DOCSLIB.ORG

International and National Standards on Dimensional Coordination, Modular Coordination, Tolerances and Joints

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International and National Standards on Dimensional Coordination, Modular Coordination, Tolerances and Joints A111D3 7 3 2 M fl breau of Standards Bldg. |AT'L INST E-01 Admin. OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. CT I 1981 A1 11 03073248 n , rna,lonal and natlona 00™ ?!i?,^U57 N0.5J J? 131092 95, 1980 C.1 NBS-PUB-C 19 NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 595 foo U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards X X INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS ON DIMENSIONAL COORDINATION, MODULAR COORDINATION, TOLERANCES AND JOINTS IN BUILDING NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Absolute Physical Quantities 2 — Radiation Research — Thermodynamics and Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science. THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering-' — Mechanical Engineering and Process Technology 2 — Building Technology — Fire Research — Consumer Product Technology — Field Methods. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The Institute consists of the following centers: Programming Science and Technology — Computer Systems Engineering. 'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. 2 Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. rtatfonaJ Bureau of Stsn&rt> Ubnnr, E-01 Admto. eidg. OCT 2 9 1980 Hot GCC - re International and National Standards on O QCjoo Dimensional Coordination, Modular Coordination, US'] Tolerances and Joints in Building Hans J. Milton Building Economics and Regulatory Technology Division Center for Building Technology National Engineering Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 With the support of: Energy, Building Technology and Standards Research Division Office of Policy Development and Research Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, DC 20410 c U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology and Innovation NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director Issued October 1980 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-600147 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 595 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 595, 154 pages (Oct. 1980) CODEN: XNBSAV Supersedes NBSIR 79-1791 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $5.00 ABSTRACT This publication lists international, multi-national [regional] , and national standards from over 50 countries dealing with the principles and application of dimensional or modular coordination in building, including joints and tolerances. It is based on an NBS Interim Report with the same title which was sent to national and multi-national stan- dards organizations for review and comment. The document shows the widespread adoption of the international building module of 100 mm (also designated as M) as a basis for dimensional rationalization in building design, production, and construction. The listing includes international (ISO) standards, multi-national (COP ANT, ICAITI, CMEA) standards, and national standards from all major countries. Brief summaries of contents have been included where available, as well as titles in English for documents published in other languages. Appendixes illustrate international cooperation on the subject, a multi- lingual vocabulary of 20 key terms, and review comments received. The main purpose of this publication is to assist the U.S. construction community by providing information on international precedent and, thus, to facilitate decisionmaking relative to new standards for dimensional [modular] coordination in building, especially those to be developed in metric (SI) units. Key findings have been summarized. The document may also assist exporters of building products and/or services. Additional information, revisions, or other changes will be included in future supplements. Key words: Building module; dimensional coordination; metric design and construction; modular coordination; standards. iii , SUPPORT IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS PUBL I CAT I ON This NBS Special Publication 595 supersedes Interim Report NBSIR 79-1791, which had the same title and is referenced as a source document. The Interim Report was issued in limited quantity in August 1979, and this Special Publication contains additional information, amendments, and other data received as a result of international review and comment from 39 standards organizations. For availability, refer to Note on page v. This NBS Special Publication was prepared with the support of the Energy, Building Technology and Standards Research Division, Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Australian Government has supported the preparation of this report by making available the services of the author, Hans J. Milton, B.Arch., M. Bdg.Sc, M.B.A, FRAIA, Assistant Secretary, Technology Division, Department of Housing and Construction. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Contributions to this publication have come from many different organiza- tions and individuals, and appropriate acknowledgements have been given throughout the document. The principal information sources were: 1. Replies from multi-national and national standards organizations in response to a request for verification, modification, or supplementa- tion of interim data presented in NBSIR 79-1791 a. from or on behalf of: COPANT , ICAITI, and CMEA (Part 2) b. from or on behalf of the national standards bodies of: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Republic of China, Colombia, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, Democratic Republic of Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Republic of Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, and the United Kingdom (Parts 3-7) c. from standards bodies of countries that do not have standards on modular coordination at present: Ethiopia, Malawi. 2. Publications of the International Organization for Standardization [ISO], including: a. ISO MEMENTO 1980 Information on member bodies of ISO, including titles and scope of work of relevant Technical Divisions , Technical Committees Subcommittees and Working Groups. b. ISO CATALOGUE 1980 and Supplement 1 [April 1980] Listing of ISO standards and recommendations , including titles, designations , and number of pages. iv . c. ISO TECHNICAL PROGRAMME [January 1980] Listing of draft international standards and draft proposals , their status, and expected target date for publication. d. PARTICIPATION IN ISO COMMITTEES
