Or Rather, Kilometres – Away from a Uniform System of Measurement
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Whose- U&XD0(4 Rr ? S. Pei^ Usow
whose- U&XD 0(4 rr ? ¿ 5 S. p e i^ usow OST of us have invented a country, oerhaps a philosoph ically constructed "Republic" or "Utopia", perhaps just a fictional world of our own. The country we invent will reflect our thoughts, just as the 'Lord or the Rings' and 'The Silmarillion' reveal Tolkien's ideas and ideals. Inventing a country - or what is equivalent - writing a fantasy or science-fiction story, creates certain problems. In writing a fantasy story we need to invent a certain amount. A few 'alien' versions of everyday necessities - such as currency or weights and measures - are sufficient to tell the reader that the story is not an everyday one; but invent too many words or new ideas and we risk pushing our story too far away from our audience for them to treat it as anything more than 'just' fiction. In this article I wish to look at one aspect of the fantasy world (or secondary world, if you prefer): the metrology, and its role in the 'Lord of the Rings' in particular. Why metrology? Perhaps for no better reason than that metrication is upon us. For better or for worse our world is being changed, like it or not; it is not simply another necessary change; it creates a barrier between the past and the future. Fantasy writers sometimes mention metrology; Burroughs., on Barsoom, provided footnotes on the measure used on Mars, on the time-units, and also on the measures on Venus. Not all writers go to this extreme; some mention time-units to make the point that a non-decimal system is being used, others may say nothing at all, taking it for granted that the metric system is in uni versal use. -
Colorado Metric Conversion Manual
COLORADO OT . DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION METRIC CONVERSION MANUAL January 1994 This manual or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the following disclaimer. The information presented in this publication haS been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a competent licensed engineer or other licensed professional. Publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) , that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon the specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated herein, since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. COOT bears no responsibility for such material other than to incorporate it at the time of the initial publication of this edition, subject to the general comments set forth in the preceding paragraph. Table of Contents Preface ................................................... v Introduction . vii Chapter 1: Metric Units, Terms, Symbols, and Conversion Factors . ... 1-1 Basic Metric . 1-1 Length, Area, Volume and Temperature . 1-7 Civil and Structural Engineering . 1-10 Metric Project Definition ....................... .. 1-12 Chapter 2: Right-Of-Way ................................... -
Imperial Units
Imperial units From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see English units. For the system of weight, see Avoirdupois. For United States customary units, see Customary units . Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement. The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London. Contents [hide] • 1 Relation to other systems • 2 Units ○ 2.1 Length ○ 2.2 Area ○ 2.3 Volume 2.3.1 British apothecaries ' volume measures ○ 2.4 Mass • 3 Current use of imperial units ○ 3.1 United Kingdom ○ 3.2 Canada ○ 3.3 Australia ○ 3.4 Republic of Ireland ○ 3.5 Other countries • 4 See also • 5 References • 6 External links [edit] Relation to other systems The imperial system is one of many systems of English or foot-pound-second units, so named because of the base units of length, mass and time. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely. -
Standards and Units: a View from the President of the Royal Society of New South Wales
Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 150, part 2, 2017, pp. 143–151. ISSN 0035-9173/17/020143-09 Standards and units: a view from the President of the Royal Society of New South Wales D. Brynn Hibbert The Royal Society of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, and The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Email: [email protected] Abstract As the Royal Society of New South Wales continues to grow in numbers and influence, the retiring president reflects on the achievements of the Society in the 21st century and describes the impending changes in the International System of Units. Scientific debates that have far reaching social effects should be the province of an Enlightenment society such as the RSNSW. Introduction solved by science alone. Our own Society t may be a long bow, but the changes in embraces “science literature philosophy and Ithe definitions of units used across the art” and we see with increasing clarity that world that have been decades in the making, our business often spans all these fields. As might have resonances in the resurgence in we shall learn the choice of units with which the fortunes of the RSNSW in the 21st cen- to measure our world is driven by science, tury. First, we have a system of units tracing philosophy, history and a large measure of back to the nineteenth century that starts social acceptability, not to mention the occa- with little traction in the world but eventu- sional forearm of a Pharaoh. ally becomes the bedrock of science, trade, Measurement health, indeed any measurement-based activ- ity. -
Imperial Units of Measure
Imperial Units of Measure So far we have looked at metric units of measure, but you may have spotted that these are not the only units of measurement that we use. For example, you might buy your milk in pints, or measure a journey in miles. These are some examples of imperial units of measure, which we need to be familiar with. What is the imperial system? Do not panic! You will not be expected to remember the measurements needed to convert between metric and Take a look at this video to start your imperial units. You will always be given the numbers you investigation. need to convert. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/z4nsgk7/ articles/zwbndxs See if you can find these units of measure being used anywhere around your house. You will spot this symbol being used when looking at imperial and metric measures. This symbol means ‘approximately’ or ‘approximately equal to’. It is hard to be exact when using two different systems of measurement and we often use rounding to make the calculations easier. Using Imperial Units of Measure Let’s start by looking at length I’m going to use a bar model to help me solve these conversions. If I know that 1 inch is approximately 2.5 centimetres, I think I’m going to need to be counting up in 2.5 10 cm 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 I have used the conversion given to me, to work out that 4inches is approximately 10cm. I know that 16 is 4 lots of 4 (4x4) So, I need to know what 4 lots of 10 is (4x10) 16 inches is approximately 40cm 15inches is 1 inch less than 16. -
