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Leon Degrelle
Hitler, Born at Versailles June 18, 2012 1 Introduction For most Americans the globe-girdling catastrophe that we call the Second World War is now a matter neither of personal experience nor of memory, but of wood pulp and celluloid, books and films. Larger still is the majority for whom the cataclysmic First World War - once spoken of as "The Great War" - is ancient history, an antic prelude to what those who participated in it sometimes like to call "The Big One." For most of us, perhaps, the two wars compare as do contrasting movies from the two eras. Our image of the First World War is brief, grainy, silent, with black-and-white, herky-jerky doughboys "going over the top"; we picture the Second as panoramic, technicolor, reverberating with stereophonic sound and fury, armadas of ships and planes and tanks sweeping forward to destiny. A further disparity may be found in the popular historical and political as- sessment, such as it is, of the two wars. The majority of Americans doubtless still believes that the key to the Second World War is a simple one: a.demonic megalomaniac, Adolf Hitler, rose up to lead Germany to world domination and instead led his people to well-deserved ruin. Yet the view of the First World War held by the Americans of today, it is safe to say, is rather more tepid than the white-hot feelings of many of their grandparents in 1917, when "100- per-cent Americans" agitated to "Hang the Kaiser!" and mobs sacked German newspaper offices and presses in the worst outbreak of ethnic bigotry in our country’s history. -
GHR Template
The Final Nail Maciejewski The Final Nail: The Russians in 1916 JEFFREY MACIEJEWSKI Abstract: The events of 1916 broke Tsarist Russia, putting it on an unavoidable path to revolution, but it was not the revolutionaries that set the empire on that path. Instead, the combination of a small-scale defeat at Lake Narotch, the success of the Brusilov Offensive, the addition of Romania as an ally, and economic changes fundamentally altered Russia’s socio-economic foundation. This negative shift provided the fertile ground the revolutionaries needed to expand beyond being manageable annoyances. As a direct result of 1916’s wartime events, Russia’s longstanding radical sentiment finally began to boil over into actual revolutions in 1917. Introduction Winston Churchill once wrote “the very rigidity of the (Russian) system gave it its strength and, once broken, forbade all recovery.”1 In this respect, 1916 was the decisive year for the Russian Empire as it broke the Tsarist system. World War I’s first two years went poorly for Russia, but circumstances shifted in 1916, offering the Russians their best chance for victory; their economy had significantly improved and their enemies believed they had broken the Russian Army. New leaders with fresh ideas emerged to challenge the Central Powers like never before and with victory Russia gained a new ally, Romania. The Russians finally seemed to have reached parity with their enemies and the ability to fully assist the Allied cause. It was the make-or-break year for Russia. Given such changes in fortune, why did 1916 break both the Russian Army and the Tsarist government? The confluence of changes and events, even positive ones, simply overwhelmed Russia. -
FINAL REPORT International Commission on the Holocaust In
FINAL REPORT of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania Presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu November 11, 2004 Bucharest, Romania NOTE: The English text of this Report is currently in preparation for publication. © International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. All rights reserved. DISTORTION, NEGATIONISM, AND MINIMALIZATION OF THE HOLOCAUST IN POSTWAR ROMANIA Introduction This chapter reviews and analyzes the different forms of Holocaust distortion, denial, and minimalization in post-World War II Romania. It must be emphasized from the start that the analysis is based on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s definition of the Holocaust, which Commission members accepted as authoritative soon after the Commission was established. This definition1 does not leave room for doubt about the state-organized participation of Romania in the genocide against the Jews, since during the Second World War, Romania was among those allies and a collaborators of Nazi Germany that had a systematic plan for the persecution and annihilation of the Jewish population living on territories under their unmitigated