What Is Fusion? Two Fusion Types

Home , Aneutronic fusion, General Fusion, ITER, Lawson criterion, Polywell, Stellarator

October 2016 October 2016 WHAT IS FUSION? TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

produces neutrons produces NO neutrons NEUTRONIC FUSION • D+T -> He3 + n Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron • Some radioactive waste, heat converted to electricity • Government funded, mainly • Far more expensive to build and maintain safely ANEUTRONIC FUSION • p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons • NO radioactive waste • direct conversion to electricity, no turbines needed • potentially far cheaper • Privately funded, mainly TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

• D+T -> He3 + n • p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Deuterium + Tritium -> Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons Helium-3 + neutron • Some radioactive waste, • NO radioactive waste heat converted to • direct conversion to electricity electricity, no turbines • Government funded, needed mainly • potentially far cheaper • Far more expensive to build and maintain safely • Privately funded, mainly ANEUTRONIC FUSION

Aneutronic → No neutrons → No Radioactive waste THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n

EFFICIENCY THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n

EFFICIENCY FUSION YARDSTICK n  T n  T DENSITY CONFINEMENT TIME TEMPERATURE FUSION YIELD YARDSTICK:

LAWSON CRITERION FOR NET ENERGY T *  * n › 1 Billion TeVsec/cm3 Temp. Confinement Time Density THE OLD FUSION RACE THE OLD FUSION RACE

FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS THE OLD FUSION RACE

FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS NEUTRONIC THE OLD FUSION RACE NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW

NIF ITER, JET, EAST Ignitor, MIT Arc W7-X Z-Machine THE OLD FUSION RACE NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW

NIF - Laser ITER, JET, EAST - Tokamaks Ignitor, MIT Arc – Compact Tokamaks W7-X - Stellarator Z-Machine – Z Pinch LASERS: NIF TEMPERATURE UNIT

keV – kilo electron Volt, or one thousand electron volts

keV – 11 million C NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY - NIF NIF NIF - National Ignition Facility

Temperature, T = 8 keV Confinement Time,  = 0.16 ns Density, n = 8x 1024 /cm3

Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Cost: $5 Billion

April 11, 2017 NIF NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T = 8 keV Category: Confinement Time,  = 0.16ns Government Neutronic Density, n = 8x 1024 /cm3 funded: Type: Laser $5 Billion Experiments with: Deuterium Energy in: 400 MJ Plans to run with: Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Country: USA Deuterium & Tritium Results: Published

April 11, 2017 NIF - PROBLEM: MIXING FUSION ENERGY AND H – BOMBS IS A BAD IDEA TOKAMAKS: ITER JET EAST ITER ITER ITER ITER - International Tokamak Experimental Reactor

Cost: $20 Billion+ Not built yet First experiments scheduled: 2032+

April 11, 2017 ITER INTERNATIONAL TOKAMAK EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR

Performance Funding Tech Info Not built yet Cost: $20 Billion+ Category: Neutronic Expected to be built Funded by Type: Tokamak by 2027-2035 governments of: Experiments with: Russia, China, US, N/A First experiments 28 EU states, scheduled: 2032+ Switzerland, Plans to run with: Japan, South Deuterium & Tritium Korea, India Results: N/A Location: France April 11, 2017 JET JET- Joint European Torus

Temperature, T = 16 keV Confinement Time,  = 5s Density, n = 6x 1012 /cm3

Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kJ Cost: $2 Billion

April 11, 2017 JET JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T = 16 keV Category: Neutronic Confinement Time,  = 5s EU funded: Type: Tokamak Density, n = 6x 1012 /cm3 $2 Billion Experiments with: Deuterium Energy in: 10 GJ Country: Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Deuterium Energy out: UK 60 kJ Results: published

April 11, 2017 EAST EAST EAST– Experimental Advanced Super - conducting Tokamak

Temperature, T = 5 keV Confinement Time,  = 100 s Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3

Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Cost: $40 Million

April 11, 2017 EAST EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCED SUPERCONDUCTING TOKAMAK Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T = 5 keV Category: Neutronic Confinement Time,  = 100 s Government Type: Tokamak Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3 Funded: $40 Experiments with: Million Deuterium Energy in: 1 GJ Plans to run with: Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Country: Deuterium & Tritium China Results: published

April 11, 2017 NET ENERGY : ENERGY OUT OF THE DEVICE ENERGY INTO THE DEVICE >1

April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 EAST NIF

10,000,000 ) 3 JET

1,000,000 /cm

100,000 sec

10,000

TeV (

1,000

 n 100

1 st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Place April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF

10 Million ) 3 JET 1 Million

100,000 sec/cm

10,000

TeV (

1,000

T T

 n 100

1 st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Place

April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: PRESURE * TIME PRODUCT

10 Billion NET ENERGY 1 Billion

100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million JET 1 Million

100,000

Time - 10,000

1,000

Pressure 100

1 st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Rank April 11, 2017 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % NET ENERGY

10 %

1 %

one tenth %

one hundredth % JET one thousandth %

Wall Plug Efficiency Wall Plug Efficiency one ten-thousandth % NIF one hundred-thousandth %

EAST (Fusion (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) st nd rd one millionth % 0 1 2 3 4 Rank

April 11, 2017 COMPACT TOKAMAKS

Ignitor - under construction in Russia – MIT idea, Italy’s gov. co-funding Bruno Coppi

MIT ARC Tokamak No Results Yet W7-X STELLARATOR W7-X Wendelstein 7-X

Temperature, T = 8 keV Confinement Time,  = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x 1014 /cm3

Cost: $1.3 Billion

April 11, 2017 W7-X WENDELSTEIN 7 - X

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, Category: Neutronic T = 8 keV Government Type: Stellarator Confinement Time, funded Experiments with: Hydrogen  = 0.25 s $1.3 Billion Plans to run with: Density, Deuterium & Tritium 14 Country: n = 3x 10 /cm3 Results: published Germany

April 11, 2017 Z-MACHINE Z-MACHINE

Temperature, T = 400 keV Confinement Time,  = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x 1020 /cm3

Energy in: 22 MJ Energy out: 40 J Cost: $140 Million

April 11, 2017 Z-MACHINE

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T = 400 keV Category: Confinement Time, Government Neutronic  = 3.2 x ns funded Type: Z-pinch Density, n = 2 x 1020 /cm3 $140 Million Experiments with: Deuterium Energy in: 22 MJ Plans to run with: Country: USA Deuterium & Tritium Deuterium Energy out: 40 J Results: published

April 11, 2017 October 2016 THE NEW FUSION RACE THE NEW FUSION RACE

PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS THE NEW FUSION RACE

PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS GENERAL FUSION GENERAL FUSION GENERAL FUSION

Temperature, T = 0.4 keV Confinement Time,  = 2 ms Density, n = 5x 1014 /cm3

Cost: $80 Million+

April 11, 2017 GENERAL FUSION

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, Category: Liner T = 0.4 keV Gov. and Private Implosion Confinement Time, funding: Type: Neutronic $80 Million+ Experiments with:  = 2 ms Deuterium Density, Plans to run with: n = 5x 1014 /cm3 Country: Canada Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY

100,000,000 EAST NIF

10,000,000 )

3 W7-X JET 1,000,000 Z-Machine

100,000

10,000

TeVsec/cm (

T T 1,000 General Fusion

 n 100

1 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 Place April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY-

1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million

EAST NIF )

3 10 Million

W7-X JET 1 Million Z-Machine

100,000 TeVsec/cm

( 10,000

T T 

n 1,000 General Fusion

100

1 st nd rd th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Place April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: PRESSURE * TIME PRODUCT - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY-

10 Billion NET ENERGY

1 Billion ) 100 Million EAST NIF

10 Million W7-X JET 1 Million

Time Z-Machine

- microseconds

100,000 –

10,000

Pressure 1,000 General Fusion atmosphere

( 100

1 st nd rd th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rank April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000

