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Leon Degrelle
Hitler, Born at Versailles June 18, 2012 1 Introduction For most Americans the globe-girdling catastrophe that we call the Second World War is now a matter neither of personal experience nor of memory, but of wood pulp and celluloid, books and films. Larger still is the majority for whom the cataclysmic First World War - once spoken of as "The Great War" - is ancient history, an antic prelude to what those who participated in it sometimes like to call "The Big One." For most of us, perhaps, the two wars compare as do contrasting movies from the two eras. Our image of the First World War is brief, grainy, silent, with black-and-white, herky-jerky doughboys "going over the top"; we picture the Second as panoramic, technicolor, reverberating with stereophonic sound and fury, armadas of ships and planes and tanks sweeping forward to destiny. A further disparity may be found in the popular historical and political as- sessment, such as it is, of the two wars. The majority of Americans doubtless still believes that the key to the Second World War is a simple one: a.demonic megalomaniac, Adolf Hitler, rose up to lead Germany to world domination and instead led his people to well-deserved ruin. Yet the view of the First World War held by the Americans of today, it is safe to say, is rather more tepid than the white-hot feelings of many of their grandparents in 1917, when "100- per-cent Americans" agitated to "Hang the Kaiser!" and mobs sacked German newspaper offices and presses in the worst outbreak of ethnic bigotry in our country’s history. -
The Bukovina Society of the Americas NEWSLETTER
The Bukovina Society of the Americas NEWSLETTER P.O. Box 81, Ellis, KS 67637 USA March 2003 Editor: Dr. Sophie A. Welisch Board of Directors Darrell Seibel Larry Jensen e-mail: [email protected] Oren Windholz, President Martha Louise McClelland Dr. Ortfried Kotzian Web Site: www.bukovinasociety.org [email protected] Betty Younger Edward Al Lang Raymond Haneke, Vice President Paul Massier Joe Erbert, Secretary International Board Van Massirer Bernie Zerfas, Treasurer Michael Augustin Steve Parke Shirley Kroeger Dr. Ayrton Gonçalves Celestino Dr. Kurt Rein Ralph Honas Irmgard Ellingson Wilfred Uhren Ray Schoenthaler Aura Lee Furgason Dr. Sophie A. Welisch Dennis Massier Rebecca Hageman Werner Zoglauer Ralph Burns Laura Hanowski SOCIETY NEWS The board extends its sincere thanks to everyone who responded to our annual dues notice and request for donations for the web site fund. Your support is greatly appreciated. New members of the Lifetime Club Darlene E. Kauk (Regina, SK) Cheryl Runyan (Wichita, KS) Brian Schoenthaler (Calgary, AB) John Douglas Singer (New Haven, CT) Dr. Sophie A. Welisch (Congers, NY) We have received a good response from our request for presenters at the Bukovinafest 2003. Program plans are now under review and will be published in the June 2003 Newsletter. Mark the dates of September 19-21. BUKOVINA PEOPLE AND EVENTS . Our webmaster, Werner Zoglauer, received notice that our web site was named “Site of the Day” for December 9, 2002 by Family Tree Magazine, <www.familytreemagazine.com>, because “it will be a wonderful online resource for our readers.” More than 100,000 people visit the Family Tree Magazine web site each month with their weekly e-mail newsletter, which also highlights the Bukovina Society, going out to more than 30,000 subscribers. -
Crop Prices in the Austrian Monarchy (1770–1816): the Role of Crop Failures and Money Inflation
ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT CROP PRICES IN THE AUSTRIAN MONARCHY (1770–1816): THE ROLE OF CROP FAILURES AND MONEY INFLATION J. Blahovec Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic The paper is based on data about local cereal prices in Bohemia recorded in the course of 46 years (1770–1816) by F.J. Vavák, Czech farmer living close to Prague. This information appeared in a series of his memoirs published within 1907–1938 and in 2009. The data analysis shows that annual means of prices of wheat, rye, and barley are relatively well correlated and can be used for illustration of the state monetary situation. A higher variation of the annual mean values was observed only in times of crop failure and was also related to the new harvest. The data obtained for pea differ from the data mentioned above. It was shown that the market prices were influenced mainly by crop failures caused by weather and climate and by the state monetary policies. The money purchasing power was influenced either by objective causes, like crop failures of reversible character, or by subjective changes caused mainly by inflationary monetary policies which in the case of Austria had conduced to a state bankruptcy. cereals; market; weather; monetary policy; bankruptcy doi: 10.1515/sab-2015-0026 Received for publication on January 16, 2015 Accepted for publication on June 24, 2015 INTRODUCTION for financing a powerful army, the problem was re- solved traditionally by various methods of credit. For Austria started to change from a conservative Middle this reason, Banco dell Giro (1703) was founded, and Age country to a better, centrally managed one in the after its closing down later in 1705 it was replaced by 18th century. -
