Appendix B – Units and Systems of Measurement
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5 Military Rucking Rules Every Backpacker Should Know 1. One
5 Military Rucking Rules Every Backpacker Should Know The military has spent years studying the best way to move under a load (aka “rucking”). Here are 5 military rucking rules that translate well to hikers. “Rucking” is the military term for hiking under load. As you can imagine, this is a huge issue for the military, as soldiers must wear body armor and carry weapons, ammo, water, communications equipment, and other gear as they conduct patrols and missions. Rucking performance and injury prevention are hugely important for military operations and personnel. Movement over ground under load is also a key for hiking and backpacking. In reviewing the research the military has already done on this subject, we discovered five rules. Read on to make sure you’re following these military rucking rules on your next backcountry adventure. 1. One pound on your feet equals five pounds on your back. This old backpacking thumb rule holds true, according to a 1984 study from the U.S. Army Research Institute. They tested how much more energy was expended with different footwear (boots and shoes) and concluded that it take 4.7 to 6.4 times as much energy to move at a given pace when weight is carried on the shoe versus on the torso. In practical terms, this means you could carry half a gallon more of water (a little over 4 pounds) if you buy boots that are a pound lighter, which isn’t hard to do; and that’s a lot of water. Now imagine the energy savings of backpacking in light trail running shoes rather than heavy, leather backpacking boots over the course of 7- day backpacking trip. -
The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in World War I: from Inception To
THE PORTUGUESE EXPEDITIONARY CORPS IN WORLD WAR I: FROM INCEPTION TO COMBAT DESTRUCTION, 1914-1918 Jesse Pyles, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Major Professor Robert Citino, Committee Member Walter Roberts, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Pyles, Jesse, The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in World War I: From Inception to Destruction, 1914-1918. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 130 pp., references, 86. The Portuguese Expeditionary Force fought in the trenches of northern France from April 1917 to April 1918. On 9 April 1918 the sledgehammer blow of Operation Georgette fell upon the exhausted Portuguese troops. British accounts of the Portuguese Corps’ participation in combat on the Western Front are terse. Many are dismissive. In fact, Portuguese units experienced heavy combat and successfully held their ground against all attacks. Regarding Georgette, the standard British narrative holds that most of the Portuguese soldiers threw their weapons aside and ran. The account is incontrovertibly false. Most of the Portuguese combat troops held their ground against the German assault. This thesis details the history of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force. Copyright 2012 by Jesse Pyles ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The love of my life, my wife Izabella, encouraged me to pursue graduate education in history. This thesis would not have been possible without her support. Professor Geoffrey Wawro directed my thesis. He provided helpful feedback regarding content and structure. Professor Robert Citino offered equal measures of instruction and encouragement. -
Conversion Factor Table Copyright © by Jon Wittwer
Conversion Factor Table http://www.et.byu.edu/~jww8 Copyright © by Jon Wittwer Multiple by To Get hp 2544.5 Btu / hr m / s 3.60 km / h inch 2.54 cm hp 745.70 W (watt) m / s 3.2808 ft / s This can also be written as: 1 inch = 2.54 cm hp 0.74570 kW m / s 2.237 mi / h (mph) A acre 43,560 ft2 hp 33,000 ft·lbf / min m / s2 3.2808 ft / s2 ampere·hr (A·h) 3,600 coulomb (C) hp 550 ft·lbf / sec metric ton 1000 kg hp·hr 2544 Btu ångström (Å) 1x10-10 m mil 0.001 in 6 atm (atmosphere) 1.01325 bar hp·hr 1.98x10 ft·lbf mi (mile) 5280 ft atm, std 76.0 cm of Hg hp·hr 2.68x106 J mi 1.6093 km atm, std 760 mm of Hg at 0ºC in 2.54* cm mi2 (square mile) 640 acres atm, std 33.90 ft of water in of Hg 0.0334 atm mph (mile/hour) 1.6093 km / hr atm, std 29.92 in of Hg at 30ºF in of Hg 13.60 in of water mph 88.0 ft / min (fpm) atm, std 14.696 lbf/in2 abs (psia) in of Hg 3.387 kPa mph 1.467 ft / s atm, std 101.325 kPa in of water 0.0736 in of Hg mph 0.4470 m / s 2 -6 atm, std 1.013x105 Pa in of water 0.0361 lbf / in (psi) micron 1x10 m in of water 0.002458 atm -3 atm, std 1.03323 kgf / cm2 mm of Hg 1.316x10 atm -4 atm, std 14.696 psia J J (joule) 9.4782x10 Btu mm of Hg 0.1333 kPa B bar 0.9869 atm, std J 6.2415x1018 eV mm of water 9.678x10-5 atm bar 1x105 Pa J 0.73756 ft·lbf N N (newton) 1 kg·m / s2 J1N·m Btu 778.169 ft·lbf N 1x105 dyne 7 Btu 1055.056 J J 1x10 ergs µN (microN) 0.1 dyne Btu 5.40395 psia·ft3 J / s 1 W N 0.22481 lbf K kg (kilogram) 2.2046226 lbm (pound mass) Btu 2.928x10-4 kWh N·m 0.7376 ft·lbf -5 kg 0.068522 slug N·m 1 J Btu 1x10 therm -3 kg 1x10 metric -