General Fusion, $80 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF, $5,000

General Fusion, $80 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000

General Fusion, $80 PALS, $3 ITER, $20,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 October 2016 ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS Tri-Alpha EMC2 PALS Focus Fusion Helion

April 11, 2017 ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS Tri-Alpha – Reversed Field Conf. EMC2 - Polywell PALS - LASER Focus Fusion – Dense Plasma Focus Helion – Reversed Field Configuration

April 11, 2017 TRI-ALPHA TRI-ALPHA

Temperature, T = 1 keV Confinement time,  = 10 ms Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3

Cost: $0.5 Billion+

April 11, 2017 TRI-ALPHA

Performance Funding Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Temperature, T = 1 keV Private Funding: Type: Reversed Field Confinement time,  = 10 ms $0.5 Billion+ Configuration Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3 Experiments with: hydrogen Country: USA Plans to run with: hydrogen & boron (pB11) Results: published

April 11, 2017 EMC2 POLYWELL EMC2 POLYWELL EMC2 POLYWELL

IEC - Inertial Electrostatic Confinement

Temperature, T = 6 keV Confinement time,  = 20 µs Density, n = 1016 /cm3

Cost: $12 Million+

April 11, 2017 EMC2 POLYWELL Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, Category: Aneutronic T = 6 keV Private Funding: Type: IEC- inertial electrostatic confinement Confinement time, $12 Million+ Experiments with: Hydrogen  = 20 µs Plans to run with: Density, Country: USA Hydrogen & Boron (pB11) 16 3 n = 10 /cm Results: published

April 11, 2017 PALS LASER PALS PB11 LASER CONCEPT PALS PB11

Temperature, T = 50 keV Confinement Time,  = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x1021 /cm3

Cost: $3 Million

April 11, 2017 PALS PB11

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, Category: Aneutronic T = 50 keV Government Type: Laser Confinement Time, Funded: Experiments with: Hydrogen-Boron  = 1 ns $3 Million Plans to run with: Density, Hydrogen & Boron n = 2 x1021 /cm3 Country: pB11 Czech Republic Results: published

April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY

100,000,000 EAST NIF

) 10,000,000 3 W7-X JET 1,000,000 Z-Machine 100,000 PALS

TeVsec/cm 10,000 (

T T Tri- 2

 1,000 Alpha EMC General Fusion n

100 Helion 10

1 st nd rd th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Place April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

1 Billion NET ENERGY

100 Million EAST NIF

) 10 Million 3 W7-X JET 1 Million Z-Machine 100,000 PALS

TeVsec/cm 10,000 (

T T Tri- 2

 1,000 Alpha EMC General Fusion n

100 Helion 10

1 st nd rd th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Place April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: PRESSURE * TIME PRODUCT

10 Billion

1 Billion NET ENERGY

100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million W7-X JET 1 Million

TIME Z-Machine - 100,000 PALS

10,000 Tri- 2

1,000 Alpha EMC General Fusion PRESSURE 100 Helion

1 st nd rd th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

RANK April 11, 2017 October 2016 FOCUS FUSION – 1 EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE DPF

D - DENSE P - PLASMA F - FOCUS (DEVICE) DPF

RUNNING ON HYDROGEN - BORON (PB11)

WHAT WE CALL

FOCUS FUSION PHYSICS OF THE DENSE PLASMA FOCUS DEVICE

PARALLEL CURRENTS ATTRACT: PINCH EFFECT

Ampere and the Pinch Effect http://vimeo.com/97608819 HOW FOCUS FUSION -1 WORKS PLASMOID

8 ns after pinch PLASMOID

8 ns after pinch ENERGY CAPTURE DEVICE

X-rays,

Ion Beams;

No turbines needed October 2016 FOCUS FUSION - 1

Temperature, T =260 keV Confinement time,  = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2 x 1019 /cm3