International and National Standards on Dimensional Coordination, Modular Coordination, Tolerances and Joints
A111D3 7 3 2 M fl breau of Standards Bldg. |AT'L INST E-01 Admin. OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. CT I 1981 A1 11 03073248 n , rna,lonal and natlona 00™ ?!i?,^U57 N0.5J J? 131092 95, 1980 C.1 NBS-PUB-C 19 NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 595 foo U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards X X INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS ON DIMENSIONAL COORDINATION, MODULAR COORDINATION, TOLERANCES AND JOINTS IN BUILDING NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. -
Estimating Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions
Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions Estimating Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions People estimate distance, time, height and other measurements in everyday life. Estimates are often made using familiar measurements. For example, to measure distance, people may know that 1 step is approximately 1 metre or 1 yard. Using the stride estimate, sizes of rooms, yards and fields can be estimated by walking around them. People often estimate heights of other people based on their own heights. Conversions between metric and imperial units can be estimated using the following guidelines: 1 inch is approximately 3 centimetres 1 yard is approximately 1 metre 1 foot is approximately 0.3 metre 1 mile is approximately 1.5 km. Examples A) A 6-inch pen is approximately 6 × 3 cm = 18 cm. B) A 5-foot sign is approximately 5 × 0.3 = 1.5 metres. C) A distance of 10 yards is approximately 10 metres. D) 60 miles/h is approximately 100 km/h. Calculating Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions It is useful to know how to convert between units in the metric and imperial systems for many reasons, such as when travelling to the United States or following directions to construct something manufactured in the U.S.A. Also, many Canadians refer to height in feet and inches. Imperial measurement is often used in sports, e.g., the yardage in football, lines on a basketball court, 1 mile horse 4 race. Knowledge and Employability Studio Shape and Space: Measurement: Mathematics Linear Measurement: ©Alberta Education, Alberta, Canada (www.LearnAlberta.ca) Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions 1/4 Common conversions between the metric and imperial systems of linear measurement are shown below. -
Metrication Leaders Guide 2009
Metrication Leaders Guide This resource book will help make your inevitable upgrade to the metric system easy, smooth, cheap, and fast. Pat Naughtin 2009 2 of 89 Make your upgrade to the metric system easy, smooth, cheap, and fast Decision making for metrication leaders !! " ! # $ Appendices % & % ! !! ' ! ( )% ' !* " " + , -&..)--/& , - ,$ # ! ,, 0 * + # ( http://metricationmatters.com [email protected] 3 of 89 Make your upgrade to the metric system easy, smooth, cheap, and fast. Deciding on a metrication program confirms that you are a metrication leader – not a follower. You have the courage to stand aside from the crowd, decide what you think is best for yourself and for others, and you are prepared to differ from other people in your class, your work group, your company, or your industry. As a metrication leader, you will soon discover three things: 1 Metrication is technically a simple process. 2 Metrication doesn't take long if you pursue a planned and timed program. 3 Metrication can provoke deeply felt anti-metrication emotions in people who have had no measurement experience with metric measures, or people who have difficulty with change. The first two encourage confidence – it's simple and it won't take long – but the third factor can give you an intense feeling of isolation when you first begin your metrication program. You feel you are learning a new language (you are – a new measuring language), while people around you not only refuse to learn this language, but will do what they can to prevent you from growing and from making progressive developments in your life. The purpose of this book is to give you some supporting arguments to use in your metrication process. -
Modular/F.R.L. Units Series AC
P0295-P0364-E.qxd 08.11.6 2:05 PM Page 295 Modular/F.R.L. Units Series AC AC AF AR AL AW AG Round type pressure gauge (with color zone) AV AF800 AF900 295 P0295-P0364-E.qxd 08.11.6 2:05 PM Page 296 Modular F.R.L. Units Series AC Improved visibility for Improved installation lubricant drip Bracket with spacer with graduation for lubricant control Retainer Graduation 5 6 4 7 3 C M 8 S 2 9 1 Spacer with bracket Lever pin q Attach the component into the fitting of the spacer with bracket. w Lock the lever pin into the retainer. (temporary installation) Embedded Bolt pressure gauge is a standard feature. Ozone resistant rubber material (HNBR) Improved relief sensitivity Float type auto drain with excellent operability is used for compact models (AF10/20). Drain cock is easy-to-use rotary type. e Tighten the bolt. Round type pressure gauge (with color zone) type ˾ Red and green zones offer improved visibility of pressure control range. Green indicator Indicator adjusts to highlight preferred range Red indicator b Filter Regulator AW20(K) to 60(K) b Mist Separator Regulator AWM20 to 40 b Micro Mist Separator Regulator AWD20 to 40 b F.R.L. Unit b Regulator AC20 to 60 (AF + AR + AL) AR20(K) to 60(K) AC20A to 60A (AW + AL) AC20B to 60B (AF + AR) AC20C to 40C (AF + AFM + AR) AC20D to 40D (AW + AFM) 296 P0295-P0364-E.qxd 08.11.6 2:05 PM Page 297 Series Configuration Port size Product Model Page M5 x 0.8 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 Air Filter + Regulator + Lubricator AC10 AF AR AL AC20 AC25 AC30 AC40 300 AC40-06 AC50 AC55 AC60 Filter Regulator + Lubricator -
What Is Metrication?