Lesson 1: Length English Vs
Lesson 1: Length English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer 1 mile B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter 1.6 kilometers English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer 1 mile B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter 1.6 kilometers 1 yard = 0.9444 meters English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer 1 mile B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter 1.6 kilometers 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 yard = 0.9444 meters Metric Units The basic unit of length in the metric system in the meter and is represented by a lowercase m. Standard: The distance traveled by light in absolute vacuum in 1∕299,792,458 of a second. Metric Units 1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters 1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm) 1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm) Which is larger? A. 1 meter or 105 centimeters C. 12 centimeters or 102 millimeters B. 4 kilometers or 4400 meters D. 1200 millimeters or 1 meter Measuring Length How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter? 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cm HINT: Round to the nearest centimeter – no decimals. -
The Beautiful Cubit System I Douglas 2019 the Beautiful Cubit System
The Beautiful Cubit System I Douglas 2019 The Beautiful Cubit System Ian Douglas, B.Sc [email protected] 30 June 2019 Version 1.0.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3263864 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Abstract An analysis of the Egyptian Royal cubit, presenting some research and opinions flowing from that research, into what I believe was the original cubit, and how it was corrupted. I show various close arithmetic approximations and multiple ways of getting the divisions of the cubit, as well as some related measures. The cubit also encapsulates the basic components for the metric system. Keywords: Egyptology, metrology, royal cubit, cubit, metre, foot, metric system Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview of current understanding 3. An alternative origin 4. Different ways of approximating the royal cubit 5. Different ways of getting the cubit divisions 6. Geometry, the Royal Cubit and the metric system 7. Bibliography 1. Introduction The cubit is a well-know ancient measure of length, used around various places in the Middle East and Mediterranean region in the distant past. 1 The Beautiful Cubit System I Douglas 2019 It is allegedly based on the length of a human (male) fore-arm. It is typically measured from the back of the elbow to some point between the wrist and the end of the outstretched middle finger, or in some variants, a point beyond that. The problem with this approach is that everyone’s arm is a different length. If the heights of the dynastic Egyptians is taken as representative, then their arms would have been too short to justify the accepted lengths. -
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: a Brief History
1 .0 11 8 1.25 1.4 I 6_ DOCUMENT RESUME ED 142 418 SE 022 719 AUTHOE Judson, Lewis V. TITLE Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A Brief History. Updated Edition. INSTITUTION National Bureau of Standards (DOC) ,Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NBS-SP-447 PUB DATE Mar 76 NOTE 42p.; Contains occasional small print; Photographs may not reproduce well AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 003-0O3-01654-3, $1.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Government Publications; History; *Mathematics Education; *Measurement; *Metric System; *Science History; *Standards ABSTRACT This document was published by the National Bureau of Standards to meet the current demand for information on the history of weights and measures in the United States. It includes an illustrated discussion of this history through 1962 followed by an addendum covering the period 1963-1975. Appendices provide a bibliography and photographic copies of eight documents important to the development of official standards of measurement. (SD) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * -to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. -
12 Huggins CAA 1983.Pdf