Energy in: 60 kJ DD Energy out: 0.25 J Cost: $5 Million+

April 11, 2017 FOCUS FUSION - 1

Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T =260 keV Category: Aneutronic Confinement time,  = 30 ns Private Type: DPF Density, n = 3.2x 1019 /cm3 Funding: $5 Experiments with: Million+ Deuterium INT’L investors Energy in: 60 kJ Plans to run with: Country: USA Hydrogen & Boron DD Energy out: 0.25 J pB11 Results: published

April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY

100,000,000 EAST NIF

) 10,000,000 3 W7-X JET 1,000,000 Focus Fusion Z-Machine 100,000 PALS

TeVsec/cm 10,000 (

T T Tri- 2

 1,000 Alpha EMC General Fusion n

100 Helion 10

1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Place April 11, 2017 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

1 Billion NET ENERGY

100 Million EAST NIF

10 Million

) 3 W7-X JET 1 Million Focus Fusion Z-Machine 100,000 PALS

10,000

TeVsec/cm ( Tri- T T 1,000 EMC2

 Alpha General Fusion n 100 Helion 10

1 0 1 st 2nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7 th 8th 9th 10 th 11 th 12

Place April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: PRESURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion NET ENERGY 1 Billion

100 Million EAST NIF

10 Million W7-X JET Focus Fusion 1 Million

Time Z-Machine -

100,000 PALS

10,000

Tri- 2

Pressure EMC 1,000 Alpha General Fusion

100 Helion

1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rank April 11, 2017 WALL – PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART

NET ENERGY ) 10 % ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035

1 % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen energy

Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no 0.1 % measurable fusion

0.01 % EMC2 - No published yield results available JET Focus Fusion 0.001 % PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only Z-Machine with hydrogen-boron

0.0001 % Wall Plug Efficiency Wall Plug Efficiency

deuterium yield /input Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield 0.00001 % NIF

EAST Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion Fusion Fusion ( 0.000001 % results available 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank

April 11, 2017 WALL – PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % NET ENERGY ) 10 %

1 % energy

0.1 %

0.01 % JET Focus Fusion 0.001 % Z-Machine

0.0001 %

Wall Plug Efficiency Wall Plug Efficiency deuterium yield /input

0.00001 % NIF

EAST Fusion Fusion ( 0.000001 % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank

April 11, 2017 WALL – PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % NET ENERGY

10 %

1 %

) deuterium yield

one tenth %

energy Fusion Fusion

( one hundredth % JET Focus Fusion one thousandth %

/ / input Z-Machine

one ten-thousandth %

one hundred-thousandth % NIF EAST

Wall Plug Efficiency Wall Plug Efficiency one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4th 5 th 6 Rank

April 11, 2017 WALL – PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART

10 % ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035

1 % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen

) Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no one tenth % measurable fusion

one hundredth % 2

Fusion Fusion deuterium yield EMC - No published yield results available ( JET Focus Fusion one thousandth % PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only inputenergy Z-Machine

/ / with hydrogen-boron one ten-thousandth %

Efficiency Efficiency Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield one hundred-thousandth % NIF Plug Plug EAST Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion one millionth % results available

0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Wall Wall Rank

April 11, 2017 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY TABLE

Fusion deuterium yield PROJECT / Input Energy RANK Fusion deuterium yield J Reference Input Energy J Reference JET 6.00E-06 1 6.00E+04 3 1.00E+10 2 Focus Fusion 4.17E-06 2 0.25 14 6.00E+04 14 Z-Machine 1.82E-06 3 40 11 2.20E+07 12 NIF 5.00E-08 4 20 8 4.00E+08 9 EAST 1.00E-08 5 10 6 1E+09 5

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield April 11, 2017 WALL – PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART

10 % ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035

W7-X Fueled by hydrogen 1 %

) Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no one tenth % measurable fusion

one hundredth % EMC2 - No published yield results available

Fusion Fusion deuterium yield ( JET Focus Fusion one thousandth % PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only inputenergy Z-Machine with hydrogen-boron / / 6 one ten-thousandth % Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion Efficiency Efficiency 1.82 yield one hundred-thousandth % NIF

