in Bazaar (Bahauddin, 2010). Fig. 20 proposes a heritage walk with a focus on the Mughal settlements along the river bank. 7.3. Access, exposure, and buffer

The Mughal buildings along the river bank already lost their original approach from the riverside and inner city because of 4The proposed traffic route in the existing layout starts as a thechangeintherivercourseandthenewlyimposed continuation of Azimpur Road and approaches Lalbag to establish a settlements on the fabric. The access linkage between the link between the city center and the Lalbag group of monuments. artifacts and the ghats should be improved to ensure an The route continues towards Chauk through Waterworks roads to interesting approach from the river bank. Many Mughal establish a link with Katra buildings. The later phase of the route buildings in old Dhaka had substantial open spaces, such as permits the choice of a river trip launched from Swarighat. A one- gardens and courts, which are now mostly encroached by way access loop for vehicular movement can be introduced around newly built informal settlements. These settlements create fi the artifacts to reduce regular traf c congestions on the roads. obstacles to the visibility and access to the historic artifacts. Chompatuli Lane may be expanded in width to establish a proper Some of such open spaces were recovered during the con- linkage between Bara Katra Lane and Chota Katra Ghat Road through Swoarighat Road and Chompatuli Lane. The narrow part servation of Lalbagh Fort and Khan Mohammad Mridha Mos- of Chota Katra Ghat Road and Debidas Ghat Road should be que. Recovering such open spaces in other historic buildings, expanded to ensure easy traffic movement. As far as possible, some such as Bara Katra and Choto Katra, is needed to ensure space may be cleared around the artifacts to increase accessibility proper access and visual exposure, as well as to establish a and visibility (Hossain 2007b). substantial buffer for the historic buildings. View corridors 430 M.S. Hossain

Figure 20 A traffic route for the heritage walk (Hossain, 2007b).

façade of old settlements, such as Shankhari Bazaar and Tanti Bazaar, represent a strong urban character. The facades of the historic buildings should be preserved and restored to maintain the continuity of the riverfront and the street elevations of the old city (See Fig. 24).

7.5. Civic management

One of the major constraints to manage the conservation of Figure 21 Lagbag fort complex after conservation (http:// the Mughal buildings is the complex landownership pattern. www.bpedia.org/T_0200.php). The Katras5 are in dispersed form of submission6 , which resulted in the lack of interest by concerned parties to may also be created through the fabric to get a distant and invest in the proper maintenance of the buildings. Owners, interesting view of the Mughal buildings (See Figs. 21–23). users, and all stakeholders need to unite on a common platform to generate collective action that will protect the heritage properties. Traditional community-based manage- 7.4. Preserving the street elevation and the river ment systems that have substantial control over the local front 5Katra, an introvert shopping area around a courtyard, includes The riverside elevations of the Mughal buildings need to living spaces for travelers (Mowla, 2003) be recovered to reveal the identity and integrity of the 6In a dispersed form of submission, three parties share a historic city. The street front should be considered as an property: one party uses it, a second party controls it, and a third important part of integration because the continuous party owns it (Akbar, 1988). Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka 431

society may be considered, along with government systems, to manage urban services from the neighborhood to city levels.

7.6. Relocation and adaptive reuse

The relocation of informal shelters and commercial estab- lishments may be considered outside the old city to reduce densities. Substantial parts of Bara Katra and Choto Katra are currently used as warehouses and wholesale areas. After restoration, these historic buildings, such as Lalbag Fort, may not need to be converted into museums. The historic buildings can be used for sustainable purposes, such as serving as hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, art galleries, craft shops, libraries, and administrative buildings. The relocation of the Central Jail may introduce huge possibi- Figure 22 Original form of barakatra with enclosed courtyard lities for the area to reduce emerging pressure on the old (Hossain, 2008). fabric.