103 SAXON BUILDI NG MEASUREMENTS P.J.Hu99 ins 27 Grange Court, Waltham ~bbey, ~ssex. Abstract The medieval ~nglish rod of 5.OJ m has been shown to have been in use back to the 6th c~ntury.The sub-divi'sions so fa.r detected are thirds and sixths of this .rod. '1',10 particular a.spects are considered in this paper. The first is vhether the rod was divided further into feet; it is suggested that the manupes-the foot measured by hand-at 15 to the rod is the likely contender. The second aspect concerns building data from r-Juckine. At least 66 Saxon post-hole buildings have been analysed and, provisionally, it appears that 40 were set out using a rod of about 4.65 m and 25 using the 5.03 m rod. Extant rods in the Saxon bomeland likewise have a mean value of 4.65 m suggesting this measure Has brought over by the original Saxon settlers at Bucking. Introduction In a developing sub'ject new ideas are formula.ted and old ideas rightly questioned and possibly discarded. Ne," data may support established hypotheses or change or add to the picture. At any particular time one or hvo aspects of a developing subject will appear to be of special importance in a \vorker t s mind. Such is the position at the present time. The first as~ect of current interest is whether or not the 5.03 m rod, used in the Saxon period, was divided into feet. The second aspect concerns a site '''here two measuring systems appear to have been in use. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions. -
The History of Measurements
Helicobacter pylori Some Historical Units of Measurement History of Measurement • Objects were initially measured for convenience, to aid commerce and prevent fraud. • The Egyptians among other civilizations were the first to begin recording measurements around 3200 BC. • Early measurement units were based on body parts or common objects. Historical Units of Length and their equivalence chart ➢ Digit: the breadth of a finger (Egyptian) ➢ Barleycorn: the length of a barleycorn seed ➢ Inch: the width of a man’s thumb or 3 barleycorns ➢ Foot: the length of a man’s foot ➢ Cubit: elbow to fingertip length (Egyptian) ➢ Yard: nose to fingertip length ➢ Mile: 5000 pedes (feet, Roman) ➢ League: 7500 pedes Historical Units of Mass/Volume and their equivalence chart ➢ Grain: the weight of a grain of wheat or barleycorn ➢ Pound (libra): ~5000 grains (Roman) or ~7000 grains (English) ➢ Talent: 100 libra ➢ Stone: 14 pounds (English/British) ➢ Troy Ounce: 1/12 of a pound ➢ Carat: weight of a carob seed The Cubit The cubit is the measure from your elbow to the tip of your middle finger when your arm is extended. The cubit was the measurement used by the Egyptians to build the pyramids. The Palm The palm is the width of your four fingers when they are placed together. The Fathom The fathom is the measure from fingertip to fingertip when your arms are stretched sideways as far as they will go. The fathom was used by sailors to measure the depth of water so that boats would not run aground. The Hand-span The hand-span is the measure from the tip of your pinky to the tip of your thumb when your hand is stretched out. -
The History of Measurements
Helicobacter pylori Some Historical Units of Measurement Historical Units of Length ➢ Digit: the breadth of a finger (Egyptian) ➢ Barleycorn: the length of a barleycorn seed ➢ Inch: the width of a man’s thumb or 3 barleycorns ➢ Foot: the length of a man’s foot ➢ Cubit: elbow to fingertip length (Egyptian) ➢ Yard: nose to fingertip ➢ Mile: 5000 pedes (feet, Roman) ➢ League: 7500 pedes Historical Units of Mass/Volume ➢ Grain: the weight of a grain of wheat or barleycorn ➢ Pound (libra): ~5000 grains (Roman) or ~7000 grains (English) ➢ Talent: 100 libra ➢ Stone: 14 pounds (English/British) ➢ Troy Ounce: 1/12 of a pound ➢ Carat: weight of a carob seed The Cubit The cubit is the measure from your elbow to the tip of your middle finger when your arm is extended. The cubit was the measurement used by the Egyptians to build the pyramids. The Palm The palm is the width of your four fingers when they are placed together. The Fathom The fathom is the measure from fingertip to fingertip when your arms are stretched sideways as far as they will go. The fathom was used by sailors to measure the depth of water so that boats would not run aground. The Hand-span The hand-span is the measure from the tip of your pinky to the tip of your thumb when your hand is stretched out. Hand-span was used to measure the height of horses. People still describe horses as being so many hands high. The Pace The pace is the measure of distance from one step to another. -
Converting Waste Oil Palm Trees Into a Resource R O G R a M M E P N V I R O N M E N T E
w w w . u n ep. o r g United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, 00100 Kenya Tel: (254 20) 7621234 Fax: (254 20) 7623927 E-mail: [email protected] web: www.unep.org CONVERTING WASTE OIL PALM TREES INTO A ESOURCE R ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2012 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educa- tional or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiv- ing a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Na- tions Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundar- ies. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Acknowledgement This document was developed by a team led by Dr. Wan Asma Ibrahim Head of Bioen- ergy Programme, Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) under the overall guidance and supervision of Surya Prakash Chandak, Senior Pro- gramme Officer, International Environmental Technology Centre, Division of Technol- ogy, Industry & Economics, United Nations Environment Programme.