EAST Plug Plug 5 1 Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion one millionth % results available

0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Wall Wall Rank

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000

General Fusion, $80 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST,JET $40, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000 , 17%

ITER, PALS, $3 Tri-AlphaGeneral, $500 $20,000 April 11, 2017 Fusion, $80 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST,JET $40, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000 , 17%

ITER, PALS, $3 Tri-AlphaGeneral, $500 $20,000 April 11, 2017 Fusion, $80 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1B SPENT TABLE

Wall-Plug Efficiency Fusion Deuterium Yield Investment Project per $1B Spent Rank /Input Energy in $Billion Reference Focus Fusion 8.33E-04 1 4.17E-06 0.005 16 Z-Machine 1.30E-05 2 1.82E-06 0.140 13 JET 2.00E-06 3 6.00E-06 3.000 4; 30 years operation, inflation adj. EAST 2.50E-07 4 1.00E-08 0.040 6 NIF 1.00E-08 5 5.00E-08 5.000 10; + 5 years operation @ $300M/ year

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

100 %

10 %

1 % Focus Fusion one tenth %

one hundredth % Z-Machine

one thousandth % JET

one ten-thousandth % EAST

Plug Plug Efficiency perBillion $1 Spent - one hundred-thousandth %

Wall NIF one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank

April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

100 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART

10 % ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035

1 % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen

Focus Fusion Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no one tenth % measurable fusion

one hundredth % Z-Machine EMC2 - No published yield results available

one thousandth % PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only JET with hydrogen-boron one ten-thousandth % EAST

Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion Plug Plug Efficiency perBillion $1 Spent

- yield one hundred-thousandth %

Wall NIF Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion one millionth % results available 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4th 5 th 6 Rank

April 11, 2017

REPRODUCING NATURAL INSTABILITIES

Solar Flares Beam From Star Formation

Quasars Spiral Galaxy October 2016 FOCUS FUSION-1 IMPURITY SOURCES: Arcing Electron at Joins Erosion of Anode Beam

Amounts: 0.6mg from anode erosion, 0.4mg from arcing 50% of D sheath mass HYPOTHESIS:

REDUCING IMPURITY CAN ELIMINATE YIELD PLATEAU IN DPF DEVICE CURRENT TO THE 4TH POWER SCALING

Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes — no arcing Pre-ionization to reduce runaway electrons Bake-out, TiN coating to minimize oxides Longer chamber, Deuterium-Nitrogen mix to reduce rust from electron beam erosion Monolithic Tungsten Bake-out/ Pre-ionization Electrodes Long Chamber

TiN coating KEY RESULTS

• Monolithic tungsten, pure deuterium, no pre-ionization: 50% increase in peak, mean yield • Monolithic tungsten, deuterium+5% nitrogen, pre-ionization:  50% increase in mean yield  50% increase in peak, mean ion temperature - new record  14% standard deviation in yield, 4-fold decrease NEXT STEPS Remove all oxides—clear out valves, 60 C bake-out, microwave hydrogen treatment Better pre-ionization 10 cm tungsten anode—higher current, greater gas density, dilutes impurities PLANS FOR 2017 ?

Beryllium electrodes—NO heavy metal impurities, far less overall Still shorter-7 cm anode Upgrade connections for higher current pB11 experiments HOW CAN YOU HELP?

