Ancient Authors Are Listed at the End of the Index

Index (Ancient authors are listed at the end of the index)

Achaemenid Persian empire 1, 203, 204, 212, 213, 214, amphora stamps 221, 222, 223 222, 272 (note 18.5). See also Persia/Persians EPY 221 Aegean chronology 125 (note 8.2) Herakleian 222 Archaic period 37, 71, 115, 189, 220, 265, 266, 267, Archelas (fabricant) 221, 222 (Fig. 15.3) 268, 272 (note 18.5), 274 (notes 18.12, 18.16, Dionysios (?) (fabricant) 221 18.17), 275 (note 18.20), 276 (notes 18.22, 18.29) Early Magistrate Group 221 Late Geometric period 16, 125 (note 8.2) Etymos (fabricant) 223 Late Proto-Geometric period 125 (notes 8.2, 8.10) Kallias I (?) (eponym) 221, 222 (Fig. 15.4) Sub-Proto-Geometric period 118, 125 (note 8.2) Sinopean 223 Aeolis 273 (note 18.6) Pasichares and Hekataios 223 (with Fig. 15.5) aerial imagery at Gordion 24, 26, 34, 145 (note 9.1), 171, Tasian 221, 223 172 (Fig. 12.1) Archenax (eponym) 223 Agesilaos, king of Sparta 17, 19 (note 1.33), 212, 224 (note Aristeides (eponym) 223 15.4) Deinopas (eponym) 223 aggradation at Gordion by the Sakarya River 41, 45 Pythion (eponym) 223 Ahmetli 275 (note 18.18) Skymnos (eponym) 223 Akok, Mahmut 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 37 (notes 2.4, 2.5), amphoras 16, 180, 195 (Fig. 13.9), 219, 272 (note 18.5) insert PLS. 2, 3, 4, 5 (Figs. 2.3–2.6) Aegean 219, 221, 222, 223, 224 (note 15.5) akroterion. See architecture/architectural elements Attic SOS type and à la brosse 220 Alabanda 274 (note 18.12) Chalkidikian 221 alabaster 17 Chersonesan 223 Alaşehir (ancient Philadelphia) 272 (note 18.3) Chian 221, 223 Alblinger, Carrie 30, 82, 99 Corinthian 16, 223 Alexander III, “the Great,” king of Macedon 1, 17, 19 Erythraian 221 (note 1.37), 214, 218, 220, 222, 228, 270 Hellespontine 223 Alişar 114, 116, 121, endpaper map Herakleian 219, 221, 222, 223 alluviation at Gordion 12, 45 Klazomenian 219, 220, 224 (note 15.3) altimetry at Gordion 31, 32. Koan 221 Altıntepe 210 Lesbian 219, 220, 224 (note 15.3) Alyattes, king of Lydia 15, 196, 260, 264 (Fig. 18.6), 273 Mendean 221 (note 18.7) Monakhov types V-B and V-C 223 Amandry, Pierre 189, 191 Rhodian (Rhodes) 222, 223 Ambaris, king of Tabal 13 Sezgin group 1 219–20 amber 187 Sinopean 223 (with Fig. 15.5) ammonium formate 167 Tasian 221, 222, 223 312 INDEX

Anderson, Gunlög E. 15, 276 (note 18.24), 301, 308 Aramaic 1, 213 Andrae, Walter 259, 265, 272 (note 18.2) archaeobotanical studies at Gordion 47, 231, 244, 257, animals 258 birds 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 124, 126 (note Architectural Conservation Laboratory of the University 8.20), 183, 224 of Pennsylvania (ACL-UPenn) 229 chickens 108 architectural reconstructions at Gordion 2, 3, 11 (Fig. ducks 108 1.8), 35, 36, 82, 205, 228, 229, 233–34, 235 quails 263, 271 (note 18.1), 274 (note 18.17) architectural terracottas 16, 19 (note 1.30), 206–7, 214, raptors 104, 105, 108, 262 (Fig. 18.4), 272 (note 215, 235, 263, 268, 272 (with note 18.5), 274 (note 18.5) 18.17), 275 (notes 18.18, 18.19), 276 (note 18.29) falcons 5, 108, 259, 272 (note 18.5) foral-star pattern 214, 218 (Fig. 14.18) hawks 108 leopard scene 261 (Fig. 18.2a) stork 108 lions rampant scene 214 boars 262 (Fig. 18.3), 273 (note 18.5) Teseus and Minotaur scene 214, 275 (note 18.19) bulls 162, 163 (Fig. 10.19), 181 architecture/architectural elements. See also Gordion, cattle 18 (note 1.11) architecture; mosaics deer 259, 262 (Fig. 18.3), 272–73 (note 18.5) akroterion 5, 65, 104, 105, 106 dog (puppies) 19 (note 1.29) bastions 206, 260, 273 (note 18.8) goats 15, 155, 250, 259, 260, 262 (Fig. 18.3), 272–73 beams 5, 15, 47, 51, 52, 86, 91, 104, 106, 130, 131, (note 18.5), 273–74 (note 18.11) 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, hares 259, 262 (Fig. 18.4), 272 (note 18.5) 145 (note 9.6), 146 (notes 9.6. 9.9, 9.12), 147 (note horses 5, 17 (note 1.2), 18 (note 1.7), 19 (note 1.33), 9.13), 155, 156, 275 (note 18.20) 57, 125 (note 8.10), 162, 259, 272 (notes 18.3 and cellars 6 (Fig. 1.3), 52, 87, 122, 124, 171, 179, 202 18.4), 273 (note 18.7) (Fig. 14.1), 211, 306 hyenas 259, 261 (Fig. 18.2b), 273 (note 18.5) cisterns 5 jackals 273 (note 18.5) citadels 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 (note 1.14), lambs 15 35, 47, 57, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67, 70, 92, 96, 97, 98, 112, leopards 259, 261 (Fig. 18.2a), 273 (note 18.5) 187, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 203, 204 (with Fig. 14.2), 205, lions 105, 106, 110 (with note 7.2), 123, 126 (note 206, 218, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235, 260, 263, 8.17), 152, 154, 155, 156, 189, 191, 193 (with Fig. 266, 275 (note 18.18) 13.4), 194, 196, 197, 199 (notes 13.5 and 13.6), 214, columns 51, 212, 263, 268, 275 (note 18.20) 260, 273 (note 18.10), 274 (note 18.12) courts, courtyards 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 5, 6, 16, 18 (note pigs 259, 273 (note 18.5) 1.10), 19 (note 1.36), 70, 71, 72, 73 (with Fig. 6.6), quadrupeds 106 74 (Fig. 6.7), 75 (Fig. 6.8), 86, 88, 89 (Fig. 6.21), 90 rams 126 (note 8.17), 272 (note 18.5) (Fig. 6.22), 91 (Fig. 6.23), 92 (Fig. 6.24), 93, 95, 96, sheep 18 (note 1.6), 155, 187, 250, 260 97, 98, 99, 179, 203, 210, 212, 229, 238 snakes 250 fortifcations 1, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 (notes 1.18, 1.19), tortoises 250 69, 97, 98, 110, 134, 203, 204 (Fig. 14.2), 205, 206, wolves 259, 271 (note 18.1), 273 (note 18.5) 210 (Fig. 14.7), 215, 228, 229, 230, 233, 260, 273 anise 155 (note 18.18) Ankara 26, 37 (note 2.5), 40, 111, 150, 153, 160, 163, 191, gables 104, 105, 106, 134, 136 (Fig. 9.13), 137, 138, 193, 199 (note 13.6), 200 (note 13.12), 270, endpaper 141 (Fig. 9.20), 142 (Figs. 9.22, 9.23), 146 (note map 9.9), 147 (note 9.13), 263, 275 (note 18.18) Ankara cult relief 110 (note 7.1) gates 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18 (notes 1.13, 1.14), 19 (note Ankara, Tumulus I 123, 125 (note 8.16) 1.27), 39, 67, 69 (Fig. 6.2), 70, 71, 72, 73 (Fig. 6.6), Antiochos III, king of the Selucid Empire 272 (note 18.4) 80, 88, 89 (with Fig. 6.21), 92 (Fig. 6.24), 94 (Fig. antler 17, 272 (note 18.5) 6.25), 95 (with Fig. 6.26), 96, 97, 98, 101, 110, Aphrodite sanctuary, Zeytintepe, Miletos. See sanctuaries 134, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 205, 208 (Fig. 14.5), 213 (Fig. INDEX 313

