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STATUS of FUSION ENERGY Impact & Opportunity for Alberta Volume II
STATUS OF FUSION ENERGY Impact & Opportunity for Alberta Volume II Appendices Prepared by Alberta/Canada Fusion Energy Program March 2014 ALBERTA COUNCIL OF TECHNOLOGIES Gratefully acknowledges the support of: Alberta Energy Stantec Corporation University of Alberta Alberta/Canada Fusion Energy Advisory Committee Gary Albach Nathan Armstrong Brian Baudais Will Bridge Robert Fedosejevs Peter Hackett Chris Holly Jerry Keller Brian Kryska Axel Meisen Rob Pitcairn Klaas Rodenburg John Rose Glenn Stowkowy Martin Truksa Gary Woloshyniuk Perry Kinkaide Allan Offenberger A special thank you is extended to the institutions (identified in this report) that were visited and to the many persons who so graciously hosted our site visits, provided the briefing material presented in this status report and thereby assisted our fusion assessment. Report Authors Allan Offenberger Robert Fedosejevs Klaas Rodenburg Perry Kinkaide Contact: Dr. Perry Kinkaide [email protected] 780-990-5874 Dr. Allan Offenberger [email protected] 780-483-1740 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………… iv Appendix A: Assessment of Major Global Fusion Technologies 1.0 Context - Global Energy Demand……………………………………………………… 1 1.0.1 Foreward ……………………………………………………………………… 1 1.0.2 Energy Trends………………………………………………………………… 2 1.0.3 Energy From Fusion Reactions……………………………………………… 4 1.1 Major Approaches to Fusion Energy………………………………………………….. 7 1.1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 7 1.1.2 Fusion Reactions & the Fuel Cycle………………………………………….. 8 1.1.3 IFE Approaches to Fusion…………………………………………………… 11 1.1.3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….. 11 1.1.3.2 Indirect Drive…………………………………………………………14 1.1.3.3 Direct Drive…………………………………………………………. 16 1.1.3.4 Fast Ignition………………………………………………………… 17 1.1.3.5 Shock Ignition………………………………………………………..19 1.1.3.6 IFE Power Reactor Systems……………………………………….20 1.1.3.7 Modeling Codes……………………………………………………. -
Spherical Tokamak) on the Path to Fusion Energy
Spherical Torus (Spherical Tokamak) on the Path to Fusion Energy ST can support fast implementation of fusion Demo in unique, important ways 1) Opportunities to support the strategy of Demo after ITER 2) Important ways in which ST can do so 3) Component Test Facility for steady state integrated testing 4) Broad progress and the remaining CTF physics R&D needs Martin Peng, NSTX Program Director Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting and Symposium Fusion: Pathway to the Future September 27-28, 2006, Washington D.C. EU-Japan plan of Broader Approach toward Demo introduces opportunities in physics and component EVEDA OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY S. Matsuda, SOFT 2006 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FPA Annual Mtg & Symp, 09/27-28/2006 2 Korean fusion energy development plan introduces opportunities in accelerating fusion technology R&D OAK RIDGEGS NATIONAL Lee, US LABORATORY2006 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FPA Annual Mtg & Symp, 09/27-28/2006 3 We propose that ST research addresses issues in support of this strategy • Support and benefit from USBPO-ITPA activities in preparation for burning plasma research in ITER using physics breadth provided by ST. • Complement and extend tokamak physics experiments, by maximizing synergy in investigating key scientific issues of tokamak fusion plasmas • Enable attractive integrated Component Test Facility (CTF) to support Demo, by NSTX establishing ST database and example leveraging the advancing tokamak database for ITER burning plasma operation and control. ST (All) USBPO- ITPA (~2/5) Tokamak (~3/4) OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FPA Annual Mtg & Symp, 09/27-28/2006 4 World Spherical Tokamak research has expanded to 22 experiments addressing key physics issues MAST (UK) NSTX (US) OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U. -
MHD in the Spherical Tokamak