Crowd-funding investment opportunities? Open Letter on fusion funding Spread the word: Aneutronic fusion is a near- term possibility MAJOR DELAYS

1.5 years - Fixing Switches 2 years – Figuring out Impurities 0.5 years — Money for Beryllium 2.5 years — Waiting for Beryllium October 2016 SUMMARY & REFERENCES

4/11/2017 TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

• D+T -> He3 + n • p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + Hydrogen + Boron11 -> neutron 3Helium-4, no neutrons • Some radioactive waste, • NO radioactive waste heat converted to • direct conversion to electricity electricity, no turbines • Government funded, needed mainly • • Far more expensive to potentially far cheaper build and maintain safely • Privately funded, mainly WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000

General Fusion, $80 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF, $5,000

General Fusion, $80 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000

General Fusion, $80 PALS, $3 ITER, $20,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST,JET $40, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000 , 17%

ITER, PALS, $3 Tri-AlphaGeneral, $500 $20,000 April 11, 2017 Fusion, $80 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST,JET $40, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000 , 17%

ITER, PALS, $3 Tri-AlphaGeneral, $500 $20,000 April 11, 2017 Fusion, $80 Neutronic Aneutronic Fusion Fusion Projects Projects

ITER Tri-Alpha EAST EMC2 JET Focus Fusion NIF PALS Gen Fusion Z-Machine W7-X FUSION R&D TOTAL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION $29,560M

$520M

Neutronic Aneutronic

April 11, 2017 NEUTRONIC VS. ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R&D FUNDING

Tri-Alpha, $500 Million EMC2, $12 Million Focus Fusion, $5 Million PALS, $3 Aneutronic , Million $520 Million

Neutronic, $29,560 Million

April 11, 2017 LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY PROJECTS FUNDING - ALL PRIVATELY FUNDED -

Tri-Alpha, $500M

EMC2, $12M

Focus Fusion, $5M PALS, $3M

April 11, 2017 Government Privately Funded Fusion Funded Fusion Projects Projects

ITER EMC2 EAST General Fusion JET Focus Fusion NIF Tri-Alpha PALS Hellion Z-Machine Lockheed Martin/Skunk Works W7-X GOVERNMENT vs. PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING

$29,483 M $597 M

Gov. Funded Private Funding April 11, 2017 GOVERNMENT vs. PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING

$29,483 M $597 M

Gov. Funded Private Funding April 11, 2017 FUSION R&D TOTAL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION $29,560M

$520M

Neutronic Aneutronic

April 11, 2017 GOV. vs. PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

GOV. FUNDED, $29,483 PRIVATELY FUNDED, $597M

April 11, 2017 GOV. vs. PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

PRIVATELY FUNDED

Gov Funded, Focus Fusion, $5 $29,483 EMC2, $12

General Fusion, $80

Tri-Alpha, $500

April 11, 2017 PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EMC2, $12 Focus Fusion, $5

Tri-Alpha, $500

General Fusion, $80

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW

ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

Focus Fusion PALS Tri-Alpha 2 Hellion EMC GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED JET General ITER EAST Fusion Lockheed Martin Z-Machine / Skunk Works W7-X NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW

ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

$5M $3M $500M $12M data not available GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED $3,000M $80M $20,000M data not available $140M $40M $1,300M $5.000M NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW

ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Focus Fusion pB11 experimenting Temp, too low - no yield only Temp. too low, no yield Published results not avail. GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED JET EAST Too low Not Built Temp. no No published yield results available Z-Machine Hydrogen fueled NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Focus Fusion

GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED JET EAST

Z-Machine NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED

NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

4.17E -06

GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED 6E -06

1 E -8 1.82E -06 5E -08 NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

April 11, 2017 NET ENERGY : ENERGY OUT OF THE DEVICE ENERGY INTO THE DEVICE >1

April 11, 2017 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY TABLE

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield April 11, 2017 WALL – PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

100 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART

10 % ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035

1 % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen ) deuterium yield Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no one tenth %

measurable fusion

energy Fusion Fusion ( one hundredth % EMC2 - No published yield results available JET Focus Fusion

one thousandth % Z-Machine PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only / / input with hydrogen-boron one ten-thousandth % Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion NIF yield one hundred-thousandth % EAST Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion Wall Plug Efficiency Wall Plug Efficiency one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4th 5 th 6 results available Rank

April 11, 2017 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1B SPENT TABLE

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield April 11, 2017 FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS RESULTS ONLY -