1.4.10), 229, 232 (Fig. 16.3), 233, 235, 238 (with Arkades 125 (note 8.10) Fig. 16.8), 239 (Fig. 16.9), 241 (Fig. 16.10), 254 arm guard 108 (Fig. 17.5), 255, 260, 263, 273 (note 18.8) arrowheads. See artifacts, metal, bronze, arrowheads glacis 6 (Fig. 1.3), 7 (Fig. 1.4), 9, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 205, Arslan Kaya 154 209 (with Fig. 14.6), 213 (Fig. 14.10), 215, 235, Arslantepe/Malatya 9, 62, 190, 198 (note 13.5), endpaper 260, 263, 273 (note 18.8), 309 map megarons 3, 4, 5, 6 (with Fig. 1.3), 16, 17 (note 1.5), art 65, 152, 153, 191, 199, 272 (note 18.5) 18 (notes 1.10, 1.12), 19 (note 1.37), 33, 51, 63, 65, Artemision/Artemis sanctuary, Ephesos. See sanctuaries 71, 72, 73, 75 (Fig. 6.8), 80 (Fig. 6.13), 82, 90 (Fig. artifacts, bone 17, 181, 262 (fg. 18.4), 272 (note 18.5) 6.22), 91 (Fig. 6.23), 92, 93, 94, 97, 99 (note 6.5), artifacts, glass 181, 187, 261, 268, 274 (note 18.12), 276 101, 103, 104, 105, 110, 131, 179, 184, 224, 230 (note 18.29) (Fig. 16.1), 234, 266, 275 (note 18.20), 307, 308 artifacts, ivory 171, 196, 210, 274 (note 18.12), 275 (note palaces 1, 5, 18 (note 1.8), 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 97, 98, 18.22) 198–99 (note 13.5), 265, 266, 276 (notes 18.25, blinkers 270 18.26) cymation 275 (note 18.22) pavements 71, 73, 74 (Fig. 6.7), 93, 99 (notes 6.4, fgurines 13, 124, 189–93, 195–96, 198 (Figs. 13.14, 6.5), 179, 212, 229, 230 (Fig. 16.1), 234, 235 13.15, and notes 13.3, 13.4), 200 (note 13.12), 217 pediments 103, 104, 105 frontlet 270 pit-structures 49 (Table 4.1), 52, 53 horse trappings 5, 19 (note 1.33), 57 porches 49 (Table 4.1), 51–52, 53, 275 (note 18.20) plaques 18 (notes 1.7, 1.8), 57, 164, 194, 205, 209–10, rafers 104, 105, 107 214 (Fig. 14.12), 272 (note 18.5) ridgepoles 104, 275 (note 18.20) throne 13, 18 (note 1.22), 193–96 roofs 5, 15, 51, 52, 65, 103, 104, 105, 106, 130, 131, veneer 264 134, 136, 144, 146 (note 9.9), 147 (note 9.13), 155, artifacts, metal. See also earrings 156, 162, 163, 179, 185, 214, 263 bronze semi-subterranean houses 52, 267 arrowheads 16, 17, 217 shutters 105, 164 beads 187 stairs/steps 71, 79, 80, 82, 86, 88, 93, 97, 98, 106, belts 15, 16, 18 (note 1.8), 111, 119 (Fig. 8.7), 110, 212, 234 120 (Fig. 8.8a), 121 (Fig. 8.8b), 122–24 (with stockades 110 Fig. 8.9), 125 (notes 8.12, 8.15), 126 (note storage rooms/storerooms 3, 4, 6, 19 (note 1.33), 52, 8.17), 151 53, 80, 88, 94, 97, 179, 196, 205, 235 bowls 15, 144, 151 streets 2, 9, 12, 17, 71, 203 bracelets 187 stylobates 275 (note 18.20) cauldrons 151, 153, 193, 196 temples. See temples dishes 151 terraces 2, 3, 5, 12, 71 (with Fig. 6.4 and Table 6.2), fbulae 15, 16, 57, 111–22, 123, 124, 151, 176, 73 (with Fig. 6.6), 74 (Fig. 6.7), 75, 76 (Fig. 6.9), 77 177, 181, 187, 205. See also fbulae types (with Fig. 6.10), 78, 79 (with Fig. 6.12), 80 (with jugs 150, 151 Fig. 6.13), 82, 83 (with Fig. 6.17), 84 (with Fig. ladles 153 6.18), 86, 88, 89 (Fig. 6.21), 90 (Fig. 6.22), 91, 92, omphalos bowls 151 93, 94, 97, 98, 125 (note 8.7), 177, 260, 263, 267 pins 187 (Figs. 18.9, 18.10), 268 (Figs. 18.11, 18.12), 273 situlae 18 (note 1.8) (note 18.10) studs 163, 164 towers 9, 110, 260, 273 (note 18.8) tacks 158 windows 104, 105, 106, 164, 263, 275 (note 18.18) electrum 15, 171 Areyastis Monument 105, 275 (note 18.18) coins 16, 270, 274 (note 18.12), 276 (note 18.29) Argilos 224 fbulae 15, 111, 112 Argishti I, king of Urartu 12 gold 15, 16, 171, 196 314 INDEX