Load more

Recommended publications
  • International and National Standards on Dimensional Coordination, Modular Coordination, Tolerances and Joints in Building
    L N S T < fr STAND & tech r.i.c. A111D0 ms rn | mi i i Nii i PUBLICATIONS A111D4 NBSIR 79-1 791 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS ON DIMENSIONAL COORDINATION, MODULAR COORDINATION, TOLERANCES AND JOINTS IN BUILDING August 1979 79-1791 wauitfaaS' Bureau of 'Stsird&rfe DEC 1 2 19 79 rxoi free. -Cc cc. Si (Lx go NBSIR 79-1791 LI j ? I INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS ON DIMENSIONAL COORDINATION, MODULAR COORDINATION, c« TOLERANCES AND JOINTS IN BUILDING Hans J. Milton Building Economics and Regulatory Technology Division Center for Building Technology National Engineering Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Washington, D C. 20234 August 1979 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director : , ABSTRACT This Interim Report lists international, regional (multi-national), and national standards dealing with the principles and practical application of modular and dimensional coordination in building, including joints and tolerances. The document shows the widespread adoption of the international building module (M) , of 100 mm, as a basis for dimensional standardization in building design, production and construction. The listing comprises a total of 26 international and regional standards (ISO, COPANT, ICAITI) and well over 500 foreign national standards. Where available, brief summaries of contents have been included, as well as titles or subtitles in English. Appendixes are included to illustrate international coopera- tion on the subject, and include a multi-lingual vocabulary for twenty of the key terms used in modular coordination.
    [Show full text]
  • Costs and Financial Benefits of Undertaking Green Building Assessments
    Costs and Financial Benefits of Undertaking Green Building Assessments Final Report Contents 0 Research Highlights............................................................................................................ 1 0.1 Cost Premiums for Green Building Assessments in Hong Kong........................................ 1 0.2 Certified Green Buildings .................................................................................................... 2 0.3 Potential Financial Benefits................................................................................................. 2 0.4 Green Building Assessments in Hong Kong....................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 HK-BEAM............................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Timeline............................................................................................................................... 6 2 Green Building Assessments.............................................................................................. 7 2.1 Green Building Concepts .................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Certified Green Buildings .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Whose- U&XD0(4 Rr ? S. Pei^ Usow
    whose- U&XD 0(4 rr ? ¿ 5 S. p e i^ usow OST of us have invented a country, oerhaps a philosoph­ ically constructed "Republic" or "Utopia", perhaps just a fictional world of our own. The country we invent will reflect our thoughts, just as the 'Lord or the Rings' and 'The Silmarillion' reveal Tolkien's ideas and ideals. Inventing a country - or what is equivalent - writing a fantasy or science-fiction story, creates certain problems. In writing a fantasy story we need to invent a certain amount. A few 'alien' versions of everyday necessities - such as currency or weights and measures - are sufficient to tell the reader that the story is not an everyday one; but invent too many words or new ideas and we risk pushing our story too far away from our audience for them to treat it as anything more than 'just' fiction. In this article I wish to look at one aspect of the fantasy world (or secondary world, if you prefer): the metrology, and its role in the 'Lord of the Rings' in particular. Why metrology? Perhaps for no better reason than that metrication is upon us. For better or for worse our world is being changed, like it or not; it is not simply another necessary change; it creates a barrier between the past and the future. Fantasy writers sometimes mention metrology; Burroughs., on Barsoom, provided footnotes on the measure used on Mars, on the time-units, and also on the measures on Venus. Not all writers go to this extreme; some mention time-units to make the point that a non-decimal system is being used, others may say nothing at all, taking it for granted that the metric system is in uni­ versal use.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Units
    Imperial units From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see English units. For the system of weight, see Avoirdupois. For United States customary units, see Customary units . Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement. The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London. Contents [hide] • 1 Relation to other systems • 2 Units ○ 2.1 Length ○ 2.2 Area ○ 2.3 Volume 2.3.1 British apothecaries ' volume measures ○ 2.4 Mass • 3 Current use of imperial units ○ 3.1 United Kingdom ○ 3.2 Canada ○ 3.3 Australia ○ 3.4 Republic of Ireland ○ 3.5 Other countries • 4 See also • 5 References • 6 External links [edit] Relation to other systems The imperial system is one of many systems of English or foot-pound-second units, so named because of the base units of length, mass and time. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely.