GHR Template
The Final Nail Maciejewski The Final Nail: The Russians in 1916 JEFFREY MACIEJEWSKI Abstract: The events of 1916 broke Tsarist Russia, putting it on an unavoidable path to revolution, but it was not the revolutionaries that set the empire on that path. Instead, the combination of a small-scale defeat at Lake Narotch, the success of the Brusilov Offensive, the addition of Romania as an ally, and economic changes fundamentally altered Russia’s socio-economic foundation. This negative shift provided the fertile ground the revolutionaries needed to expand beyond being manageable annoyances. As a direct result of 1916’s wartime events, Russia’s longstanding radical sentiment finally began to boil over into actual revolutions in 1917. Introduction Winston Churchill once wrote “the very rigidity of the (Russian) system gave it its strength and, once broken, forbade all recovery.”1 In this respect, 1916 was the decisive year for the Russian Empire as it broke the Tsarist system. World War I’s first two years went poorly for Russia, but circumstances shifted in 1916, offering the Russians their best chance for victory; their economy had significantly improved and their enemies believed they had broken the Russian Army. New leaders with fresh ideas emerged to challenge the Central Powers like never before and with victory Russia gained a new ally, Romania. The Russians finally seemed to have reached parity with their enemies and the ability to fully assist the Allied cause. It was the make-or-break year for Russia. Given such changes in fortune, why did 1916 break both the Russian Army and the Tsarist government? The confluence of changes and events, even positive ones, simply overwhelmed Russia. -
Eugen Ehrlich's ›Living Law‹ and the Use of Civil Justice in The
ADMINISTORY ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR VERWALTUNGSGESCHICHTE BAND 5, 2020 SEITE 235–248 D O I : 10.2478/ADHI-2020-0015 Litigious Bukovina: Eugen Ehrlich’s ›Living Law‹ and the Use of Civil Justice in the Late Habsburg Monarchy WALTER FUCHS Ehrlich’s Living Law as a Concept of Multi-normativity of the traditional direction would undoubtedly claim The Austrian jurist Eugen Ehrlich (1862–1922) is that all these peoples have only one, and exactly considered not only one of the founders of the sociology the same, Austrian law, which is valid throughout of law but also a pioneer of legal pluralism. As a matter Austria. And yet even a cursory glance could convince of fact, he conceptually and empirically analysed him that each of these tribes observes quite different the coexistence of different normative orders within legal rules in all legal relations of daily life. […] I have one and the same society. Ehrlich was born the son decided to survey the living law of the nine tribes of of a Jewish lawyer in Czernowitz,1 then capital of the the Bukovina in my seminar for living law. 5 Bukovina, a crown land of the Habsburg Empire at its eastern periphery, where he later worked as professor Ehrlich coined the term living law for these »quite of Roman law.2 Like the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy different« norms that are actually relevant to everyday itself – against whose dissolution Ehrlich passionately action. As he theoretically outlined in his monograph argued for pacifist reasons at the end of the First World »Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law«, -
FINAL REPORT International Commission on the Holocaust In
FINAL REPORT of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania Presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu November 11, 2004 Bucharest, Romania NOTE: The English text of this Report is currently in preparation for publication. © International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. All rights reserved. DISTORTION, NEGATIONISM, AND MINIMALIZATION OF THE HOLOCAUST IN POSTWAR ROMANIA Introduction This chapter reviews and analyzes the different forms of Holocaust distortion, denial, and minimalization in post-World War II Romania. It must be emphasized from the start that the analysis is based on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s definition of the Holocaust, which Commission members accepted as authoritative soon after the