belts 123 parasols 159 (with Fig. 10.12) bowls 196 plaques/panels 164 coins 261, 268, 274 (note 18.12), 276 (note plates 159, 160, 161 (with Figs. 10.15, 10.16), 162 18.29) (Figs. 10.17, 10.18), 163, 164 (note 10.3) fbulae 15, 111, 112 (Table 8.1) sarcophagi 264 foil 15 serving stands (“screens”) 15, 151 (Fig. 10.2), 152–53, furniture decoration 15 154 (with Figs. 10.5, 10.6), 155, 156 (with Figs. jewelry 15 10.7, 10.8), 158, 163, 164 (with Fig. 10.20), 308 lion statue 196, 197 shutters 164 rings 15 spoons 159 (with Fig. 10.13) rosettes 15 stools 155, 157 (Figs. 10.9, 10.10), 158, 159 iron 125 tables 151 (with Fig. 10.2), 155 axes 181 banquet tables 152, 155 bridle bits 125 (note 8.10) inlaid table (“Pagoda Table”) 151–52, 153 (with knives 181 Fig. 10.4), 155, 158 nails. See spikes “Mosaic Table” 159, 164 sickles 181 “plain” tables 151, 155, 159 spatulas 181 “Tripod Tray Table” 158 (with Fig. 10.11), 159 spikes 136 thrones 13, 151, 159, 194, 196 stands 151, 196 Askelon 10 strips 168 Assur 121, 259, 265 tools 187 Assurnasirpal II, king of Assyria 5, 12, 198 (note 13.5) silver 171, 196 Assyria 1, 5, 12, 13, 14, 18, 149, 217, endpaper map appliqué 191, 195 (Fig. 13.11) Aşvan 47 belts 123 Athena Pronaia, Marmaria, Delphi. See sanctuaries bowl 196 Athena sanctuary, Erythrai. See sanctuaries chests 196 Athens/Athenians 15, 17, 197, 200 (note 13.5), 220, coins 261, 268, 270, 274 (note 18.12) endpaper map fbulae 111, 112 (Table 8.1) Athenian Agora 256 miniature bird 124, 126 (note 8.20) Atuna 13 artifacts, wooden 47, 149, 150, 152, 155, 159, 163, 164, awls 181 196 Ayaş 110 (note 7.1) animals 161. See also animals Azım, Zihni 26, 27 bull (“horse”) 162, 163 (Fig. 10.19) lion 152, 155, 156, 191, 193 (Fig. 13.4), 199 (note Baclanya Skala 224 13.6) Bagis (modern Güre) 272 (note 18.3) bed, “beds” 150, 155, 159 bags. See textiles bowls 159, 160 (with Fig. 10.14), 161, 164 baking 184 (with Fig. 12.12), 187. See also cooking; ovens boxes 159, 164 bakkaris 261, 274 (note 18.13) chair 155, 159 balloon photography at Gordion 26, 34 cofns 131, 136, 150, 155, 276 (note 18.22) banquet 134, 144, 155. See also artifacts, wooden, tables, couches 264 banquet cupboards 164 barley 18 (note 1.6), 155, 245 (Table 17.1), 247, 250, 251, 255 footstools 159 Barnett, Richard 194, 199 (Fig. 13.16), 270 furniture 15, 18 (note 1.7), 47, 124, 126 (note 8.17), barter 260 136, 141, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 158, 159, 163, Bayındır tumuli, near Elmalı 19 (note 1.25), 123, 191, 164, 165, 194, 268, 276 (note 18.29) 193, 195 (Fig. 13.11), 198 (Fig. 13.14), 210 ladles 159 (with Fig. 10.13) beads 121, 171, 176, 177, 181, 187, 274 INDEX 315 beer. See drink Caria 114, 221 Bell, Robert 29, 32, 37, 38 (note 2.16) cartography 23, 24, 26, 35, 36 belts. See artifacts, metal, bronze carts 12, 17, 19 (note 1.37). See also wagons benches 180, 184 Çatalhöyük 47, 257 Berezan 224 (note 15.3) cattle. See animals Beyşehir Occupation Phase 39 cavalry 18 (note 1.7), 259, 272 (note 18.4) bier from Tumulus MM 165, 166, 168 cellars. See architecture/architectural elements bins (house bins) 180, 184, 219, 220 (Fig. 15.1), 221 (Fig. cemeteries 15, 26, 31, 32, 62, 125 (note 8.10), 171, 172, 15.2), 224, 235 173 (Fig. 12.2), 174 (with Fig. 12.3), 175 (with Fig. Bin Tepe cemetery. See Sardis 12.4), 176 (with Fig. 12.5), 177 (with Fig. 12.6), 183, birds. See animals 187, 188, 230, 257, 264, 273 (notes 18.6, 18.7), 275 Black Sea 17, 219, 222, 223, 224, 260, 270, 271 (Fig. (note 18.22) 18.18) ceramics. See pottery; architectural terracottas Blinkenberg, C. 125 (note 8.3) Chalkidike 221 Bluemel, Kurt 250 charcoal 47–53, 91, 97 Boehmer, R.M. 125 (note 8.3) checkerboard motif. See motifs Boğazköy 62, 123, 125 (note 8.16), 184, 191, 193 (Figs. cheese. See food 13.5, 13.6), endpaper map cherries, cornelian. See food Büyükkale II, the Phrygian level at Boğazköy 184 Chersonesan chora 224 bone. See artifacts, bone children 122, 124, 129, 142, 155, 174, 175, 176, 187, 244, botanists 231, 257 246, 251 bracelets 176, 177, 187 Chios 124, 125 (notes 8.15, 8.16), 126 (note 8.17) bridles/horse bits 19 (note 1.33), 125 (note 8.10), 262 (Fig. Çile Dağ 18 (note 1.13) 18.4), 272 (note 18.5). See also artifacts, ivory, horse Cilicia 13, 14 trappings cisterns. See architecture/architectural elements Bronze Age 2, 12, 35, 41, 43, 44, 45, 69 (Table 6.1), 125 “Clay Layer” (Middle Phrygian) at Gordion 57 (Table (note 8.2), 155, 172, 174, 234, 243, 244, 266, 275 5.1), 88 bronze. See artifacts, metal, bronzes clothing. See garments bronze working 17, 111, 122, 123 coins 16, 19 (note 1.34), 261, 268, 270, 274 (note 18.12), burning 18 (note 1.10), 45, 47, 48, 53, 57, 73, 79, 80, 82, 276 (note 18.29) 83 (Fig. 6.17), 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 97, 112 (Table 8.1), Collins, William 30 163, 174, 179, 183 (with Fig. 12.11), 184, 187, 189, 196, columns. See architecture/architectural elements 197, 205, 208, 247. See also Destruction Level Common Cemetery. See Gordion, Common Cemetery Buruncuk. See Larisa conservation at Gordion 2, 24, 149, 150, 153, 156 (Fig. Butler Expedition 273, 275 (note 18.22) 10.7), 159 (Figs. 10.12, 10.13), 161 (Fig. 10.15), 162 Büyükkale II. See Boğazköy (Fig. 10.17), 163 (with Fig. 10.19), 164, 187 (Fig. 12.16), Byzantine 230 227–41, 243, 253, 255, 257, 269. See also capping at Gordion Cafer Höyük 47 contours at Gordion 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 37 (note 2.8), 174, Can Hasan 47 177, 235 Caner, Ertuğrul 113 (Table 8.2), 114, 115, 120, 121, 125 cooking 6, 97, 175, 180, 187. See also baking; ovens (note 8.4) coordinates at Gordion 23, 27, 28, 30, 34, 38 (note 2.25) capping at Gordion (Terrace Building Sof Cap Project) Corcyra 197 229, 234, 239, 240–41 (Fig. 16.10), 253, 254 (Fig. 17.5), Corinth 16, 196, 197, 198 (note 13.1) 255 Corinthian Treasury at Delphi. See sanctuaries Carchemish 9, 10, 13, 62, 190, 198 (note 13.5), 217, Corinthians 189, 194, 195, 197, 217, 223 endpaper map Çorum 19 (note 1.30) Yunus cemetery 62 cosmetics 274 (note 8.13) 316 INDEX

courts, courtyards. See architecture/architectural elements (notes 8.2, 8.7), 163, 175, 195 (Fig. 13.9), 199 (note Cox, Dorothy H. 28, 32, 37 (note 2.9), 38 (note 2.24) 13.8), 203, 205, 266, 268, 269, 272 (note 18.5), 273 cremations 16, 111, 129, 145 (note 9.3), 171, 175, 176, 180 (note 18.6), 275 (notes 18.18, 18.20) (Fig. 12.8), 275–76 (note 18.22) DeVries, Keith 2, 4, 13, 19 (note 1.33), 24, 56 (Fig. 5.1), crepides 259, 273 (note 18.6) 58, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 80, 82, 83, 91, 92, 94, 113, Crete 114, 116, 125 (note 8.10) 122, 123, 124, 183, 198 (notes 13.1, 13.4), 200 (note Croesus, king of Lydia 196, 197, 217, 274 (note 18.13), 13.12), 205, 217, 222, 258, 275 (note 18.22), 301, 309 276 (notes 18.25, 18.26) Didyma 15, 126 (note 8.17), 274 (note 18.15) crowns 213 diets 16, 48, 49 cult, cults 5, 16, 104, 105, 107–108, 124, 181, 188, 204. diferential Global Positioning System (dGPS) See also rituals; sanctuaries; shrines; temples measurements at Gordion 26, 34, 38 façades 16, 104, 105, 154 Digital Gordion Mapping Project (DGMP) 35 friezes 16, 19 (note 1.32) Digital Gordion project 23 niches 104, 105, 154 Doğan, Musa 249 practice 105, 124, 204 “doodlestones,” “doodles.” See incised drawings reliefs 104, 105, 110 (note 7.1), 181 Dörpfeld, Wilhelm 17 statues 16, 105, 110 (note 7.1), 181, 188, 196 (Fig. drains at Gordion 67, 69 (Fig. 6.2), 71 (Table 6.2), 73 (Fig. 13.12), 197 (Fig. 13.13) 6.6), 75 (Fig. 6.8), 78 (with Fig. 6.11), 81 (Figs. 6.14, Cummer, Wilson W. 29, 30, 31, 33, 37 (note 2.13), 38 6.15), 83 (Fig. 6.17), 84, 85 (Fig. 6.19), 86, 87 (Fig. 6.20), (notes 2.20, 2.24) 88, 89, 90 (with Fig. 6.22), 91, 94 (Fig. 6.25), 95 (Fig. cupboards 164, 180 6.26), 96, 98, 99 (note 6.5), 177, 229 cushion covers. See textiles drawings. See incised drawings cylinder seal 213 drink 155, 263, 264 , 274 (note 18.16) Cyprus 114, 116 beer 15, 18 (note 1.6), 155, 263, 264 Cypselus 200 (note 13.16) cocktail 264, 276 Cyrus, king of Persia 217, 266 mead 15, 155, 264 wine 15, 155, 263, 264 dagger 108 Duatepe 18 (note 1.13) daily life 101, 108, 264 Düver 272 (note 18.4) Daskyleion 220 dyes 165–69 datum at Gordion 25 (Fig. 2.2), 27, 28, 31, 37 (note 2.7), Dyson, Robert H., Jr. 30, 31, 33, 99 38 (note 2.19) deforestation 12, 47 Early Orientalizing period 125 (note 8.2) Delphi 2, 13, 15, 124, 149, 189, 190 (Fig. 13.1), 191 (Fig. earrings 176 13.2), 192 (Fig. 13.3), 193, 194, 195, 197, 198 (with note earthquakes 17, 19 (note 1.33), 238 13.1), 217. See also “Halos Deposit”; sanctuaries; temples East Greek 123, 124, 183, 189, 220, 224 (note 15.3), 259, Delphi fgurine. See thrones, throne of Midas 262 (Fig. 18.3), 275 (note 18.21), 276 (notes 18.22, Demirci Höyük 184, 266 18.27) dendrochronology 15, 134, 205, 209 Ebla 10 designs. See motifs ecology/ecological studies 5, 47, 48, 53, 54, 251, 257 Destruction Level/YHSS 6A-DL (“Burnt Layer”, “Burnt economic development at Gordion 244, 251 Level,” “Burnt Stratum”), Gordion 5, 7, 15, 18 (notes ecotourism at Gordion. See tourism 1.7, 1.11, 1.18), 34, 47, 56 (Fig. 5.1), 57 (with Table 5.1), Edwards, G. Roger 18 (note 1.18), 31, 32, 33, 85 (Fig. 58 (with Fig. 5.2), 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66 (Fig. 5.13), 67, 6.19), 91, 94 (Fig. 6.25b), 95, 96, 99 (note 6.3), 171 69 (Fig. 6.2), 70 (Fig. 6.3), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 78, 94, 99 (note Egypt 145, 171 6.2), 101, 105, 111, 112 (with Table 8.1 and Figs. 8.1a electric resistivity survey at Gordion 16 and b), 113 (with Fig. 8.2), 114 (Fig. 8.3a), 115 (Fig. elevations at Gordion 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37 (note 8.3b), 116, 117 (Figs. 8.5 a and b), 118, 121, 122, 125 2.9), 38 (note 2.20), 99 (note 6.7), 136, 146. See also INDEX 317