21 st IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China, 2006 MHD in the Spherical Tokamak MAST authors: SD Pinches , I Chapman, MP Gryaznevich, DF Howell, SE Sharapov, RJ Akers, LC Appel, RJ Buttery, NJ Conway, G Cunningham, TC Hender, GTA Huysmans, EX/7-2Ra R Martin and the MAST and NBI Teams NSTX authors: A.C. Sontag, S.A. Sabbagh, W. Zhu, J.E. Menard, R.E. Bell, J.M. Bialek, M.G. Bell, D.A. Gates, A.H. Glasser, B.P. Leblanc, F.M. Levinton, K.C. Shaing, D. Stutman, K.L. Tritz, H. Yu, and the NSTX Research Team EX/7-2Rb Office of Supported by Science This work was jointly funded by the UK Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council and Euratom MHD physics understanding to reduce performance risks in ITER and a CTF – Error field studies – RWM stability in high beta plasmas – Effects of rotation upon sawteeth – Alfvén cascades in reversed shear EX/7-2Ra EX/7-2Rb Error field studies in MAST EX/7-2Ra Error fields: slow rotation, induce instabilities, terminate discharge Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak R = 0.85m, R/a ~ 1.3 Four ex-vessel (ITER-like) error field correction coils wired to produce odd-n spectrum, Imax = 15 kA·turns (3 turns) Locked mode scaling in MAST EX/7-2Ra Error fields contribute to βN limit: n=1 kink B21 is the m = 2, n = 1 field component normal to q = 2 surface: • Similar density scaling observed on NSTX • Extrapolating to a Spherical Tokamak Power Plant / Component Test Facility gives locked mode thresholds ≈ intrinsic error ⇒ prudent to include EFCCs [Howell et al . -
Discussion Paper DIS-16-04 Small Modular Reactors: Regulatory
Discussion Paper DIS-16-04 Small Modular Reactors: Regulatory Strategy, Approaches and Challenges Section 3. Fusion Technologies CNSC would like to know: 1. What are the types and magnitudes of risks and hazards that would be posed by different fusion technologies (conventional and radiation hazards)? 2. With this in mind, how would the risks posed by activities involving fusion reactors differ from current nuclear fission reactors? 3. Should fusion reactors be regulated differently than fission reactors? 1. Risks and hazards posed by different fusion technologies Summary Response Fusion facilities, both research and development stage, and future commercial power producing systems, will have radiation hazards driven by three factors: • Inventory of volatile radioactive substances, primarily tritium • Prompt exposure to neutron or high energy photon flux from a fusion reaction • Radioactivity from decay of materials activated by fusion neutron flux The magnitudes of these radiation hazards will depend on the specific fusion technology and the nature of the system. Large volume magnetic fusion systems, for example, may have higher tritium inventories than pulsed approaches. Similarly, neutron and photon energy flux will depend on the design of blanket and shielding systems that may be technology specific. While total tritium inventory at any one time is unlikely to create a high accidental release risk to the public, total annual tritium throughput in a fusion power plant will be relatively high (a 500 MWt fusion plant will need to produce and consume ~30 kg of tritium per year). The management and containment of tritium flows during regular operation is therefore likely to be the most important area of interest for regulators. -
22.615, MHD Theory of Fusion Systems Prof. Freidberg Lecture #14: Real Tokamaks (With Bob Granetz)
22.615, MHD Theory of Fusion Systems Prof. Freidberg Lecture #14: Real Tokamaks (with Bob Granetz) 1. Today’s lecture presents a qualitative picture of various members of the tokamak family. These include: a. Ohmic tokamak - discussed in class b. High E tokamak - discussed in class (ITER) c. Advanced tokamak (AT operation – not so hot) d. Reversed shear tokamak (RS operation – good AT operation) e. Spherical tokamak (NSTX, MAST) 2. It will also include a discussion of the MHD behavior of Alcator C-Mod presented by Dr. Bob Granetz. 3. We begin with a brief discussion of elongation and why it is good as well as a short summary of the main instabilities of interest. These instabilities are discussed in more detail during the second part of the term. 4. Elongation – from an MHD point of view, elongation is desirable because it allows higher current I and higher E without sacrificing stability. High I also improves transport: WvI . 5. Recall that q* 1/I so that increasing I tends to decrease qa, therby decreasing stability. Elongation can compensate this effect. 6. The idea is as follows. If we assume that stability depends upon the value of q* or q,a regardless of plasma shape, then we can show that elongation allows higher I without changing q. 7. The assumption that stability depends largely on q* turns out to be approximately true for current driven kinks (that lead to disruption). Also, elongation uses the critical E for stability for a fixed q. 8. Let us determine an approximate relation between q, I, and elongation N . -
