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Weeds Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia

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Weeds Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia WEEDS REPORTED IN RICE IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA KEITH MOODY 1989 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of the 13 nonprofit international research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGlAR is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of 50 donor countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. IRRI receives support, through the CGIAR, from a number of donors including the Asian Development Bank, the European Economic Com- munity, the Ford Foundation, the International Development Research Centre, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the OPEC Special Fund, the Rockefeller Foundation, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, and the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. Copyright © International Rice Research Institute 1989 All rights reserved. Except for quotations of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, with- out prior permission of IRRI. This permission will not be unreasonably withheld for use for noncommercial purposes. IRRI does not require payment for the noncommercial use of its published works, and hopes that this copyright declaration will not diminish the bona fide use of its research findings in agricultural research and development. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IRRI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 971-104-206-1 CONTENTS Foreword v Preface vii Explanation of abbreviations used viii Weeds reported to occur in rice in South and Southeast Asia 1 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Bangladesh 87 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Bhutan 103 Weeds reported to occur in transplanted rice in Brunei 105 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Burma 107 Weeds reported to occur in rice in India 115 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Indonesia 183 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Kampuchea 213 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Laos 223 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Malaysia 233 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Nepal 251 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Pakistan 265 Weeds reported to occur in rice in the Philippines 273 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Sri Lanka 313 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Thailand 329 Weeds reported to occur in rice in Vietnam 351 Weeds reported to occur in deep-water rice in some countries in South and Southeast Asia 373 Weeds reported to occur in dry-seeded rice in some countries in South and Southeast Asia 377 Weeds reported to occur in transplanted rice in some countries in South and Southeast Asia 387 Weeds reported to occur in upland rice in some countries in South and Southeast Asia 411 Weeds reported to occur in wet-seeded rice in some countries in South and Southeast Asia 435 FOREWORD Readers of this book are well aware that weeds are an important constraint to rice production and of major economic importance to rice farmers in South and Southeast Asia. A great deal of work has been done on weed control. What has been lacking in the literature until now is an extensive, country-by-country survey of weeds in rice. With the publication of this book, Dr. Keith Moody has begun to fill that gap in our knowledge. Through an exhaustive search of the literature, he has compiled a comprehensive list of weeds reported to occur in rice in 15 countries of South and Southeast Asia. For the teacher and student, the book is a ready reference to weed species in rice in South and Southeast Asia. For the scholar, it removes much of the drudgery of conducting a literature search. Agronomists and other crop production specialists will find it equally useful. We hope that this initial weed survey becomes the starting point from which weed scientists will give greater attention to the ecology of weeds, making a discussion of the rice ecosystem in which they are found an integral part of their research. Klaus Lampe Director General PREFACE In South and Southeast Asia alone, more than 1800 weed species grow in association with rice, more than are recorded for any other crop. That reflects the geographical diversity under which rice is grown -- from 45°N to 35°S latitude, from sea level to 3000 m altitude, from coarse, sandy soils to fertile al- luvium, from deserts to hot humid climates with annual rainfall ranging from 750 to 4000 mm. Rice weeds are listed by rice culture by country. The lists were compiled from a comprehensive review of the literature on rice weeds and their control in 15 South and Southeast Asian countries. It was, of course, impossible to empirically verify the weeds and their distribution. For the purpose of this report, the author assumed that all the weeds were correctly identified. However, some weed species reported in the literature are not included because their scientific names could not be confirmed. In a work of this type, the author must choose an arbitrary cut-off date and go to press. The citations in this edition include those published and received through April 1988. Readers are encouraged to notify the author of any errors or omissions, and to send reprints or citations to new references for inclusion in a revised edition. The criterion for accepting references will remain the same -- they will be listed only if scientific names can be verified. Not all weeds are identified by rice culture type because that information was lacking in a number of references. In the Rice culture listing, these carry the notation NSP (not specified). Rice culture type in relation to weeds is important information; I would encourage agronomists and weed scientists to designate rice culture type in all of their publications on weeds in rice. Compilation of this work spanned 6 years; a portion of this work was done in 1982-83 while the author was on study leave at the Weed Research Organization, Oxford, England. I am indebted to the director and his staff for the assistance I received. I am further indebted to my wife, Karen, for her help in compiling the data from India and the Philippines; to R.T. Lubigan and J.V. Pancho for their assistance in confirming the scientific names of some weed species; to T.T. Chang for validating the scientific names of the Oryza spp.; to Phan Thi Cong for the Vietnamese translations; and to the director and staff of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, who so willingly assisted me. -- Keith Moody Explanation of abbreviations used. Family (C) Caesalpinioideae (M) Mimosoideae (P) Papilionoideae Country BAN Bangladesh BHU Bhutan BUR Burma BRU Brunei CAM Cambodia IDO Indonesia IND India LAO Laos MAL Malaysia NEP Nepal PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines SRI Sri Lanka THA Thailand VIE Vietnam Rice culture DIR Direct-seeded DSR Dry-seeded DWR Deep water LNS Lowland NSP Not specified NUR Seedling nursery TPR Transplanted TSR Tidal swamp UPL Upland VOL Volunteer WSR Wet-seeded Weeds reported to occur in rice in South and Southeast Asia. Genus and species Family Country Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae IND,PHI,VIE Acacia pennata - see A. pluriglandulosa Fabaceae (M) IND pluriglandulosa Verdc. Fabaceae (M) IND Acalypha boehmerioides - see A. lanceolata Euphorbiaceae PHI indica L. Euphorbiaceae IND,PHI,VlE lanceolata Willd. Euphorbiaceae PHI malabarica Muell. Euphorbiaceae IND Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae BUR,IDO,IND,SRI Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae IND Achyranthes alternifolia - see Digera muricata Amaranthaceae IND aspera L. Amaranthaceae BAN,IDO,IND,NEP, PHI,SRI,THA Acorus calamus L. Araceae NEP Acrostichum aureum L. Polypodiaceae IDO Adenosma indiana (Lour.) Merr. Scrophulariaceae BAN Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O.K. Asteraceae IND viscosum - see A. lavenia Asteraceae IND Adhatoda zeylanica - see Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae IND 2 RICE WEEDS IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Genus and species Family Country Adiantum lunulatum - see Pteris lunulata Pteridaceae IND Aeginetia indica L. Orobanchaceae PHI Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. Amaranthaceae IND,PHI sanguinolenta (L.) BI. Amaranthaceae THA Aeschynomene americana L. Fabaceae (P) IDO,IND,SRI aspera L. Fabaceae (P) BAN,IDO,IND,NEP, PHI,SRI,THA,VIE indica L. Fabaceae (P) BAN,BUR,IDO,IND, KAM,LAO,MAL,NEP, PAK,PHI,SRI,THA, VIE uniflora F. Mey. Fabaceae (P) IDO,IND virginica (L.) B.S.P. Fabaceae (P) IND,NEP Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) H.M. King Asteraceae IND,NEP,PHI,THA & B.L. Robinson riparia (Regel) H.M. King & Asteraceae IND B.L. Robinson Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae IDO,IND,LAO,MAL, NEP,PHI,SRI,THA, VIE houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae IDO mexicanum - see A. houstonianum Asteraceae IDO Agrimonia eupatoria L. Rosaceae IND pilosa - see A. eupatoria Rosaceae IND Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae IND repens - see Elymus repens Poaceae IND Agrostis alba - see A.
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