    [Show full text]
  • Standards and Units: a View from the President of the Royal Society of New South Wales
    Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 150, part 2, 2017, pp. 143–151. ISSN 0035-9173/17/020143-09 Standards and units: a view from the President of the Royal Society of New South Wales D. Brynn Hibbert The Royal Society of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, and The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Email: [email protected] Abstract As the Royal Society of New South Wales continues to grow in numbers and influence, the retiring president reflects on the achievements of the Society in the 21st century and describes the impending changes in the International System of Units. Scientific debates that have far reaching social effects should be the province of an Enlightenment society such as the RSNSW. Introduction solved by science alone. Our own Society t may be a long bow, but the changes in embraces “science literature philosophy and Ithe definitions of units used across the art” and we see with increasing clarity that world that have been decades in the making, our business often spans all these fields. As might have resonances in the resurgence in we shall learn the choice of units with which the fortunes of the RSNSW in the 21st cen- to measure our world is driven by science, tury. First, we have a system of units tracing philosophy, history and a large measure of back to the nineteenth century that starts social acceptability, not to mention the occa- with little traction in the world but eventu- sional forearm of a Pharaoh. ally becomes the bedrock of science, trade, Measurement health, indeed any measurement-based activ- ity.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Units of Measure
    Imperial Units of Measure So far we have looked at metric units of measure, but you may have spotted that these are not the only units of measurement that we use. For example, you might buy your milk in pints, or measure a journey in miles. These are some examples of imperial units of measure, which we need to be familiar with. What is the imperial system? Do not panic! You will not be expected to remember the measurements needed to convert between metric and Take a look at this video to start your imperial units. You will always be given the numbers you investigation. need to convert. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/z4nsgk7/ articles/zwbndxs See if you can find these units of measure being used anywhere around your house. You will spot this symbol being used when looking at imperial and metric measures. This symbol means ‘approximately’ or ‘approximately equal to’. It is hard to be exact when using two different systems of measurement and we often use rounding to make the calculations easier. Using Imperial Units of Measure Let’s start by looking at length I’m going to use a bar model to help me solve these conversions. If I know that 1 inch is approximately 2.5 centimetres, I think I’m going to need to be counting up in 2.5 10 cm 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 I have used the conversion given to me, to work out that 4inches is approximately 10cm. I know that 16 is 4 lots of 4 (4x4) So, I need to know what 4 lots of 10 is (4x10) 16 inches is approximately 40cm 15inches is 1 inch less than 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions
    Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions Estimating Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions People estimate distance, time, height and other measurements in everyday life. Estimates are often made using familiar measurements. For example, to measure distance, people may know that 1 step is approximately 1 metre or 1 yard. Using the stride estimate, sizes of rooms, yards and fields can be estimated by walking around them. People often estimate heights of other people based on their own heights. Conversions between metric and imperial units can be estimated using the following guidelines: 1 inch is approximately 3 centimetres 1 yard is approximately 1 metre 1 foot is approximately 0.3 metre 1 mile is approximately 1.5 km. Examples A) A 6-inch pen is approximately 6 × 3 cm = 18 cm. B) A 5-foot sign is approximately 5 × 0.3 = 1.5 metres. C) A distance of 10 yards is approximately 10 metres. D) 60 miles/h is approximately 100 km/h. Calculating Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions It is useful to know how to convert between units in the metric and imperial systems for many reasons, such as when travelling to the United States or following directions to construct something manufactured in the U.S.A. Also, many Canadians refer to height in feet and inches. Imperial measurement is often used in sports, e.g., the yardage in football, lines on a basketball court, 1 mile horse 4 race. Knowledge and Employability Studio Shape and Space: Measurement: Mathematics Linear Measurement: ©Alberta Education, Alberta, Canada (www.LearnAlberta.ca) Metric and Imperial Linear Conversions 1/4 Common conversions between the metric and imperial systems of linear measurement are shown below.