Media Kit 2015 Fusion Quick Facts
MEDIA KIT 2015 FUSION QUICK FACTS FUSION IS A GAME CHANGER It has the potential to handle the world’s future energy demands, cleanly, safely and inexpensively. FUSION ENERGY IS CLEAN Fusion will generate no greenhouse gases that produce climate change. Compare that to coal, which sends 1000 kilograms of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the atmosphere for every megawatt hour of electricity produced. Coal is still responsible for supplying 40% of the world’s electricity. FUSION IS CLOSER THAN YOU THINK Since the 1970s, progress in fusion energy has been moving at a pace similar to Moore’s Law – which states that computer processing power doubles every two years. Around the world, countries are launching programs to design the first demonstration fusion power plants. THE FUSION FUEL SUPPLY IS UNLIMITED Fusion is powered by deuterium and tritium. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen found in the oceans, and tritium is made in a fusion power plant from abundant lithium. Deuterium and lithium resources on earth could supply the world with energy for hundreds of millions of years. • Lithium is the earth’s 25th most abundant element. The total lithium content of seawater is very large and is estimated as 230 billion tonnes. Concerns regarding lithium availability for hybrid or electric vehicle batteries or other foreseeable applications are unfounded. FUSION IS NOT YOUR FATHER’S NUCLEAR POWER Compared to nuclear power, fusion is safe: • Fusion power plants cannot melt down. • A fusion plant would produce no long-lived radioactive material; at any given time it would contain only about as much radioactivity as a cancer radiation treatment machine. -
Compact Fusion Reactors
Compact fusion reactors Tomas Lind´en Helsinki Institute of Physics 26.03.2015 Fusion research is currently to a large extent focused on tokamak (ITER) and inertial confinement (NIF) research. In addition to these large international or national efforts there are private companies performing fusion research using much smaller devices than ITER or NIF. The attempt to achieve fusion energy production through relatively small and compact devices compared to tokamaks decreases the costs and building time of the reactors and this has allowed some private companies to enter the field, like EMC2, General Fusion, Helion Energy, Lockheed Martin and LPP Fusion. Some of these companies are trying to demonstrate net energy production within the next few years. If they are successful their next step is to attempt to commercialize their technology. In this presentation an overview of compact fusion reactor concepts is given. CERN Colloquium 26th of March 2015 Tomas Lind´en (HIP) Compact fusion reactors 26.03.2015 1 / 37 Contents Contents 1 Introduction 2 Funding of fusion research 3 Basics of fusion 4 The Polywell reactor 5 Lockheed Martin CFR 6 Dense plasma focus 7 MTF 8 Other fusion concepts or companies 9 Summary Tomas Lind´en (HIP) Compact fusion reactors 26.03.2015 2 / 37 Introduction Introduction Climate disruption ! ! Pollution ! ! ! Extinctions Ecosystem Transformation Population growth and consumption There is no silver bullet to solve these issues, but energy production is "#$%&'$($#!)*&+%&+,+!*&!! central to many of these issues. -.$&'.$&$&/!0,1.&$'23+! Economically practical fusion power 4$(%!",55*6'!"2+'%1+!$&! could contribute significantly to meet +' '7%!89 !)%&',62! the future increased energy :&(*61.'$*&!(*6!;*<$#2!-.=%6+! production demands in a sustainable way. -
Alberta-Fusion-Workshop-Panel-01
