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The Charity Hall Mission: an 1820S Boarding School for Native American Children in the Chickasaw Nation

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The Charity Hall Mission: an 1820S Boarding School for Native American Children in the Chickasaw Nation THE CHARITY HALL MISSION: AN 1820S BOARDING SCHOOL FOR NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN IN THE CHICKASAW NATION By MATTHEW P. ROONEY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2021 © 2021 Matthew P. Rooney ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank first of all The Chickasaw Nation for supporting my research project both financially and spiritually. Having the Chickasaw Explorers participate in the archaeological field excavations was an experience that I hope will become more common in research projects where the ancestors of living peoples are involved. In particular, I thank Dr. Brad R. Lieb, Director of Chickasaw Nation Archaeology and Field Studies, who introduced me to the site of Charity Hall, worked as a liaison with the landowner, and facilitated the project with tools and labor. I thank the landowner, A.G. Doss, who graciously allowed us to return year after year to his property and gave us open access to perform the fieldwork we deemed necessary to delineate and understand the site. Mr. Doss was very accommodating, always agreeing to sit with us to talk about the modern history of the site as well as to identify objects that were foreign to us but familiar to him. I also thank the Wenner Gren Foundation for funding one of the three field seasons, and crew members Tara Skipton, Domenique Sorresso, Dr. Mark Donop, Caleb Hutson, Gabe Griffin, and Bryce Krumcke for their excellent work. I thank Sorresso additionally for assisting in the initial laboratory cleaning and sorting of artifacts, and Skipton for also participating in laboratory cleaning, sorting, and analysis, as well as her work transcribing a selection of the Reverend Bell’s letters. I also thank Nicolas Delsol for analyzing and quantifying the faunal assemblage recovered from Charity Hall. I thank Dr. Lindsay Bloch, collections manager for the Ceramic Technology Laboratory and Florida Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History, for helping me identify specific historical artifact types, especially ceramics and buttons. I also thank Ann S. Cordell, former manager of the Ceramic Technology Laboratory, for helping me identify various clay and stone artifacts. I thank Mitch Caver and Rufus Ward, local historians who provided invaluable 3 assistance with retrieving primary-source documents related to Charity Hall. Caver, for instance, tracked down the field notes from the 1834 land survey, and Ward furnished copies of missionary journals as well as made his personal collection and expertise of tableware available for comparison to objects I recovered from Charity Hall. I here also thank Susan Knight Gore, Archivist of the Historical Foundation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, who welcomed me to her archive and furnished me with every primary-source document she could find that had some relation to the Chickasaws or Choctaws. I also thank Wayne Knox, Director of the Amory Regional Museum in Monroe County, Mississippi, who provided me with important secondary sources penned by local authors and had discussions with me about the history of Cotton Gin Port. I also thank the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida for awarding me a four-year graduate fellowship as well as an additional year of funding through research and teaching assistantships. I could not have performed any of this work without their financial support. Next I thank my dissertation committee. Dr. James M. Davidson gave me a primer on nineteenth-century artifacts and had discussions with me about how to interpret what I found at Charity Hall. Dr. Jon F. Sensbach sat with me early on to review the historical mission literature and provided me with recommendations on research directions regarding my historical research. Dr. Kenneth E. Sassaman served as a great champion of my initial acceptance into the graduate program at the University of Florida and asked insightful questions about my research that encouraged me to dig deeper and more thoroughly into my sources. Finally, I thank my committee chair, Dr. Charles R. Cobb, about whom I cannot write enough glowing words to encapsulate what his patience and guidance have done for my development as a scholar. Charlie provided me with this research project, various avenues of funding, and many critical but 4 generous words to push me to make this dissertation the strongest and most meaningful work I have ever produced. He is a fountain of knowledge and inspiration that took me in many theoretical directions I did not expect and to literature and ideas that I probably never would have combined on my own. On the personal side, I thank the host of new friends I made while living in the City of High Springs throughout the duration of this research project. I also thank the many virtual friends that I have made over these years, who together with those I made locally helped keep me sane and focused on my goals. I thank my former wife Crystal Wheeler and her husband Troy Wheeler for facilitating my journey through graduate school and ensuring that my children were safe and cared for during the times when they were not with me. I thank my children, Erin Rooney and Quinlan Rooney, for giving me the love and impetus and drive to be the best person I can be. Finally, I thank my late father Peter Rooney and my mother Dr. Dana R. Hicks for providing me with early guidance and inspiration and encouragement to contribute something meaningful to this world. My mother in particular has served as a great inspiration to me and provided me with both the emotional and financial support I needed to survive during my development as a scholar. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 AMONG THE “TAWNY SONS OF THE WOODS” ...........................................................14 Colonial Missionscapes ..........................................................................................................18 Materiality of Civilization ......................................................................................................23 Dissertation Organization .......................................................................................................25 2 COLONIALISM, MATERIALITY, AND NETWORKS ......................................................27 Materiality as a Theory of Material Culture ...........................................................................31 Networks and Scale ................................................................................................................39 Materiality of “Civilization” and Conversion .........................................................................44 My Theoretical Approach to Charity Hall ..............................................................................48 3 FACING EAST FROM CHICKASAW COUNTRY.............................................................50 Mississippian Chiefdoms ........................................................................................................51 Europeans, War, and Disease .................................................................................................56 The Indian Slave and Fur Trade .............................................................................................59 The Chickasaws ......................................................................................................................65 4 A CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF CHARITY HALL ...............................................85 The Primary-Source Documents .............................................................................................85 The Foundation of Charity Hall (1819-1823) .........................................................................92 Charity Hall in Full Operation (1824-1827) .........................................................................105 The Defunding and Closing of Charity Hall (1828-1832) ....................................................120 5 READING CHARITY HALL: HISTORICAL RESULTS ..................................................132 Structures, Finances, and People ..........................................................................................135 General Notes on Everyday Life ..........................................................................................146 Addressing the Research Questions ......................................................................................157 6 DIGGING CHARITY HALL: FIELD METHODS AND RESULTS .................................160 Archaeological Field Methods ..............................................................................................160 General Field Results ............................................................................................................171 6 Block 1 Locality Investigations ............................................................................................179 Block 2 Locality Investigations ............................................................................................184
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