8. Epilogue

Old Dhaka, as a historic city of more than 400 years, should be considered for comprehensive urban schemes to inte- grate its historically sensitive Mughal settlements. This study initially examines the transformations of Mughal City to understand its heterogeneous tissue. Preventive strate- gies are mainly emphasized as intermediate guidelines to manage the decay and damage of the old fabric. A substantial buffer, construction restrictions, and traffic restrictions may not only reduce the possibility of physical deterioration but also ensure proper access and visual exposure. The preservation of building envelops is high- lighted to maintain street and river side elevations to strengthen the state of authenticity and integrity at the urban level. Different degrees of interventions may be synthesized for different Mughal monuments to avoid rigid- ity in architectural conservation. Therefore, conventionally conserving the historic artifacts in the area is unnecessary. The integration of Mughal monuments within the present urban fabric through the development of contextual circu- lation patterns can also promote interrelation among monu- ments. Managing the urban dynamics to control the increasing pressure on establishment functions that cause Figure 23 Ground floor plan of choto katra with an enclosed rapid transformation is important. Policy and plans should courtyard. be formulated to focus on the adaptive reuse of monuments

Figure 24 Street elevation of Shankari Bazaar. Source: Urban Study Group. 432 M.S. Hossain

Table 1 Localities and settlements in old Dhaka before the Mughal Period (Dani, 1962).

Type Settlement

Market centers Sankhari Bazaar (shell cutter's locality), Tanti Bazaar (weaver's market), Laksmi Bazaar, Bangla Bazaar Localities of craftsmen and Kumartoli (potters' locality), Patuatuli (jute-silk painters' area), Sutrapur (carpenters' area), businessmen Bania Nagar (traders' area), Jalua Nagar (fishermen's area), Bania Nagar, and Goal Nagar Fort Old Afghan fort Religious areas Dhakeshwari Temple, Jaykali Temple, Lukshminarayan Temple, Binat Bibi Mosque

Table 2 Structures in Old Dhaka during the Mughal period.

Type Monument

Mosques and other Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque, Kartalab Khan's Mosque, Star Mosque, Armanitola Mosque, religious buildings Nawab Shaista Khan's Mosque, Chauk Bazaar Mosque, Farrukhsiyar Mosque, Hussaini Dalan, etc. Tombs Tomb of Bibi Pari, Bibi Champa, etc. Caravan sari Bara Katra and Choto Katra Fortresses Incomplete Fortress at Lalbagh Bridges Tanti Bazaar Bridge, Masandi Bridge, Narinda Bridge, Amir Khan's Bridge, Srichak Bridge, Babu Bazaar Bridge, Rai Shaheb's Bazaar Bridge, Nazir Bazaar Bridge, Chand Khan's Bridge

Table 3 Types of buildings in the CBD of Mughal Dhaka.

Type Building

Trade center Chauk and Bangla Bazaar Caravan sari Bara Katra and Chota Katra Administrative headquarters and residence Old Afgan Fort reconstructed during of the prince and other imperial officers and soldiers the Mughal period

Table 4 Major actors in the conservation of Old Dhaka.

Actor Role

Department of Archeology Under the “Antiquities Act,” Bangladesh has both the explicit and implicit mandate of heritage resource protection and conservation. RAJUK (Capital Development Introduce rules to control new developments within and around historic sites under the Authority) Building Construction Act Department of Tourism Promote tourism Dhaka City Corporation Provide municipal services taeist nert h uhlstlmnsi l Dhaka Old in settlements Mughal the integrate to Strategies

Table 5 Existing condition of some historic structures in the present fabric.

Mughal Structure Legal status Accessibility and visibility Physical condition Present use

Tanti Bazaar RAJUK listeda Poor Extremely dilapidated condition with alterations Shop house and extensions Shakhari Bazaar RAJUK listed Poor Extremely dilapidated condition with alterations Shop house and extensions Binat Bibi Mosque RAJUK listed Poor Extremely dilapidated condition with alterations Originally used as a mosque and extensions Dhakeshwari Temple RAJUK listed Good Requires proper maintenance Original use Old Fort Not listed as a heritage Accessible but not visible from a distance Existing with several alterations to the original Central Jail building because of the newly built surrounding structure structures Khan Mohammad DOAb and RAJUK listed Accessible but not visible from a distance Preserved and maintained by the Department of Originally used as a mosque Mridha's Mosque because of the newly built surrounding Archeology structures Lalbaghfort DOA and RAJUK listed Accessible but not visible from a distance Preserved and maintained by the Department of Museum because of newly built surrounding Archeology. Some portions are still encroached. structures Bara Katra DOA and RAJUK listed Extremely poor Extremely dilapidated condition, with inner Subdivided and used as a court and surroundings extensively encroached. warehouse, school, residence, shop, etc. Chota Katra DOA and RAJUK listed Extremely poor Extremely dilapidated condition, with inner Subdivided and used as a court and surroundings extensively encroached. warehouse, school, residence, shop, etc. Star Mosque RAJUK listed Accessible but not visible from a distance Existing with several alterations to the original Originally used as a mosque because of newly built surrounding structure. Requires proper preservation and structures maintenance. Kartalab Khan's RAJUK listed Accessible but not visible from a distance Existing with alterations to the original Originally used as a mosque Mosque because of newly built surrounding structure. Requires proper preservation and structures maintenance. Hussaini Dalan RAJUK listed Accessible and partly visible from a Existing with alteration to the original structure. Originally used as the religious distance Requires proper preservation and maintenance. center for the Shia community