100 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART

10 % ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035

1 % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Focus Fusion one tenth % Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % Z-Machine EMC2 - No published yield results available

one thousandth % JET PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron one ten-thousandth % EAST

Plug Plug Efficiency perBillion $1 Spent Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion - one hundred-thousandth % yield NIF Wall Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion one millionth % st nd rd th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 results available Rank

April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000

EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5

NIF,$5,000

General Fusion, $80 PALS, $3 ITER, $20,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION

EAST, $40, China JET, $3,000, UK EMC2, $12, USA Z-Machine, $140, USA W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY

Focus Fusion, $5, USA

NIF,$5,000, USA

PALS, $3, CZECH REP. General Fusion, $80, CANADA ITER, $20,000, INT'L - FRANCE Tri-Alpha, $500, USA April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE

EAST, $40, China, Tokamak JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak EMC2, $12, USA, Polywell Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Stellarator

Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF

NIF, $5,000, USA, Laser

PALS, $3, CZECH General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Liner Implosion REP, Laser ITER, $20,000, INT'L – FRANCE, Tokamak Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config. April 11, 2017 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE, FUNDING TYPE JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak, Gov. Funded EAST, $40, China, Tokamak, Gov. Funded

EMC2, $12, USA, Polywell, Private Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch, Gov. Funded W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Stellarator, Gov. Funded Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF, Private

NIF,$5,000, USA, Laser, Gov. Funded

PALS, $3, CZECH REP., General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Liner Implosion, Priv. Laser, Gov. Funded

ITER, $20,000, INT'L – FRANCE, Tokamak, Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config., Priv. INT’L GOV. Funded April 11, 2017 REFERENCES

Ref. # Project URL 1 JET http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/55/5/053031/meta 2 JET http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph241/kates-harbeck2/docs/Focus_on.pdf 3 JET http://ocs.ciemat.es/EPS2015PAP/pdf/P2.171.pdf 4 JET https://www.euro-fusion.org/2014/07/jet-operation-secured-until-2018/ 5 EAST http://east.ipp.ac.cn/IAC/disk/Design%20of%20the%20EAST(HT-7U)Project/1.1.pdf 6 EAST https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.7356 7 EAST http://fire.pppl.gov/sofe_05_weng.pdf 8 NIF http://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1215673 9 NIF https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/efficiency-improvements/2015/november 10 NIF https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/faqs#nif_cost 11 Z-Machine http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/9/093001/meta 12 Z-Machine http://fliphtml5.com/rbay/uapk 13 Z-Machine http://www.science20.com/news_account/refurbished_z_machine_goes_back_online 14 LPPFusion http://lppfusion.com/fusion-yield-up-almost-50-as-ff-1-resumes-firing/ 15 LPPFusion http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/19/3/10.1063/1.3694746 16 LPPFusion http://lppfusion.com/lppfusion-launches-sixth-stock-offering/ 17 W7-X http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientific-experimentation-wendelstein-x-fusion.html 18 W7-X http://newatlas.com/wendelstein7x-fusion-stellarator-plasma-tests/40014/ 19 Gen. Fusion http://www.physics.uci.edu/US-JAPAN-CT2016/Program_Presentations/5.2_S.Howard_CT2016.pdf 20 Helion, 3-Alpha, GenFusion http://www.nanalyze.com/2015/12/3-nuclear-fusion-energy-companies-for-investors-to-watch/ 21 Helion http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/51/5/053008/meta 22 Tri-Alpha http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4944019 23 Tri-Alpha https://www.euro-fusion.org/newsletter/tri-alpha-energy/ 24 EMC2 http://fire.pppl.gov/FPA14_IECM_EMC2_Park.pdf 25 EMC3 http://www.geekwire.com/2016/emc2-revives-quest-to-harness-polywell-nuclear-fusion/ 26 PALS http://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.031030 27 ITER http://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-nuclear-iter-idUSKCN1271BC 28 Z-Machine http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/14/2/10.1063/1.2446177

April 11, 2017