control. In Romania’s specific case, an additional “target-population” subjected to or destined for genocide was the Romany minority. This chapter will employ an adequate conceptualization, using both updated recent studies on the Holocaust in general and new interpretations concerning this genocide in particular. Insofar as the employed conceptualization is concerned, two terminological clarifications are in order. First, “distortion” refers to attempts to use historical research on the dimensions and significance of the Holocaust either to diminish its significance or to serve political and propagandistic purposes. Although its use is not strictly confined to the Communist era, the term “distortion” is generally employed in reference to that period, during which historical research was completely subjected to controls by the Communist Party’s political censorship. -
War in the Balkans, 1991-2002
WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92. -
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REVIEW OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS STUDIES International Editorial Board Professor Jean-Pierre BERDOT, Université de Poitiers, France Professor Enrique BONSÓN, Universidad de Huelva, Spain Professor Henri BOUQUIN, Université de Paris-Dauphine, France Professor Régis BOURBONNAIS, Université de Paris-Dauphine, France Professor Oana BRÂNZEI, York University, Toronto, Canada Professor Mihai CALCIU, Université de Lille, France Professor Cristian CHELARIU, York University, Canada Lecturer Roxana CHIRIAC, University of Konstanz, Germany Professor Bernard COLASSE, Université de Paris-Dauphine, France Professor Christian CORMIER, Université de Poitiers, France Professor Gerry RAMEY, Eastern Oregon University, United States of America Professor Jaroslav KITA, University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia Professor Raymond LEBAN, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, France Professor Luiz MONTANHEIRO, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom Professor Winfried POHLMEIER, University of Konstanz, Germany Professor Louis G. POL, University of Nebraska at Omaha, United States of America Professor Danica PURG, President of CEEMAN, Bled School of Management, Slovenia Professor Ravinder RENA, Polytechnic of Namibia, Namibia Professor Jacques RICHARD, Université de Paris-Dauphine, France Professor Antonio García SÁNCHEZ, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain Professor Alan SANGSTER, Aberdeen Business School, The Robert Gordon University, Scotland, United Kingdom Professor Victoria SEITZ, California State University, United States of America Professor -
British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence Or War of Religion?
University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons History Faculty Publications Department of History 2011 British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence or War of Religion? Theophilus C. Prousis University of North Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub Part of the Diplomatic History Commons Recommended Citation Prousis, Theophilus C., "British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence or War of Religion?" (2011). History Faculty Publications. 21. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2011 All Rights Reserved “BRITISH EMBASSY REPORTS ON THE GREEK UPRISING IN 1821-1822: WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OR WAR OF RELIGION?” THEOPHILUS C. PROUSIS* In a dispatch of 10 April 1821 to Foreign Secretary Castlereagh, Britain’s ambassador to the Sublime Porte (Lord Strangford) evoked the prevalence of religious mentalities and religiously induced reprisals in the initial phase of the Greek War of Independence. The sultan’s “government perseveres in its endeavours to strike terror into the minds of its Greek subjects; and it seems that these efforts have been very successful. The commerce of the Greeks has been altogether suspended – their houses -
Introduction for Most Americans the Globe-Girdling Catastrophe That