Commission was established. This definition1 does not leave room for doubt about the state-organized participation of Romania in the genocide against the Jews, since during the Second World War, Romania was among those allies and a collaborators of Nazi Germany that had a systematic plan for the persecution and annihilation of the Jewish population living on territories under their unmitigated control. In Romania’s specific case, an additional “target-population” subjected to or destined for genocide was the Romany minority. This chapter will employ an adequate conceptualization, using both updated recent studies on the Holocaust in general and new interpretations concerning this genocide in particular. Insofar as the employed conceptualization is concerned, two terminological clarifications are in order. First, “distortion” refers to attempts to use historical research on the dimensions and significance of the Holocaust either to diminish its significance or to serve political and propagandistic purposes. Although its use is not strictly confined to the Communist era, the term “distortion” is generally employed in reference to that period, during which historical research was completely subjected to controls by the Communist Party’s political censorship. -
War in the Balkans, 1991-2002
WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92. -
Polish Research on Bukovina
https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2019.02.003 POLISH RESEARCH ON BUKOVINA Krzysztof NOWAK University of Silesia in Katowice Institute of History, Katowice / POLAND E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The article is dedicated to the presentation of Polish historical, ethnological, linguistic and sociological, generally interdisciplinary scientific research of the Bukovina region, separated from Moldova after 1774. For political reasons, these studies could start as fully professional, after the fall of communism, when obstacles to accessing Romanian and Ukrainian archives and travelling from Poland to both sides of Bukovina disappeared. The article describes the reasons for Poles’ interest in Bukovina, which results from the multiculturalism of the region and the phenomenon of tolerance. The starting point for the research was the Polish minority in Bukovina, which migrated to this region like other ethnic groups after 1774. Currently, the topics best approached by Poles are referring to the dialect of Poles in Bukovina, the culture and identity of the Polish Highlanders in Romanian Bukovina and re-migration from Bukovina in Poland, migration and political history of Poles in Bukovina. The folklore festivals in Jastrowie, Poland and the “Polish Culture Days” in Suceava, Romania also play an important role in the research of Bukovina by Poles. Unfortunately, there is little professional Polish research on problems not related to the Polish minority. Keywords: Polish research, Borderlands, Bukovina, Poles, Historiography, Romania, Ukraine. Rezumat: Cercetări poloneze despre Bucovina. Articolul este dedicat prezentării cercetărilor istorice, etnologice, lingvistice și sociologice poloneze, în general interdisci- plinare, științifice din regiunea Bucovinei, despărțite de Moldova după 1774. -
The Image of Romanian State in Bukovina Between the Two World Wars
Issue no. 16 JOURNAL OF ROMANIAN LITERARY STUDIES 2019 THE IMAGE OF ROMANIAN STATE IN BUKOVINA BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS Radu Florian Bruja Lecturer, PhD., „Ștefan cel Mare” University of Suceava Abstract:For Bukovina, the inter-war period represented the administrative, economic and political connection to the Romanian national state. However, this process was very complex and involved all of Bukovinařs economical and political forces. Still, the reality of the unification disappointed many Bukovina citizens due to their status in Greater Romania and the difficult administrative unification process of the provinces in the Romanian stateřs national project. In this period, Řthe myth of the corrupt inhabitant of the Old Kingdomř appeared. Even if it has no basis, this myth still exists. The enthusiastic approach to the Union gradually disappeared and was replaced by the disappointment of the administrative unification, the hurting of the local pride and the loss of a privileged status for the Northern Province. Along with this, the nostalgia for the correctitude of the Austrian regime arose. The Bukovina intelligentsia was the first one to criticize the flaws of the Romanian inter-war political system, the administrative corruption, and the vices of politicians from Bucharest. The frustrations of Bukovina inhabitants derived as a provincial complex due to the superiority and the arrogance of the Bucharest authorities in dealing with them. The nomination of the persons outside Bukovina to the management of the counties and state institutions led to numerous complaints. The image of the Řregateanř, the inhabitant of the Old Kingdom, was a negative one, associated with corruption, demagogic politics, ŘBalkanismř, and ŘLevantismř. -