Fusion Post–ignition Opportunities Alberta Fusion Project 25 October 2013 Early Fusion Skeptics Daily Fuel Requirements – 1000 MW A 1000 MW A 1000 MW Coal-Fired Plant: Fusion Plant: Enough to power ~ 500,000 Enough to power ~ 500,000 homes homes Consumes: Consumes: 9,000 tons of coal (~ 90 rail cars) 1 lb. of deuterium 3 lbs. of lithium-6 (1.5 lbs. of Produces: tritium) 30,000 tons of CO2 Produces: 600 tons of SO2 2 lbs. of helium-4 80 tons of NO 2 0.5 lbs. of neutrons Post Ignition Fusion Plants Plant evolution • Market entry plant (1000 MW) – 10 years • Second plant (1000 MW) – 15 years • Mature plant (1625 MW) – 20-25 years(fleet) Approaches • ITER - magnetic • LIFE – inertial NIF • HiPER – inertial Europe Technologies • Mature – 59% • Analogous systems – 15% • Unique to fusion – 26% Magnetic – ITER / JET ITER Economic Spin-offs • Engineering – civil, mechanical, electrical • Computer modeling • Plasma technology and instrumentation • Power supplies • Coils and magnets • Cryogenic systems • High energy data capture • Vacuum vessels and systems • Advanced materials • Remote handling • Nuclear systems • Neutron beam and microwave systems Source: Culham poster Inertial – NIF / LMJ NIF - LIFE Commercialization of LIFE • 152,200 – 417,400 jobs • $17.7 - $47.7 billion GDP http://www.oxfordeconomics.com/my-oxford/projects/129038 LMJ Economic Spin-offs LMJ Economic Spin-offs LMJ Economic Spin-offs HiPER 4,400 employees • Laser driven neutron sources • Laser sources • High energy physics • Semiconductor lasers • Optical measurements • Photo-multipliers -
The Regulation of Fusion – a Practical and Innovation-Friendly Approach
The Regulation of Fusion – A Practical and Innovation-Friendly Approach February 2020 Amy C. Roma and Sachin S. Desai AUTHORS Amy C. Roma Sachin S. Desai Partner, Washington, D.C. Senior Associate, Washington, D.C. T +1 202 637 6831 T +1 202 637 3671 [email protected] [email protected] The authors want to sincerely thank the many stakeholders who provided feedback on this paper, and especially William Regan for his invaluable contributions and review of the technical discussion. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 II. THE STATE OF FUSION INNOVATION 3 A) An Introduction to Fusion Energy 3 B) A Rapid Growth in Private-Sector Fusion Innovation 4 III. U.S. REGULATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY - NOT ONE SIZE FITS ALL 7 A) The Foundation of U.S. Nuclear Regulation - The Atomic Energy Act and the NRC 7 B) The Atomic Energy Act Embraces Different Regulations for Different Situations 7 1. NRC Frameworks for Different Safety Cases 8 2. Delegation of Regulatory Authority to States 9 IV. THE REGULATION OF FUSION - A PRACTICAL AND INNOVATION- FRIENDLY APPROACH 10 A) Fusion Regulation Comes to the Fore, Raising Key Questions 10 B) A Regulatory Proposal That Recognizes the Safety Case of Fusion and the Needs of Fusion Innovators 11 1. Near-Term: Regulation of Fusion Under the Part 30 Framework is Appropriate Through Development and Demonstration 11 2. Long-Term: The NRC Should Develop an Independent Regulatory Framework for Fusion at Commercial Scale, Not Adopt a Fission Framework 12 V. CONCLUSION 14 1 Hogan Lovells I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fusion, the process that powers the Sun, has long been seen Most fusion technologies are already regulated by the NRC as the “holy grail” of energy production. -
Tokamak Elongation – How Much Is Too Much? I Theory J. P. Freidbergι
Tokamak elongation – how much is too much? I Theory J. P. Freidberg1, A. Cerfon2 , J. P. Lee1,2 Abstract In this and the accompanying paper the problem of the maximally achievable elongation κ in a tokamak is investigated. The work represents an extension of many earlier studies, which were often focused on determining κ limits due to (1) natural elongation in a simple applied pure vertical field or (2) axisymmetric stability in the presence of a perfectly conducting wall. The extension investigated here includes the effect of the vertical stability feedback system which actually sets the maximum practical elongation limit in a real experiment. A basic resistive wall stability parameter γτ is introduced w to model the feedback system which although simple in appearance actually captures the essence of the feedback system. Elongation limits in the presence of feedback are then determined by calculating the maximum κ against n = 0 resistive wall modes for fixed γτ . The results are obtained by means of a general formulation culminating in a w variational principle which is particularly amenable to numerical analysis. The principle is valid for arbitrary profiles but simplifies significantly for the Solov'ev profiles, effectively reducing the 2-D stability problem into a 1-D problem. The accompanying paper provides the numerical results and leads to a sharp answer of “how much elongation is too much”? 1. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge MA 2. Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, NYU, New York City NY 1 1. Introduction It has been known for many years that tokamak performance, as measured by pressure and energy confinement time, improves substantially as the plasma cross section becomes more elongated. -
Signature Redacted %
EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES DOMESTIC FUSION PROGRAM ARCHW.$ By MASS ACHUSETTS INSTITUTE Lauren A. Merriman I OF IECHNOLOLGY MAY U6 2015 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING I LIBR ARIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2015 Lauren A. Merriman. All Rights Reserved. - The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly Paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author:_ Signature redacted %. Lauren A. Merriman Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering May 22, 2014 Signature redacted Certified by:. Dennis Whyte Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering I'l f 'A Thesis Supervisor Signature redacted Accepted by: Richard K. Lester Professor and Head of the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering 1 EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES DOMESTIC FUSION PROGRAM By Lauren A. Merriman Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering on May 22, 2014 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering ABSTRACT Fusion has been "forty years away", that is, forty years to implementation, ever since the idea of harnessing energy from a fusion reactor was conceived in the 1950s. In reality, however, it has yet to become a viable energy source. Fusion's promise and failure are both investigated by reviewing the history of the United States domestic fusion program and comparing technological forecasting by fusion scientists, fusion program budget plans, and fusion program budget history. -
Helicity-Injected Current Drive and Open Flux Instabilities in Spherical
Helicity-injected current drive and open flux instabilities in spherical tokamaks D.P. Brennan1, P.K.Browning2, J. Gates1, R.A.M. Van der Linden3 1 University of Tulsa 2 University of Manchester 3 Royal Observatory of Belgium Presented at the Sherwood Fusion Theory Conference Denver, CO, May 1, 2009 ABSTRACT The toroidal current driven by relaxation processes in a cylindrical spherical tokamak (ST) geometry with coaxial injected flux is estimated by use of the linear ideal stability boundary of equilibria with a high current on the open driven flux and a lower current on the closed flux. Instabilities with toroidal mode number n = 1 have been shown to play a vital role in the helicity injection current drive, being closely associated with the relaxation process which distributes current from a directly driven open flux to a closed flux. Previous results for spheromaks (1D and 2D equilibria) and STs (1D equilibria) have predicted stabilization, for a given open flux current, if the closed flux plasma current is sufficiently large, suggesting that the current drive mechanism is self-limiting. New results presented here for 2D ST equilibria are consistent with the 1D results, but new features appear in the stability maps as the axial length and toroidal field (TF) strength are varied in the equilibria. These include changes in the shape of stability boundaries and the estimated driven current, changes in the mode structure due to equilibrium changes and resonance effects which extend stability boundaries into the stable region. As the minimum and maximum of the safety factor q profile cross integer rational values, the resonant mode is destabilized, causing regions of enhanced instability in the current profile parameter space.