altimetry cheese 211 Ellis, Richard 165, 166 cherries, cornelian 18 (note 1.10) Elmalı 190, 191, 195 (Fig. 13.11), 198 (Fig. 13.14), 210 eggs 263, 271, 274 (note 18.17) environmental monitoring at Gordion 238, 250 fruit 18 (note 1.10) Ephesos 123, 124, endpaper map. See also sanctuaries grain 3, 18 (note 1.6), 155, 205 Ereğli 219, 309 hazelnuts 260, 273 (note 18.11) erosion at Gordion 31, 39–40, 43, 44, 45, 136, 171, 231, honey 155 243–57 lentils 15, 155 Erythrai 124, 221, 223. See also sanctuaries meat 15, 18 (notes 1.6, 1.11), 155 ethnographic studies 47, 48 olives 257, 259, 272 (note 18.3) Euboia 121 olive oil 155 Euphrates River 12, 13, 19 (note 1.26), endpaper map stew 15, 155 trufes 263, 271, 275 (note 18.17) façades 16, 103, 104, 105, 106, 124, 154, 215, 268, 275 forests 52–53, 54, 142, 259, 272 (note 18.4). See also trees (note 18.18). See also cult, cults, façades formic acid 167 (with Table 11.2) falconry 5, 108, 259, 272 (note 18.5) fortifcations. See architecture/architectural elements Feilden, Sir Bernard 229 friezes 16, 18 (note 1.7), 19 (note 1.32) fence, Tumulus MM, Gordion 246 (with Fig. 17.1), 249, fruit. See food 250, 251, 253 funeral 15, 16, 129, 134, 143, 144, 155, 173, 177, 188, fennel 155 264. See also banquet fermentation 155, 170 fungus 136, 145 (note 9.6) ferrous sulfate 167, 170 furniture 15, 18 (note 1.7), 47, 124, 126 (note 8.17), 136, fbula types 113–22. See also artifacts, metal, bronzes 141, 149–64, 165, 191, 193, 194, 195, 210, 268, 276 XII.7 111, 113 (Table 8.2), 123 (note 18.29) XII.7A 111, 112 (Table 8.1), 113 (Table 8.2), 114, 125 (note 8.4) Galatians 51, 222, 223 XII.9 112 (Table 8.1), 113 (with Table 8.2) gardens 243, 244, 251, 256, 257, 258 XII.14 112 (Table 8.1), 113 (with Table 8.2), 123 gardeners 244 , 257 arched (Bogenfbeln) 112 (Table 8.1), 113 (with Fig. garments 15, 165, 191 (with Fig. 13.8), 217 8.2), 114, 115, 116, 118, 122, 125 (notes 8.9, 8.10) cap, hat, “Phrygian cap” 165, 192 Caner type IId 114 kilt 108 Caner type V 120 mantle 189, 190 “leech” 112 (Table 8.1), 113 (Table 8.2), 114 (Fig. robes 213 8.3a), 115 (Fig. 8.3b), 116 (with Fig. 8.4), 118, 120, tunic 189, 190 122 Gaukroger, Sean 30, 32, 38 (notes 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.24) Near Eastern triangular (“knee-bow”/“elbow”) 121 geodetic markers at Gordion 27, 30, 32, 37 (note 2.14) fgurines. See artifacts, ivory, fgurines geometric designs/ornament/patterns. See motifs fre at Gordion 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, 18 (notes 1.10, 1.11, 1.12), Geometric period. See Aegean chronology 40, 47, 53, 57, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, geophysical surveying at Gordion 26, 35 84 (Fig. 6.18), 86, 88, 90, 91 (with Fig. 6.23), 92, 93, 94, electric resistivity 16 96, 97, 98, 101, 164, 203, 205, 209, 228, 229, 235, 247, magnetometry/magnetic prospection 10 (with Fig. 249, 250, 251, 253, 263. See also Destruction Level 1.7), 14, 16, 18 (notes 1.15, 1.19) Fırıncıoğlu, Hüseyin 249 radar 34 fax/linen 155, 169, insert PLS. 7, 8 geo-referencing. See spatial referencing at Gordion fint 181, 187 Geotextile 253 fotation 49 Gilgamesh 198 (note 13.5) food 48, 80, 97, 98, 105, 151, 152, 155, 187, 205. See also GIS (Geographic Information System) 34, 35 animals; baking; cooking; drink; ovens; plant types glass. See artifacts, glass 318 INDEX