    [Show full text]
  • Modular/F.R.L. Units Series AC
    P0295-P0364-E.qxd 08.11.6 2:05 PM Page 295 Modular/F.R.L. Units Series AC AC AF AR AL AW AG Round type pressure gauge (with color zone) AV AF800 AF900 295 P0295-P0364-E.qxd 08.11.6 2:05 PM Page 296 Modular F.R.L. Units Series AC Improved visibility for Improved installation lubricant drip Bracket with spacer with graduation for lubricant control Retainer Graduation 5 6 4 7 3 C M 8 S 2 9 1 Spacer with bracket Lever pin q Attach the component into the fitting of the spacer with bracket. w Lock the lever pin into the retainer. (temporary installation) Embedded Bolt pressure gauge is a standard feature. Ozone resistant rubber material (HNBR) Improved relief sensitivity Float type auto drain with excellent operability is used for compact models (AF10/20). Drain cock is easy-to-use rotary type. e Tighten the bolt. Round type pressure gauge (with color zone) type ˾ Red and green zones offer improved visibility of pressure control range. Green indicator Indicator adjusts to highlight preferred range Red indicator b Filter Regulator AW20(K) to 60(K) b Mist Separator Regulator AWM20 to 40 b Micro Mist Separator Regulator AWD20 to 40 b F.R.L. Unit b Regulator AC20 to 60 (AF + AR + AL) AR20(K) to 60(K) AC20A to 60A (AW + AL) AC20B to 60B (AF + AR) AC20C to 40C (AF + AFM + AR) AC20D to 40D (AW + AFM) 296 P0295-P0364-E.qxd 08.11.6 2:05 PM Page 297 Series Configuration Port size Product Model Page M5 x 0.8 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 Air Filter + Regulator + Lubricator AC10 AF AR AL AC20 AC25 AC30 AC40 300 AC40-06 AC50 AC55 AC60 Filter Regulator + Lubricator
    [Show full text]
  • IEC 60917-1 ® Edition 2.0 2019-09
    Nofurtherreproductionordistributionispermitted. Copyrighted materiallicensedtoUniversityofTorontobyClarivateAnalytics(US)LLC,subscriptions.techstreet.com,downloadedon2019-11-2708:51:55+0000User. IEC 60917-1 ® Edition 2.0 2019-09 REDLINE VERSION colour inside Modular order for the development of mechanical structures for electrical and electronic equipment practices – Part 1: Generic standard IEC 60917-1:2019-09 RLV(en) RLV(en) IEC 60917-1:2019-09 Nofurtherreproductionordistributionispermitted. Copyrighted materiallicensedtoUniversityofTorontobyClarivateAnalytics(US)LLC,subscriptions.techstreet.com,downloadedon2019-11-2708:51:55+0000User. THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright © 2019 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information. IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 3, rue de Varembé [email protected] CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch Switzerland About the IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Note 10: Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry
    TECHNICAL NOTES on Brick Construction 10 1850 Centennial Park Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191 | www.gobrick.com | 703-620-0010 February 2009 Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry Abstract: This Technical Note presents information for determining the basic layout of brick masonry walls, including both structural and veneer applications. Modular and non-modular brick masonry is discussed, including overall dimensioning of masonry walls using various brick unit sizes. Finally, guidelines are presented to aid the designer in estimating the amount of materials needed for brick masonry. Key Words: actual dimension, construction, estimating, modular masonry, nominal dimension, size, specified dimension. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS: Brick and Mortar Joint Sizes: brick lengths, use nominal dimensions as intended • Specify brick using standardized nomenclature and constructed dimensions specified size (width by height by length) • When nominal dimensions are used on plans but are • For modular brick, specify mortar joint thicknesses such not intended to be used for construction, note plans that when added to the specified brick size, the intended accordingly modular dimensions result • When possible, select brick size to minimize cutting Estimating: • Use wall area method and tables to determine number Bond Pattern: of brick and quantity of mortar per wall area • Select one-half running bond for applications when brick • Modify brick estimates for bond pattern, breakage and width is one-half of brick length; select one-third running waste bond