Introduction For most Americans the globe-girdling catastrophe that we call the Second World War is now a matter neither of personal experience nor of memory, but of wood pulp and celluloid, books and films. Larger still is the majority for whom the cataclysmic First World War - once spoken of as "The Great War" - is ancient history, an antic prelude to what those who participated in it sometimes like to call "The Big One." For most of us, perhaps, the two wars compare as do contrasting movies from the two eras. Our image of the First World War is brief, grainy, silent, with black-and-white, herky-jerky doughboys "going over the top"; we picture the Second as panoramic, technicolor, reverberating with stereophonic sound and fury, armadas of ships and planes and tanks sweeping forward to destiny. A further disparity may be found in the popular historical and political assessment, such as it is, of the two wars. The majority of Americans doubtless still believes that the key to the Second World War is a simple one: a.demonic megalomaniac, Adolf Hitler, rose up to lead Germany to world domination and instead led his people to well- deserved ruin. Yet the view of the First World War held by the Americans of today, it is safe to say, is rather more tepid than the white-hot feelings of many of their grandparents in 1917, when "100-per-cent Americans" agitated to "Hang the Kaiser!" and mobs sacked German newspaper offices and presses in the worst outbreak of ethnic bigotry in our country's history. -
The German Minority in Romania
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 The German Minority in Romania Edited by: Ursprung, Daniel ; Scheide, Carmen ; Tagangaeva, Maria Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-133324 Edited Scientific Work Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. Originally published at: The German Minority in Romania. Edited by: Ursprung, Daniel; Scheide, Carmen; Tagangaeva, Maria (2015). St.Gallen: Universitaet St. Gallen * Center fuer Governance und Kultur in Europa. 19-20 / 2015 The German Minority in Romania Guest editor Daniel Ursprung (Zürich) Romanian Germans Elisabeth and Johann Weber during their deportation in the Soviet Union. Certificate of discharge for the former detainee Elisabeth Weber according to which she was released in Brandenburg on 11 december 1946. Photos - Günter Klein’s private archive. Online Open Access Journal of the Center for Governance and Culture in Europe University of St. Gallen URL: www.gce.unisg.ch, www.euxeinos.ch ISSN 2296-0708 Center for Governance and Last Update 28 December 2015 LANDIS & GYR Culture in Europe STIFTUNG University of St.Gallen Table of Contents The German Minority in Romania 3 Editorial by Daniel Ursprung The German Minority in Romania: a Historical Overview 7 by Daniel Ursprung Andreas Schmidt and the German Ethnic Group -
Environmental Performance Reviews Romania
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Committee on Environmental Policy ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS ROMANIA UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2001 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 13 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city of area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.01-II-E.28 ISBN 92-1-116795-7 ISSN iii ___________________________________________________________________________ Preface The Environmental Performance Review of Romania began with a preparatory mission in April 2000, during which the structure of the report was established. Thereafter, the review team of international experts was constituted. It included experts from Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, together with experts from the secretariat of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO). The review mission took place in October 2000. A first draft of the EPR report was submitted to the country for updating in March 2001. In September 2001, the draft was submitted for consideration to the EPR Expert Group of the UNECE Committee on Environmental Policy. During this meeting, the Expert Group discussed the report in detail with representatives of the Romanian Government, focusing in particular on the conclusions and recommendations. -
Complete Journal
ANALELE UNIVERSITĂŢII DIN ORADEA RELAŢII INTERNAŢIONALE ŞI STUDII EUROPENE TOM VI 2014 ANALELE UNIVERSITĂŢII DIN ORADEA SERIA: RELAŢII INTERNAŢIONALE ŞI STUDII EUROPENE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: EDITORIAL STAFF: Enrique BANUS (Barcelona) Editor-in-Chief: Mircea BRIE (Oradea) Iordan Ghe. BĂRBULESCU (Bucureşti) Associate Editor: Ioan HORGA (Oradea) Gabriela Melania CIOT (Cluj-Napoca) Executive Editor: Florentina CHIRODEA (Oradea) Georges CONTOGEORGIS (Atena) Members: Vasile CUCERESCU (Chişinău) George ANGLIŢOIU (Bucureşti) Constantin HLIHOR (Bucureşti) Dana BLAGA (Oradea) Ioan HORGA (Oradea) Mariana BUDA (Oradea) Adrian IVAN (Cluj-Napoca) Cosmin CHIRIAC (Oradea) Savvas KATSIKIDES (Nicosia) Georgiana CICEO (Cluj-Napoca) Antoliy KRUGLASHOV (Cernăuţi) Natalia CUGLEŞAN (Cluj-Napoca) Jaroslaw KUNDERA (Wroclaw) Lia DERECICHEI (Oradea) Renaud de LA BROSSE (Reims) Cristina Maria DOGOT (Oradea) Fabienne MARON (Bruxelles) Dorin DOLGHI (Oradea) Ariane LANDUYT (Siena) Dacian DUNĂ (Cluj-Napoca) Adrian MIROIU (Bucureşti) Sergiu MIŞCOIU (Cluj-Napoca) Nicolae PĂUN (Cluj-Napoca) Anca OLTEAN (Oradea) Anatol PETRENCU (Chişinău) Dana PANTEA (Oradea) Vasile PUŞCAŞ (Cluj-Napoca) Istvan POLGAR (Oradea) Istvan SULI-ZAKAR (Debrecen) Adrian POPOVICIU (Oradea) Sorin Domiţian ŞIPOŞ (Oradea) Anda ROESCU (Bucureşti) Luminiţa ŞOPRONI (Oradea) Alina STOICA (Oradea) Barbu ŞTEFĂNESCU (Oradea) Nicolae TODERAŞ (Bucureşti) Vasile VESE (Cluj-Napoca) Constantin ŢOCA (Oradea) Redaction: Elena ZIERLER (Oradea) The exchange manuscripts, books and reviews as well as any correspondence will be sent on the address of the Editing Committee. The responsibility for the content of the articles belongs to the author(s). The articles are published with the notification of the scientific reviewer. Address of the editorial office: University of Oradea International Relations and European Studies Department Str. Universităţii, nr. 1, 410087 Oradea, România Tel/ Fax (004) 0259 408167. -
The Formation and Allegiance of the Romanian Military Elite Originating
The Formation and Allegiance of the Romanian Military Elite Originating from the Banat Military Border Ph.D. Thesis Ph.D. Candidate: Irina Marin Supervisors: Professor Dennis Deletant Dr Zoran Milutinović University College London School of Slavonic and East European Studies 2009 1 I, Irina Marin, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract The present thesis examines the formation and loyalties of the Romanian officers originating from the Banat Military Border who reached the rank of general in the Austro-Hungarian army between 1870 and 1918. As such, it covers an important blind spot in English-, German-, and Romanian-language historiography as, on the one hand, it contributes a multiple case study, based on extant personal testimonies, to the historical literature on the Habsburg officer corps and, on the other hand, it validates and brings together into a coherent narrative the snippets of historical evidence invoked in Romanian bibliography on the topic. The thesis goes beyond the above-indicated time span and follows the development of the Banat Military Border from its establishment in the eighteenth century to its dissolution at the end of the nineteenth century. Particular emphasis is placed on the formative environment of the military elites under discussion, whether this means historical or legal precedent, official stereotypes, or community identity and symbolism. The Border generals are presented in their relationships to the state (in its various instantiations), the army and civil authorities, as well as in their relations with the Romanian intelligentsia of the Empire. -
From Wallachian Duke to the Prince of Darkness
Researches Reviews of the Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management 42/2013. Review article UDC 338.48-51(498) FROM WALLACHIAN DUKE TO THE PRINCE OF DARKNESS Zoran PerićI, Branko RistanovićII, Milutin KovačevićII Received: 21.09.2013. | Accepted: 30.11.2013. ABSTRACT: The materials that were used as the basis of this paper represent parts of works and studies of the most competent historians (Giurescu, Florescu, Stoicescu), whose main study focus was the medieval Romanian state and particulary Vlad III Draculea. It should be noted that even in these scientifically recognized works there is no complete agreement about certain moments and events from the life of Vlad Draculea, therefore only the facts that showed the most consistence were used. However, the accuracy of the data can not be guaranteed because, for a long period since the myth of Dracula exists, history many times mingled with folklore. The aim of this paper is primarily the presentation of Vlad III Dracu- lea as a ruler, warrior and historical figure, stripped of fictional predicates attached to him in novels and Hollywood horror films, in order to make a parallel between the actional man and fictional character exploited by the tourism industry. Keywords: Vlad III, Dracula, Dracula tourism INTRODUCTION History and geography as sciences, especially in the 20th and 21 century with the de- velopment of modern means of transport and aggressive marketing, greatly contributed to the emergence and development of many special forms of tourism. The travel industry is using historical and geographical facts and research to create a tourism product or at least raise the attractiveness of existing products.