goats. See animals 73 (with Fig. 6.6), 74 (Fig. 6.7), 75 (Fig. 6.8), 90 goethite 15, 155, 166, 167 (with Table 11.2), 168 (with (Fig. 6.22), 91 (Fig. 6.23), 93, 97, 98, 99 (note 6.5) Fig. 11.4), 169 (with Fig. 11.5 and Table 11.3), 170, 308, Megaron 1 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 71, 72 (with Fig. 6.5), 73, insert PLS. 7 (Fig. 11.3), 8 (Fig. 11.8 77, 75 (Fig. 6.8), 77 (Fig. 6.10), 78, 79, 80 (Fig. gold 15. See also artifacts, metal, gold 6.13), 82, 93, 97 Goodman, Mark 229 Megaron 2 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 5, 18 (note 1.5), 19 (note Gordian knot 12, 17, 19 (note 1.37), 222 1.37), 65, 72 (Fig. 6.5), 91 (Fig. 6.23), 93, 101, 103, Gordias of Phrygia 12, 14, 17 105, 106, 108, 229, 230 (Fig. 16.1), 231 (Fig. 16.2), Gordion, architecture, Initial Early Phrygian/YHSS 6B 307 2, 5, 18 (note 1.14), 203 Megaron 2-3 Terrace 72 (Fig. 6.5), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 91 Early Phrygian Building (EPB) 5, 62, 99 (note 6.5) (Fig. 6.23), 93, 94 Early Phrygian circuit wall (ECW) 18 (note 1.14) Megaron 3 4 (Fig. 1.2), 5, 6, 18 (note 1.10), 38 (note Polychrome House 18 (note 1.14), 70, 71, 81 (Figs. 2.20), 51, 63, 72 (Fig. 6.5), 93, 94, 105, 163, 164, 6.14, 6.15), 85 (Fig. 6.19), 88, 89, 90, 91, 97, 98 308 Post and Poros Building (PAP Structure) 18 (note Megaron 4 4 (Fig. 1.2), 18 (note 1.12), 52, 72 (Fig. 1.14), 99 (note 6.5) 6.5), 93–94, 112 (Table 8.1), 125 (note 8.7) Gordion, architecture, Early Phrygian/YHSS 6A 2, 3, 4 Megaron 9 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 18 (note 1.12), 52, 72 (Fig. (Fig. 1.2), 5, 7, 9, 14, 17 (note 1.3), 18 (note 1.13), 35, 51, 6.5), 93–94, 112 (Table 8.1), 125 (note 8.7) 63, 66, 67, 69, 70 (with Fig. 6.3), 71, 72 (Fig. 6.5), 73, 75, Megaron 10 4 (Fig. 1.2), 17 (note 1.5), 72 (Fig. 6.5) 77, 78, 82, 83, 88, 92, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 110, 134, Megaron 11 4 (Fig. 1.2), 72 (Fig. 6.5) 184, 203, 204 (Fig. 14.2), 205, 209, 211, 229, 231 Megaron 12 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 72 (Fig. 6.5) CC (“Clay Cut”) Building 4 (Fig. 1.2), 18 (note 1.6), “Shed” 71 (Table 6.2), 88 97, 112 (Table 8.1), 116, 125 (note 8.2), 203, 208, Stone Enclosure Wall 71 (Table 6.2), 72 (Fig. 6.5), 73 309 (fg. 6.6), 74–78, 79, 83 (Fig. 6.17), 88, 90, 91, 92, CC3 4 (Fig. 1.2), 18 (note 1.11), 51, 52, 56 (Fig. 93, 97, 98 5.1), 112 (Table 8.1 and Figs. 8.1a and b), 113 TB Terrace Stairway 72 (Fig. 6.5), 82, 93, 97, 98 (Fig. 8.2), 114, 115 (Fig. 8.3b), 116 TB Terrace wall 82, 83 (Fig. 6.17), 84 (Fig. 6.18), 86, Early Phrygian Gate Building, Early Phrygian Gate 88 Complex 3, 4 (with Fig. 1.2), 6, 7, 14, 18 (notes Terrace Building 4 (Fig. 1.2), 5, 51, 71, 80, 82, 97, 1.10, 1.13), 19 (note 1.27), 67, 69 (Fig. 6.2), 70, 71 105, 111, 112 (Table 8.1), 115 (Fig. 8.3b), 116, 120, (with Fig. 6.4), 72 (with Fig. 6.5), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 88, 125 (note 8.2), 175, 229, 232 (Fig. 16.4), 235, 236– 89 (with Fig. 6.21), 92 (Fig. 6.24), 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 37 (Fig. 16.7), 253–55, 256 (Fig. 17.6) (note 6.6), 101, 134, 205, 229, 232 (fg. 16.3), 233, Terrace Gateway (“Terrace Gate Building”, 235, 238 (with Fig. 16.8), 239 (with Fig. 16.9), 241 “Reception Room”, “South Phrygian House”) 71 (Fig. 16.10), 254 (Fig. 17.5a), 255 (Table 6.2), 72 (Fig. 6.5), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 80 Gate Passage 14, 69 (Fig. 6.2), 70, 73 (Fig. 6.6), Gordion, architecture, Early Phrygian “Unfnished 92 (Fig. 6.24), 94 (Fig. 6.25), 95 (Fig. 6.26), Project” 96, 97, 98 Brick Barrier Wall 71 (Table 6.2), 80 North Court 3, 70, 73 (Fig. 6.6), 88, 92 (Fig. Brick Enclosure Wall 71 (Table 6.2), 72–73 (with Fig 6.24), 95, 96, 229 6.6), 74 (with Fig. 6.7), 75 (Fig. 6.8), 78 (Fig. 6.11), Polychrome House 18 (note 1.14), 70, 71, 81 80 (Fig. 6.13), 83 (Fig. 6.17), 88, 90 (Fig. 6.22), 93, (Figs. 6.14, 6.15), 85 (Fig. 6.19), 88, 89, 90, 98 91, 97, 98 Building Proto-C 71 (Table 6.2), 82 (Fig. 6.16), South Court 70, 73 (Fig. 6.6), 86, 88, 89 (Fig. 83–88, 98 6.21), 97, 229, 238 Dam Wall 71 (Table 6.2), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 85 (Fig. 6.19), Early Phrygian Inner Court 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 5, 18 92 (Fig. 6.24), 94 (Fig. 6.25), 95–97, 98, 99 (notes (note 1.10), 19 (note 1.36), 71, 93, 98 6.6, 6.7) Early Phrygian Outer Court 3, 4 (Fig. 1.2), 6, 71, 72, drain/drainage system INDEX 319

Drain Basin (“Grease Pit”) 67, 69 (Fig. 6.2), 71 87, 202 (Fig. 14.1) (Table 6.2), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 81 (Fig. 6.15), 84, Building E 6 (Fig. 1.3), 19 (note 1.31), 202 (Fig. 14.1) 85 (Fig. 6.19), 87 (Fig. 6.20), 88, 89–91, 94 Building M 6 (Fig. 1.3), 19 (note 1.31), 202 (Fig. 14.1) (Fig. 6.25), 95 (Fig. 6.26), 96 Building X 6 (Fig. 1.3), 19 (note 1.31), 202 (Fig. 14.1) Main Channel 71 (Table 6.2), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 81 Mosaic Building Complex 16, 17, 35, 49 (Table 4.1), (Fig. 6.15), 89, 90 51 (with Fig. 4.3), 52, 53, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 203, 204, Side Drain 71(Table 6.2), 83 (Fig. 6.17), 86, 88, 205, 207 (Fig. 14.4), 210, 211–15, 216 (Fig. 14.16), 89, 90 217 Fig. 14.17), 218 Eastern Terrace 71 (Table 6.2), 73 (Fig. 6.6), 74 (Fig. Painted House 14 (Fig. 1.10), 16, 17, 19 (note 1.32), 6.7), 75, 76 (Figs. 6.9a, 6.9b), 84, 89 (Fig. 6.21), 90 276 (note 18.27) (Fig. 6.22), 91–93, 98 RAKS SW structure 49 (Table 4.1), 52 (with Fig. Stepped (Western) Terrace 71 (Table 6.2), 73 (Fig. 4.4), 53 6.6), 75 (with Fig. 6.8), 77 (with Fig. 6.10), 78–82, “Yellow House” 19 (note 1.31) 83 (with Fig. 6.17), 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98 Gordion, Common Cemetery 15, 171–77, 187, 188 Gordion, architecture, Middle Phrygian/YHSS 5. See also Gordion, Operations (trenches) Gordion, Common Cemetery Operation 17 53 Building A 6 (Fig. 1.3), 9, 16, 17, 35, 104, 202 (Fig. Operation 42 52 14.1), 203–18, 219 Operation 43 53 Building C1 (“Early C”) 71 (Table 6.2), 77 (Fig. Operation 46 202 (Fig. 14.1), 204 (Fig. 14.2), 207, 6.10), 80, 81 (Figs. 6.14, 6.15), 82 (Fig. 6.16), 83 208, 219, 220 (Fig. 15.1), 221 (Fig. 15.2), 224 (with Fig. 6.17), 84, 85, 86, 87 Operation 56 208 Building I:2 6 (Fig. 1.3), 87, 202 (Fig. 14.1) Gordion, tumuli insert PLS. 1 (Fig. 2.1), 2 (Fig. 2.3) Gate Building/Gate Complex 6 (Fig. 1.3), 7, 9, 14, 38 Tumulus A 145 (note 9.2), 171, 174, 176, 177, 269 (note 2.19), 95, 98, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 205, 208 (Fig. (Fig. 18.13), 275 (note 18.22) 14.5), 213 (Fig. 14.10), 215, 235, 263 Tumulus B 113 (Table 8.2), 118, 120, 121, 145 (note Glacis 6 (Fig. 1.3), 7 (Fig. 1.4), 9, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 205, 9.2), 174, 179, 186 (Fig. 12.15), 276 (note 18.22) 209 (with Fig. 14.6), 213 (Fig. 14.10), 215, 235, Tumulus C 116 (with Fig. 8.4), 145 (note 9.2), 174, 263, 309 176, 183, 275 (note 18.22) houses, Northeast Ridge 15, 171–88, 276 (note 18.24) Tumulus D 145 (note 9.2), 174, 175, 176, 183 Küçük Höyük 8 (Fig. 1.5), 9 (Fig. 1.6), 10, 12, 16, 18 Tumulus E 125 (note 8.5), 145 (note 9.2), 174, 176, (notes 1.16, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20), 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 89 183, 184 (with Fig. 12.12) (Fig. 6.21), 125 (note 8.2), 173 (Fig. 12.2), 215, 217, Tumulus F 145 (note 9.2), 174, 183 273 (note 18.18), insert PLS. 1 (Fig. 2.1), 3 (Fig. Tumulus G 111, 113 (Table 8.2), 116, 145 (note 9.2), 2.4) 174, 175, 176, 183, 273 (note 18.6) Kuş Tepe 8 (Fig. 1.5), 10, 16, 26, 37 (note 2.14), 273 Tumulus H 145 (note 9.2), 171, 174, 176, 177, 179, (note 18.18), insert PLS. 1 (Fig. 2.1), 3 (Fig. 2.4) 181 (with Fig. 12.9), 183, 184, 186 (Fig. 12.14) PPB Building 6 (Fig. 1.3), 99 (note 6.2), 202 (Fig. Tumulus I 145 (note 9.2), 172, 174, 176, 181 (Fig. 14.1) 12.9), 184, 275 (note 18.22) South Cellar 6 (Fig. 1.3), 57 (Table 5.1), 58, 59, 60, Tumulus J 113 (Table 8.2), 124, 125 (note 8.5), 145 118 (Fig. 8.6), 122, 124, 198 (Fig. 13.15), 200 (Fig. (note 9.2), 174, 183, 270 (Fig. 18.16), 275 (note 13.12), 306 18.21) street between Eastern and Western Mounds 2, 9, Tumulus K 145 (note 9.2), 125 (note 8.5), 174, 183 12, 17 (with note 1.3), 203 Tumulus K-I 145 (note 9.2), 174, 176 Gordion, architecture, Late Phrygian/YHSS 4 (Achae- Tumulus K-II 145 (note 9.2), 174 (with Fig. 12.3), menid). See also architecture/architectural elements, 176, 275 (note 18.22) pit-structures Tumulus K-III 57 (Table 5.1), 58, 59, 60, 111, 113 Building C2 (“Later C”) 6 (Fig. 1.3), 16, 71 (Table (Table 8.2), 125 (note 8.10), 130 (Fig. 9.3), 145 6.2), 77 (Fig. 6.10), 79 (Fig. 6.12), 81 (Fig. 6.15), 83, (note 9.2), 174 (Fig. 12.3), 175, 306 320 INDEX