    [Show full text]
  • Or Rather, Kilometres – Away from a Uniform System of Measurement
    For Immediate Release Canadian Public Opinion Poll Page 1 of 9 Canada is miles – or rather, kilometres – away from a uniform system of measurement Young people use metric the most, but nearly everyone thinks of their height and weight in imperial. March 1, 2017 – How tall is Sidney Canada has officially been a metric-using Crosby? And how far is it from country since the 1970s, but lots of people Vancouver to Halifax? For most Canadians, the answers to these still use the imperial system of measurement questions are “5 feet, 11 inches,” and for different things. Overall, what do you “6,160 km,” respectively. think about this? Contained within these answers is a distinctly Canadian contradiction: 17% Although this country officially went metric in the 1970s, there are many day-to-day measurements for which 16% Canadians have not forgotten their 67% imperial roots. A new public opinion poll from the Angus Reid Institute finds this is It's okay for Canadians to keep using a mix of both systems especially true of older Canadians, who were schooled in a system of pounds Canada should go back to the imperial system and gallons instead of kilograms and Canada should work harder to use the official metric system litres. Conversely, younger (under 25) METHODOLOGY: Canadians' stated unfamiliarity with the imperial system suggests the shift The Angus Reid Institute conducted an online survey from January 9 - 12 among a representative randomized sample of 1,501 towards the metric system will continue Canadian adults who are members of the Angus Reid Forum.
    [Show full text]
  • Sg4-Units-Of-Measurement.Pdf
    Units of Measurement: A. The Imperial System Canada uses the metric system – most of the time! However, there are still places and occasions where the imperial system of measurement is used. People often talk about their height in feet and inches or their weight in pounds. Many recipes measure in cups and teaspoons. Another example is the term ‘two by four’ when talking about lumber. That term means that a plank is roughly two inches thick and four inches wide. Another place where the imperial system of measurement is often seen is in the grocery store, especially in the meat/fish and fresh produce sections. Prices and weights are often given in both metric and imperial units of measurement. For example, you may see a sign advertising “Potatoes – 89¢ a pound (lb.) or $1.96 per kilogram (kg)”. The USA uses only a system of measurement related to the imperial one, so items imported from there often do not have a metric equivalent given. Cookbooks frequently use one or the other system of measurement. For all these reasons, it is important to understand both systems and be able to convert one into the other. The most common imperial units of measurement are: Quantity Unit Symbol length foot ft. weight pound lb. volume gallon gal. Here are the most common conversions of imperial units of measurement: Length Weight Volume 1 foot (ft. ) = 12 inches (in.) 1 pound (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz.) 1 pint (pt.) = 2 cups 1 yard (yd.) = 3 feet 1 ton = 2000 pounds (lbs.) 1 quart (qt.) = 2 pints 1 mile (mi.) = 5280 feet or 1760 yards 1 gallon (gal.) = 4 quarts When we convert units in the imperial system, we use a familiar rule: When we convert a larger unit to a smaller unit, we multiply by the conversion factor.
    [Show full text]