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Socio- Religious Reform Movements in 19Th Century Socio- Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Previous Year Questions - Mains ● The women’s questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century social reform movement. What were the major issues and debates concerning women in that period? 2017 ● ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (15) Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Women’s Issues ● Education, ● Gender inequality, ● Superstition ● Sati, ● Condition of Widow, ● Tonsure, Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Women’s Issues ● Child Marriage, ● Female Infanticide ● Purdah, ● Polygamy, ● Dowry System Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Types of Movements Reformist movements ● Responding to time, scientific temper of the modern era. For instance, the Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, the Aligarh Movement. Revivalist movements ● Revival of old system. For example, Arya Samaj & the Deoband movement. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) ● Both these movements depended on an appeal to the lost purity of the religion they sought to reform. ● The only difference between the two, is the degree to which it relied on tradition or on reason & conscience. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Causes ● Modern education ● Impact of British rule ● Revolutions in other countries (like France) ● Pessimistic attitude towards activities of British & Christian Missionaries ● Sanskritization by Upper caste ● Religious & Social ills Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) 1984 The 19th century is generally called a period of Indian Renaissance. Which were the major social reform movements of this period and what changes did they bring about? Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Q: What was sati & what does it mean? The term sati literally means a 'pure & virtuous woman'. It was applied in case of a devoted wife who contemplated perpetual & uninterrupted conjugal union with her husband life after life & as proof thereof burnt herself with the dead body of her husband. ❑ Indian reformers led by Ram Mohan Roy launched a frontal attack on the evil of sati. ❑ With an eye, to the coming Charter debates in the British Parliament and anxious to get a renewal of its charter for another 20 years by presenting a creditable image of its activities in India, the Court of Directors encouraged Bentinck to enact legislation to suppress sati who banned it in1829. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Raja Ram Mohan Roy : Father of the Indian Renaissance Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Previous Year Questions In the second half of the 19th –century India witnessed a strong wave of reformation in the spheres of religion and society .What part was played in this directly or indirectly by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Keshab Chandra Sen and Justice M G Ranade? The name of Raja Ram Mohan Roy stands foremost in the field of religious and social reforms. Elucidate [Upsc 1997] Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Raja Ram Mohan Roy ● Used logical reasoning & rational thinking ● 1814: Set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta ● 1817: Supported David Hare to set up Hindu college ● Founded Vedanta College at Calcutta in 1825, where he introduced Mechanics & Voltaire’s Philosophy. ● Wrote Gift to Monotheists (1809) ● Opposed Idol Worship ● Translated to Bengali the Vedas & 5 Upanishads ● Demanded property inheritance rights for women. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) 2009 In collaboration with David Hare and Alexander Duff, who out of the following established Hindu college at Calcutta? (a) Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (c) Keshab Chandra Sen (d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Political Activist ● Roy condemned oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars & demanded fixation of maximum rents. ● He also demanded abolition of taxes on tax free lands. ● He called for a reduction of export duties on goods abroad & abolition of the Company's trading rights. ● He demanded judicial equality. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Internationalist ● He was influenced by the French Revolution. ● He stood for cooperation of thought & activity & brotherhood among nations. ● He supported the revolutions of Naples & Spanish America & condemned the oppression of Ireland by absentee English landlordism & threatened emigration from the empire if the reform bill was not passed. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Brahmo Samaj ● Main theme “Nirguna Sapna” (formless worship) ● Purpose was to purify Hinduism. ● Promoted Monotheism – Oneness of God. ● The new society was to be based on the twin pillars of reason & the Vedas & Upanishads. ● Most of all it based itself on human reason which was to be the ultimate criterion for deciding what was worthwhile & what was useless in the past or present religious principles & practices. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) ● Followers of Samaj were Keshab Chandra Sen, Debendra Nath Tagore, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Ashwani Kumar Datta, Derozians , Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Chandrashekhar Deb & Tarachand Chakravarty, 1st secretary of the Brahmo Sabha. ● After Roy’s death, D N Tagore headed Brahmo Sabha Tagore repudiated the doctrine that the Vedic scriptures were infallible. ● 1839-founded Tattvabodhini Sabha. ● Tattvabodhini Sabha & its organ the Tattvabodhini Patrika promoted a systematics study of India's past in the Bengali language. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) ● The Samaj actively supported the movement for widow remarriage, abolition of polygamy, women's education & opposed superstitious practices & rituals. ● Samaj denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting religious writings. ● Brahmo Samaj split, Keshub Chandra Sen , A M Bose left & started “All India Brahmo Samaj”. ● Under D Tagore, it was Adi Brahmo Samaj ● AM Bose & Shiv Narayan Shastri started Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) 2012 Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? 1. It opposed idolatry. 2. It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts. 3. It popularized the doctrine that the Vedas are infallible. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) 2016 Consider the following : 1. Calcutta Unitarian Committee 2. Tabernacle of New Dispensation 3. Indian Reform Association Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above? (a)1 and 3 only (b)2 and 3 only (c)3 only (d)1, 2 and 3 Answer B Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Henry Vivian Derozio ● Teacher in Hindu college Calcutta 1826-31. ● Started the Young Bengal movement. ● Inspired by French revolution. ● Had radical thoughts of liberty & freedom. ● Derozio was perhaps the 1st nationalist poet of modern India. ● Due to his early demise the movement came to an end ● SN Banerjee described the Derozians as “the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race whose virtues will excite veneration & whose failings will be treated with gentlest consideration”. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar ● Worked for the cause of emancipation of women. ● Promoted education among girls & set up institutions for them. ● As a Government Inspector of Schools, he organised 35 girls' schools, many of which he ran at his own expense. ● As Secretary to the Bethune School, he was one of the pioneers of higher education for women. ● All his life he campaigned against polygamy. ● Due to his efforts Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) ● In 1850, he protested against child-marriage. ● Principal of the Sanskrit College. ● He opened the gates of the Sanskrit college to non-Brahmin students. ● To free Sanskrit studies from the harmful effects of self-imposed isolation, he introduced the study of Western thought in the Sanskrit College. ● He also helped found a college which is now named after him. ● He also devised a new Bengali primer & evolved a new prose style. Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) 2007 Who among the following wrote the book Bahubivah? (a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (c) Pandita Ramabai (d) Rabindranath Tagore Modern History: Module – VII (Socio - Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century) 1999 Assess the contributions
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