Tumulus K-IV 111, 113 (Table 8.2), 145 (note 9.2) Gordion Furniture Project 149, 152, 164, 303 Tumulus K-V 145 (note 9.2) Gordion Museum 112 (Table 8.1), 129, 130 (Fig. 9.3), Tumulus KY 145 (note 9.2), 175 229, 231 (Fig. 16.2), 244, 257, 258. See also Native Tumulus L 145 (note 9.2) Steppe Plant Demonstration Area Tumulus M 145 (note 9.2), 174, 176, 275 (note Gordion Regional Survey 12, 26, 43 (with Fig. 3.4), 47, 99 18.22) Gordion Site Management Plan 2, 230, 258, 302 Tumulus MM 5, 14, 15, 18 (note 1.8), 27, 28, 47, 52, Graduate Program in Restoration, Middle East Technical 57 (with Table 5.1), 58, 60, 113 (with Table 8.2), University, Ankara 230 128 (Figs. 9.1, 9.2), 129–47, 149, 150–55, 156, 158, grain. See food 159, 163, 165, 166, 167, 169 (Fig. 11.5), 174 (Fig. grazing/overgrazing 12, 40, 45, 244, 245 (Table 17.1), 247, 12.3), 175, 185, 196, 205, 229, 244, 246 (with Fig. 249, 250, 251 17.1), 248–49 (with Fig. 17.3), 250, 251, 252, 254 Great Goddess 124, 261. See also Kybele; Matar; Mother (Fig. 17.5a), 255, 257, 258, 267, 269, 273 (notes Goddess 18.6, 18.7), 307, insert PL. 7 (Fig. 9.11) Greece 1, 65, 66, 118, 177, 189, 198, 222, 223, 224, 272 Tumulus N 113 (Table 8.2), 145 (note 9.2), 183 (note 18.5), 276 (note 18.22) Tumulus O 145 (note 9.2) Greek 7, 12, 15, 16, 17, 63, 115, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125 Tumulus P 44, 52, 57 (with Table 5.1), 58, 59 (with (notes 8.10, 8.11), 149, 183, 189, 190, 197, 198 (note Fig. 5.3), 60 (with Fig. 5.4), 65 (Fig. 5.11), 113 13.3), 205, 217, 219, 220, 224 (note 15.7), 259, 261, 264, (Table 8.2), 122, 123, 124, 125 (note 8.10), 126 265, 272 (notes 18.4, 18.5), 274 (note 18.16), 275 (notes (note 8.17), 129, 130 (Figs. 9.3, 9.4), 145 (note 9.2), 18.20, 18.21), 276 (notes 18.22, 18.23, 18.27). See also 149, 159–63, 164, 174 (Fig. 12.3), 175, 193 (Fig. East Greek 13.4), 195 (Fig. 13.10), 199 (notes 13.6, 13.9), 272 grid system at Gordion 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38 (note 18.5), 307, 308 (notes 2.16, 2.17) Tumulus Q 113 (Table 8.2), 145 (note 9.2) grinders 180 Tumulus R 145 (note 9.2) Gyges, king of Lydia 15, 196 Tumulus S 111, 113 (Table 8.2), 145 (note 9.2) gypseous soils 257 Tumulus S-1 113 (Table 8.2), 124, 145 (note 9.2), 183 Tumulus S-2 145 (note 9.2), 275 (note 18.22) Hacıtuğrul (Yenidoğan) 205, 206, 210 (Fig. 14.7) Tumulus S-3 145 (note 9.2), 275 (note 18.22) Hadrian, emperor of Rome 272 “Tumulus T” 145 (note 9.2) “Halos Deposit” at Delphi 189 Tumulus U 145 (note 9.2) Halys River 61, endpaper map Tumulus W 5, 14, 19 (note 1.27), 57 (Table 5.1), 60, Harbor Sanctuary, Chios. See sanctuaries 111, 113 (Table 8.2), 129, 145 (note 9.2), 149, 155, hardwood 53 163, 164 (Fig. 10.20 and note 10.3), 175, 273 (note Hasanlu 7, 111, endpaper map 18.7), 308 Hattusa(s) 5, 10, 235 Tumulus X 145 (note 9.2), 175, 273 (note 18.6) Hazor 10 Tumulus Y 113 (Table 8.2), 125 (note 8.9), 145 (note hearths 19 (note 1.31), 52, 105, 180, 187, 235 9.2), 175, 273 (note 18.6) Hellenistic Tumulus Z 131, 145 (note 9.2), 146 (note 9.7), 183 amphoras 219, 220, 222, 223 Kıranharmanı 1953 145 (note 9.2) coins 276 (note 18.29) Kıranharman Tumulus A 145 (note 9.2) period 2, 17, 33, 35, 51, 52, 69 (Table 6.1), 129, 145 Kıranharman Tumulus B 145 (note 9.2) (note 9.1), 203, 207, 208, 210, 211, 219, 222, 223, Kızlarkayası Tumulus A 24, 145 (note 9.2) 230, 265, 272 (note 18.4), 276 (note 18.22) Kızlarkayası Tumulus B 24, 145 (note 9.2) stone-built bins 219 Kızlarkayası Tumulus C 24, 145 (note 9.2) Hellespontine Phrygia 16, 220, 223 Köyönü Tumulus 145 (note 9.2) Hemans, Fritz 37 Mamaderesi Tumulus 24, 145 (note 9.2) Hera sanctuary, Samos. See sanctuaries North Ridge Salvage Tumulus 145 (note 9.2) Herakleia Pontike 17, 219, 221, 222, 223 INDEX 321