aListed by RAJUK (Capital Development Authority) as a heritage site. bListed by the Department of Archeology for protection as a heritage building. 433 434 M.S. Hossain and thus safeguard historical patrimony and ensure social Hossain, Mohammad Sazzad, 2007a. Planning the Heritage and economic viability. Cities—a case for Dhaka. Published in the Society Architects and Emerging Issues, published by Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA) & Institute of Architects of Bangladesh (IAB). References Hossain, Mohammad Sazzad, 2007b. Revitalizing the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka, Published in Protibesh, Journal of the Ahmed, Iftekhar, 2012. A Study of Architectural Heritage Manage- DepartmetntofArchitecture.BUET,Dhaka.Vol.11(2).pp.49–54. ment by Informal Community bodies in Traditional Neighbor- Hossain, Mohammad Sazzad, 2008. Preventive Maintenance Strategy hoods of Old Dhaka. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. National of Bara Katra in Protibesh. Journal of the Department of University of Singapore. Architecture, BUET, Dhaka. July 2008, Vol. 12 (2). pp. 5–14. Ahmed, S.U., 1986. Dacca: A Study in Urban History and Develop- Islam, N., 1996a. Megacity Management in the Asian and Pacific ment. Curzon, Press, Dhaka 1986. Region. In: Giles Clarke, Jeffry, R. Stubbs (Eds.), Vol. 2. Megacity Ahsan, R.Majid, 1991. Changing Pattern of the Commercial Area of Management in the Asian and Pacific Region. ADB. the Dhaka City. In: Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (Ed.), Dhaka Past Islam, N., 1996b. Dhaka from City to Mega City: Perspective on Present Future. The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. People, Places, Planning and Development Issues: Urban Studies Akbar, J., 1988. Crisis in the Built Environment—A Case Study of Programme. Department of Geography. University of Dhaka. Muslim Cities. Concept Media Pte Ltd, Singapore. Reprint. Bahauddin, Md, 2010. Conservation of Shakhari Bazar. Unpublished Islam, Nazrul, Khan, F. Karim, 1964. High class residential areas in training Report, submitted at Lund University Sweden. Dacca city. The Oriental Geographer Vol. viii. Chowdhury, A.M., Faruqui, Shabnam, 1991. Physical Growth of Landman, W.A., 1988. Navorsingsmetodologiese Grondbegrippe/ Dhaka. In: Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (Ed.), Dhaka Past Present Basic Concepts in Research Methodology. Serva, Pretoria. Future. The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mowla, Q.A., 1997a. Settlement texture: study of Mahalla in Dhaka. Dani, A.H., 1962. Dacca—A Record of its Changing Fortune. Asiatic Journal of Urban Design 2 (3), 259–275 (U.K.). Society, Dhaka. Mowla, Q.A., 1997b. Morphological evolution of Urban Dhaka. Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of Liverpool. UK. Research SecondEdition Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Nilufar, Farida, 2011. Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Gupta, N., 1989. Urbanization in South Asia in the colonial centuries. In: Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core, an Article Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (Ed.), Dhaka Past Present Future, 1989. The published in 400 Years of Capital Dhaka and Beyond, Vol. III, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, pp. 595–605. Urbanization and Urban Development, Published by Asiatic Hossain, Mohammad Sazzad, 2006. Conservation and Management Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. pp. 187–210. of Bara Katra. Unpublished training Report submitted at Lund Taifoor, Syed Muhammed, 1956. Glimpses of Old Dhaka. Pioneer, University Sweden. Dhaka.