What is metrication? Pat Naughtin Metrication is the process of upgrading from any of the many and various old pre-metric measurement methods to the modern metric system, which is technically known as The International System of Units (SI). Metrication began in France in the 1790s and then spread rapidly to all other nations in the world. Gradually, through the 1800s, the metric system replaced all of the numerous old historical weighing and measuring methods. By 1900, almost all nations had passed laws that accepted the metric system for use in trade, and during the late 1800s this usually translated into widespread use of the metric system by the public. The metric system is now used by all of the world's people in all nations. The philosopher, Condorcet, proved to be correct when, in 1791, he described the original metric system as: For all people; for all time. As examples, the USA has allowed metric measuring units since 1866, and the UK since 1873. Liberia and Myanmar are the only nations that have not yet passed specific metric laws but the metric system is used in both of those countries every day. Only in France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America has there been any significant opposition to metrication, the main objections being based on history, tradition, aesthetics, economic conjecture, and a personal distaste for foreign ideas. In France and Japan the opposition faded as soon as people regularly used the metric system. This left only two nations, the UK and the USA, with citizens who have difficulty accepting the reality of worldwide metrication. -
Technical Note 10: Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry
TECHNICAL NOTES on Brick Construction 10 1850 Centennial Park Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191 | www.gobrick.com | 703-620-0010 February 2009 Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry Abstract: This Technical Note presents information for determining the basic layout of brick masonry walls, including both structural and veneer applications. Modular and non-modular brick masonry is discussed, including overall dimensioning of masonry walls using various brick unit sizes. Finally, guidelines are presented to aid the designer in estimating the amount of materials needed for brick masonry. Key Words: actual dimension, construction, estimating, modular masonry, nominal dimension, size, specified dimension. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS: Brick and Mortar Joint Sizes: brick lengths, use nominal dimensions as intended • Specify brick using standardized nomenclature and constructed dimensions specified size (width by height by length) • When nominal dimensions are used on plans but are • For modular brick, specify mortar joint thicknesses such not intended to be used for construction, note plans that when added to the specified brick size, the intended accordingly modular dimensions result • When possible, select brick size to minimize cutting Estimating: • Use wall area method and tables to determine number Bond Pattern: of brick and quantity of mortar per wall area • Select one-half running bond for applications when brick • Modify brick estimates for bond pattern, breakage and width is one-half of brick length; select one-third running waste bond -
Metric Guide for Federal Construction (4-93)
METRIC GUIDE FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION First Edition The Construction Subcommittee of the Metrication Operating Committee of the Interagency on Metric Policy Published by the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BUILDING SCIENCES 1201 L Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 Call 202-289-7800 for ordering information. Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1993, National Institute of Building Sciences. First printing, December 1991 Second printing, March 1992 Third printing, August 1992 Fourth printing, April 1993 METRIC GUIDE FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION First Edition The Construction Subcommittee of the Metrication Operating Committee of the Interagency Council on Metric Policy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Construction Subcommittee of the Interagency Council on Metric Policy's Metrication Operating Committee has prepared this guide to aid the federal agencies in implementing the metric system of measurement in the federal construction process. I would like to express my appreciation to Arnold Prima of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, who first voiced a need for the guide and initiated its development; to William Brenner of the National Institute of Building Scienc- es, who wrote it; to Claret Heider, its editor; and to reviewers William Aird of the State Department, Valerie Antoine and Louis Sokol of the U.S. Metric Association, Bruce Barrow of the Defense Information Systems Agency, Maria Grazi Bruschi of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Ronald Clevenger of the Tennessee Valley Authority, Amitabha Datta of the General Services Admin- istration, Troy Estes of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Luther Flouton of the Public Health Service, James Gross of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Leslie Hegyi, Stan Jakuba of S.I.