Hermes Kunanches 261, 274 (note 18.15) Iron Age 1, 2, 10, 17 (note 1.2), 18 (note 1.6), 33, 35, 39, Hermos River (modern Gediz Nehri) 259 41, 42 (Fig. 3.3), 43, 45, 57, 61, 63, 69 (Table 6.1), 172, heroon 16, 267 194 (Fig. 13.7), 265, 276 (note 18.22) highwaymen 261 iron working 17 Hiram I, king of Tyre 5, 18 (note 1.8) irrigation 12, 25 (Fig. 2.2), 27, 45, 251 Histria 224 (note 15.3) Ishtar 153, 154 Hittites 1, 2, 5, 85, 171, 184, 187, 272 (note 18.5), 276 Israel 5 (note 18.28) Italy 276 Holden, L.C., Jr. 261 (Fig. 18.2b), 273 (note 18.5) ivory. See artifacts, ivory Holocene 40 İvriz, rock-cut relief near Konya 5, 18 (note 1.8), 191, 194 honey 155 (Fig. 13.8), 199 (note 13.8), 217. See also Warpalawa(s) horses. See animals horse trappings 5, 19 (note 1.33), 57, 125 (note 8.10), 262 Jericho 155 (Fig. 18.4), 270, 272 (note 18.5) Jerusalem 18 (note 1.8) house bins. See bins jewelry 15, 176, 177, 187, 261, 274 (note 18.12) human behavioral ecology (HBE) 48, 53 Johnson, Samuel 227 hunting 48, 108, 187, 259, 272 (note 18.5), 275 (notes juniper. See trees; wood types 18.17, 18.19) Hyacinth Monument. See Midas City Kadesh 10 Kalakh 198 (note 13.5) Ialysos 276 Kaman-Kalehöyük 114, 116, 184 Idalion 114 Kameiros 274 (note 18.14), 276 (note 18.22) idols 16, 181, 186 (Fig. 12.15), 188 Kandaules 261, 274 (note 18.15) incised drawings at Gordion Kanesh 10 Megaron 2 5, 101–10 Kattamuwa stele, Zincirli 1 Early Phrygian Gate 101 Kaynarca 126 (note 8.17) India 272 Kerkenes 1, 16, 19 (note 1.26), 257 indigo 169, insert PL. 8. See also Tyrian purple Kerkinitis 224 industrial 3, 4, 5, 52, 228, 244 Khorsabad 192, 198–99 (note 13.5), endpaper map inhumations 16, 116, 129, 171, 174, 175, 176, 178 (Fig. kilt. See garments 12.7), 275–76 (note 18.22) Kimmerians 1, 15, 19 (note 1.28), 66, 67 inscriptions Klazomenai 219, 224 (note 15.3) Aramaic 213 kline 275 (note 18.22) Assyrian 5, 13, 194, 217, 265, 272 (note 18.4) Knossos 125 (note 8.10), endpaper map Greek 7, 195, 265 Koerte brothers. See Körte brothers Lydian 268, 276 (note 18.28) Kohler, Ellen L. ii, xvii, 113 (Table 8.2), 125 (with note Neo-Babylonian 153 8.15), 129, 152 (Fig. 10.3), 173, 183, 185, 188, 269, 270, Phrygian 267, 276 (note 18.28). See also LAGINEIOS; 271 (Fig. 18.18), 276 (note 18.32) OMEKAS; Sitsidos Körte brothers, Alfred and Gustav 24, 25 (Fig. 2.2), 26, from Bayındır 191 28, 37 (note 2.7), 45, 113 (Table 8.2), 129, 145 (note from Gordion 7, 153 9.2), 149, 268, 273 (note 18.9), 276 (note 18.30) from Hacıtuğrul 206 Kos 221, 276 (note 18.22) from Kerkenes 1, 16 Kubaba, Kybebe. See Kybele from Tyana 13 Küçük Höyük. See Gordion, architecture, Middle Ionia 123, 124, 198 (note 13.3), 221, 223, 259, 260, 263, Phrygian 265, endpaper map Kültepe 62, endpaper map Iran 7, 111, 272 (note 18.5) Kurti of Atuna 13 iron. See artifacts, metal, iron Kuş Tepe 8 (Fig. 1.5), 10, 16, 26, 37 (note 2.14), 273 (note 322 INDEX

18.8) 13.13), 310. See also Great Goddess; Kybele; Mother Kybele (also Kubaba, Kybebe) 124, 181, 274 (note 18.15), Goddess 276 (note 18.27). See also Great Goddess; Matar; McGovern, Patrick 15 Mother Goddess mead. See drink Kyme 13, 197 meander pattern. See motifs Kyta 224 meat. See food Medes 264 Lachish 10 Medieval period 52, 69 (Table 6.1), 244 LAGINEIOS inscription 181, 188 megarons. See architecture architectural elements. See also lambs. See animals Gordion, architecture land use at Gordion 1, 5, 26, 39, 40, 43, 45, 54, 99, 187– Megiddo 114 88 , 228, 243–44, 251, 257 Meles, king of Lydia 273 (note 18.10) landscape preservation 2, 243–58 Mellink, Machteld J. 10, 18 (note 1.20), 101, 112, 152 Larisa (modern Buruncuk) 272, 273 (note 18.6) (Fig. 10.3), 172, 174, 181, 188, 206, 213, 267 laser imaging/scanning at Gordion 238, 239 (Fig. 16.9) Mende 221 Last, Joseph S. 28, 29, 31, 33, 36 (note 2.1), 37 (note 2.9), Mesopotamia 154 38 (note 2.24), 160, 177 (Fig. 12.6) Messembria-Zone 224 leather 108, 123, 151 Midas, king of Phrygia 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 (note 1.8), Lefandi 118, endpaper map 19 (notes 1.24, 1.25), 66, 129, 147 (note 9.15), 149, 164, legumes. See plant types 165, 166, 167, 170, 189, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198 (note lentils. See food 13.4), 199 (note 13.5), 200 (note 13.16), 217, 218, 228. Lesbos 219, 220, 224 (note 15.3) See also Mita of Mushki; thrones, throne of Midas Lightbody, Bruce 29, 32, 37, 38 (note 2.16) Golden Touch 165, 170 lion tamer 13, 189–96, 199 (note 13.5), 217 Midas City 16, 105, 272 (note 18.3), 274 (note 18.17) literacy 181, 188 Hyacinth Monument 105, 275 (note 18.18) loomweights 3, 165, 181, 187, 221 (Fig. 15.2), 224, 276 Unfnished Monument 105, 275 (note 18.18) (note 18.28). See also weaving Midas Mound. See Gordion, tumuli, MM lure 108 Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 229, Luristan 111 230 Luwian 1, 13 Miletos 123, 124, 274 (note 18.5). See also sanctuaries Lycia 19 (note 1.25), 190 Miller, John L. 29, 32, 33, 37 Lydia, Lydian, Lydians 1, 14, 15, 16, 19 (note 1.29), 177, millstones 180 184, 189, 190, 196, 197, 198, 203, 217, 220, 259, 260, Mita of Mushki 13, 149, 217. See also Midas 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 270, 272 (note 18.4), 273 MOB Mobilya-Dekorasyon A.Ş., Ankara 153 (notes 18.6, 18.7, 18.11), 274 (notes 18.12, 18.13, 18.14, mohair 165, 167 (Table 11.2), 273 (note 18.11). See also 18.15, 18.16), 275 (note 18.18), 276 (notes 18.22, 18.24, wool 18.25, 18.28, 18.29), endpaper map mosaics 3, 5, 16, 35, 65, 93, 159, 165, 212–13, 214, 216 (Fig. 14.16), 217 (Fig. 14.17), 229, 230 (Fig. 16.1), 231 Macedonia 214, 276 (note 18.22) (Fig. 16.2), 234, 268, 276 (note 18.29) Madrid 228 Mother Goddess 104, 105, 107, 108, 124, 154, 181, Maeonians 274 (note 18.15) 261, 274 (note 18.15), 275 (note 18.20). See also Great magnetometry/magnetic prospection at Gordion. See Goddess; Kybele; Matar geophysical surveying motifs (designs/patterns/symbols). See also architectural Malatya. See Arslantepe/Malatya terracottas Manisa Museum 125 (note 8.6) animals. See animals Manning, Sturt 209 checkerboard 18 (note 1.14), 191, 193 (Fig. 13.6), 194 Maşat Höyük 62, endpaper map (Fig. 13.7), 195 (Fig. 13.9), 199 (notes 13.7, 13.8) Matar 5, 104, 124, 154, 155, 196 (Fig. 13.12), 197 (Fig. chevron 209 INDEX 323