Bibliographical Records
international journal of military history and historiography 39 (2019) 121-166 IJMH brill.com/ijmh Bibliographical Records General Wessels, André: Suid-Afrika se Vlootmagte, 1922–2012 (Bloemfontein, 2017), 290 pp., isbn 978-1-928424-04-8. South Africa’s Naval Forces 1922–2012 On three sides South Africa borders on oceans, and in that sense, the country is a large peninsula. It has a coastline of some 2,800 kilometres; approximately 90 per cent of its imports and exports are handled by its ports, and therefore it is a maritime country. Consequently, its navy should form an important com- ponent of its defence force. Although the term South African Navy has only been in use since 1 January 1951, the history of the country’s naval forces goes back at least to 1922. Not much has thus far been published on the history of the South African Navy and its predecessors. To a large extent this gap is filled by Wessels’ book. In the first chapter the South African naval history from 1922 until the end of the Second World War in 1945 is discussed. The following eight chapters are each dedicated to the role played by one of the various kinds of warships in the country’s naval forces since 1945, namely: frigates; destroyers; minesweep- ers and minehunters; patrol ships; hydrographic survey ships; combat support ships; submarines; and other vessels, including boom defence ships, tugs, and search and rescue craft. In the final (tenth) chapter, general conclusions are drawn and guidelines with regard to the ideal navy of the future are provided. -
British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence Or War of Religion?
University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons History Faculty Publications Department of History 2011 British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence or War of Religion? Theophilus C. Prousis University of North Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub Part of the Diplomatic History Commons Recommended Citation Prousis, Theophilus C., "British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence or War of Religion?" (2011). History Faculty Publications. 21. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2011 All Rights Reserved “BRITISH EMBASSY REPORTS ON THE GREEK UPRISING IN 1821-1822: WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OR WAR OF RELIGION?” THEOPHILUS C. PROUSIS* In a dispatch of 10 April 1821 to Foreign Secretary Castlereagh, Britain’s ambassador to the Sublime Porte (Lord Strangford) evoked the prevalence of religious mentalities and religiously induced reprisals in the initial phase of the Greek War of Independence. The sultan’s “government perseveres in its endeavours to strike terror into the minds of its Greek subjects; and it seems that these efforts have been very successful. The commerce of the Greeks has been altogether suspended – their houses -
Introduction for Most Americans the Globe-Girdling Catastrophe That
Introduction For most Americans the globe-girdling catastrophe that we call the Second World War is now a matter neither of personal experience nor of memory, but of wood pulp and celluloid, books and films. Larger still is the majority for whom the cataclysmic First World War - once spoken of as "The Great War" - is ancient history, an antic prelude to what those who participated in it sometimes like to call "The Big One." For most of us, perhaps, the two wars compare as do contrasting movies from the two eras. Our image of the First World War is brief, grainy, silent, with black-and-white, herky-jerky doughboys "going over the top"; we picture the Second as panoramic, technicolor, reverberating with stereophonic sound and fury, armadas of ships and planes and tanks sweeping forward to destiny. A further disparity may be found in the popular historical and political assessment, such as it is, of the two wars. The majority of Americans doubtless still believes that the key to the Second World War is a simple one: a.demonic megalomaniac, Adolf Hitler, rose up to lead Germany to world domination and instead led his people to well- deserved ruin. Yet the view of the First World War held by the Americans of today, it is safe to say, is rather more tepid than the white-hot feelings of many of their grandparents in 1917, when "100-per-cent Americans" agitated to "Hang the Kaiser!" and mobs sacked German newspaper offices and presses in the worst outbreak of ethnic bigotry in our country's history.