circle 61, 104, 123 Olympia 15 cross 120, 125 (note 8.9), 159, 189 OMEKAS inscription 181 cross-hatching 160 orthostates 104, 191, 193, 199 (note 13.6), 200 (note diamond 152 13.12), 211 dot 123, 125 (note 8.15), 191, 194 (Fig. 13.8) Ottoman 25 (Fig. 2.2), 26 fgural 16, 19 (note 1.30), 59, 155, 164 ovens 180, 184. See also baking; cooking foral 214, 218 (Fig. 14.8) Özen, Latif 125 (note 8.13) geometric 3, 15, 16, 18 (note 1.5), 19 (note 1.30), 61, 106, 123, 124, 154, 158, 164 paint 211, 212 guilloche 160 Paktolos river (modern Sart Çayı) 275 (note 18.22) Ladders-and-Zigzag 175 Palace Quarter, Early Phrygian/YHSS 6A Gordion leaf 189, 191, 199 (note 13.10) citadel 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 97, 98 maze 152 palaces 1, 5, 18 (note 1.8), 198–99 (note 13.5), 265, 266, meander 189, 191, 193 (Fig. 13.6), 194 (Fig. 13.7), 276 (notes 18.25, 18.26). See also Palace Quarter, Early 199 (note 13.7), 213 Phrygian/YHSS 6A Gordion citadel s palmette 209, 214 (Fig. 14.12) paleoenvironmental studies 47, 48 rosette 15, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 Palestine, Palestinian 10, 18 (note 1.17) squares 123, 152, 153, 159, 164, 191, 194 (Fig. 13.8), Paphos 16 195 (Fig. 13.11) Pasargadae 266 star 153, 189, 214, 218 (Fig. 14.8) pavements. See architecture/architectural elements sun disc 153 pavilions at Gordion 231, 234 (Fig. 16.6) triangle 110, 123, 152, 191 Payton, Robert 150, 151 volute 209, 214 (Fig. 14.12) Pazarlı 19 (note 1.30), 276 (note 18.24) zigzag 162, 175 Pazyryk 155 mudballs 251, 253, 255, 256 (Fig. 17.6), 257 pebble mosaic foors. See mosaics murals 268, 275 (note 18.21), 276 (notes 18.27, 18.29) Peloponnesian Wars 197, 200 (note 13.15) Muscarella, Grace 152 (Fig. 10.3) Penthesilea Painter 205 Muscarella, Oscar W. 120, 125 (notes 8.3, 8.8, 8.10, 8.11) perennial grasses 244, 245 (Table 17.1), 249, 250, 251, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara 24, 125 252, 253, 255, 256, 257 (note 8.13), 145 (note 9.2), 149, 153, 157 (Fig. 10.10), Periander 196 158, 160, 163, 246, 250, 276 (note 18.32) Persepolis 19 (note 1.33), 213, 266 Mushki 13, 149, 217 Persia/Persians 1, 2, 16, 51, 53, 86, 99 (note 6.6), 197, music 260, 273 (note 18.11) 200 (note 13.15), 209, 212, 213, 214, 217, 220, 222, 273 Mycenae 3 (note 18.6), 274 (note 18.12), 276 (notes 18.22, 18.26, 18.29). See also Achaemenid Persian empire Nabû-apla-iddina, king of Babylonia 153 Persian siege of Gordion 16, 18 (note 1.16), 53 Native Steppe Plant Demonstration Area, Gordion Persian Wars 197, 200 (note 13.15), 220 Museum 257 “phallic” markers 259, 273 (note 18.6) Neo-Babylonian 153 Phanai 126 (note 8.17) Neo-Hittite 14, 101, 190. See also Syro-Hittite Pharnabazos, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia 16, 211, New Citadel (Middle Phrygian) at Gordion 7, 9, 57 (with 224 (note 15.4) Table 5.1), 60, 202 (Fig. 14.1), 203 Pherai 118 Nimrud 5, 12, endpaper map Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir). See Alaşehir North Syria. See Syria, Syrian Phoenicia, Phoenicians 5, 165, 264 Phrygia 1, 16, 17, 61, 104, 105, 111, 123, 124, 147 (note Olbia Pontica 224 9.15), 149, 189, 191, 197, 212, 218, 219, 220, 261, 263, olives. See food. See also trees, olive 265, 267, 272 (note 18.5), 274 (note 18.17), 275 (note Olson, Daniel 164 (note 10.3) 18.18), endpaper map. See also Mushki 324 INDEX

Phrygians 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 (notes 1.7, 1.8, orache (Atriplex cf. lasiantha) 245 (Table 17.1), 253, 1.13), 19 (notes 1.25, 1.30), 33, 36, 47, 57, 58, 63, 65, 255, 256 66, 67, 69, 80, 86, 93, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105, Pamirian winterfat (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides) 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 114, 122, 123, 124, 129, 131, 245 (Table 17.1) 132, 133, 134, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146 (note 9.9), poppies 251 147 (note 9.15), 149, 153, 154, 156, 163, 165, 167, 168, scabious (Scabiosa sp.) 245 (Table 17.1), 255 170, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 181, 184, 190, 191, 192, sheep fescue (Festuca ovina) 245 (Table 17.1), 252, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198 (note 13.4), 203, 205, 206, 217, 253, 255, 256 218, 219, 228, 229, 235, 259–76. See also inscriptions, silky spike melic (Melica ciliata) 245 (Table 17.1), Phrygian 252, 253, 254–55 (Fig. 17.5c), 256 Phrygian Highlands 104, 105, 154, 263, 264, 273 (note Syrian (wild) rue (Peganum harmala) 245 (Table 18.11), 275 (note 18.18) 17.1), 251, 252 (Fig. 17.4b), 253, 255 phytogeographic data 52 thistle (Onopordum anatolicum) 245 (Table 17.1), 251 pigments 15, 166, 167 (with Table 11.1), 168, 169 (Table wall barley (Hordeum murinum) 245 (Table 17.1), 11.3) 247, 250, 251, 255 Pınarbaşı 47 plaques. See artifacts, ivory Pisiri of Carchemish 13, 217 plaster 80, 84 (Fig. 6.18), 86, 88, 179, 184, 234, 235 Pitane 276 (note 18.22) Plexiglas 152, 158, 163 pithoi. See pottery types plowing 40, 45, 145 (note 9.1), 243, 251 pits 49 (Table 4.1), 52, 53, 118 (Fig. 8.6), 122, 124, 129, Polyxena sarcophagus frieze 19 (note 1.32) 130, 132, 133, 176, 177, 185, 189, 191 (Fig. 13.2), 194, Pompeii 229 196, 211, 216 (Fig. 14.15) Pontic 219, 220, 222, 223, 224 planimetry at Gordion 28, 32 Porsuk 191, 194 (Fig. 13.7), endpaper map plant types Porsuk River 40 alyssum (Alyssum sp.) 245 (Table 17.1), 255 pottery, ceramics 1, 2, 5, 7, 16, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 97, 124, Amblyopyrum cf. muticum 245 (Table 17.1), 247, 250, 151, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 183, 184, 187, 191, 199 252 (note 13.11), 205, 211, 217, 220, 224, 268, 272 (note bromegrass (Bromus tomentellus, B. cappadocicus) 18.5) 245 (Table 17.1), 252, 255, 256 Alişar IV 61, 66 (Fig. 5.13), 272 (note 18.5), 306 bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) 245 (Table 17.1), Attic 217, 220 252, 253, 255, 256 Corinthian Late Geometric 16 cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) 245 (Table 17.1), 256 East Greek 183, 220, 224 (note 15.3), 262 (Fig. 18.3), feathergrass (Stipa arabica, S. holosericea, S. 262 lessingiana) 245 (Table 17.1), 246, 252 (with Fig. Greek 16, 17, 124, 183, 205, 219, 220 17.4c), 253, 255, 256 Hittite 85, 187 fenugreek (Trigonella sp.) 244, 245 (Table 17.1) Late Geometric 16 German-madwort (Asperugo procumbens) 245 (Table Lydian 16, 217, 220, 261, 262 (Fig. 18.3), 263, 269 17.1), 256 (Fig. 18.13), 274 (notes 18.13, 18.14, 18.16) greater rock jasmine (Androsace maxima) 245 (Table Phrygian Brown-on-Buf Ware 58, (with Fig. 5.2), 59 17.1), 252, 253, 255 (Fig. 5.3), 60 (with Fig. 5.4), 61 (Figs. 5.5, 5.6), 62 herb sophia (Descurainia sophia) 245 (Table 17.1), 256 (Fig. 5.7), 63 (Fig. 5.8), 64 (Fig. 5.10) legumes 251 dark-polished monochrome 60 love-in-a-mist (Nigella arvensis) 245 (Table 17.1), 252 fne black-polished 60 , 65 (Fig. 5.11) (with Fig. 17.4a) Gray Ware 175 Medusa-head grass (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) lustrous black fne ware 180, 187 245 (Table 17.1), 252, 253, 255 monochrome wares 60, 177 musk thistle (Carduus nutans) 245 (Table 17.1), 251, Painted Ware 88, 180, 187 255 Pontic Greek 219, 220, 222, 223, 224 (with note INDEX 325

15.5) Ralph, Elizabeth K. 26 Protocorinthian 16 Rathines/Ratanes 212 western Anatolian 177, 220 Reed, Edward B. 26, 27, 28, 31, 37 (with note 2.5), insert pottery types PLS. 5 (Fig. 2.6), 6 (Fig. 2.8) amphoras 16, 180, 195 (Fig. 13.9), 219, 220, 221, 222 Remsen, William C.S. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38 (notes (with Figs. 15.3, 15.4), 223 (with Fig. 15.5), 224 2.16, 2.24) (with note 15.3), 272 (note 18.5) Rhodes 222, 274 (note 18.14), 276 (note 18.22) bowls 62 (Fig. 5.7), 175, 180, 183 rings 15, 176, 189, 190 cooking pots 175, 180 rituals 105, 152, 155, 173, 214, 265, 267, 276 (note 18.27). cups 180, 205, 261, 263, 274 (note 18.16) See also cult/cults side-spouted sieve cups 261, 274 (note 18.16) roads at Gordion 25 (Fig. 2.2), 27, 32, 37, 39, 42 (Fig. dinoi 175, 183, 270 (Fig. 18.16), 275 (note 18.21) 3.3B), 96, 175, 230 feeding bottles 177 rock crystal 261, 274 (note 18.12) fasks 272 (note 18.5) Rome 272 “fower pots” 211, 215 (Figs. 14.13, 14.14) roofs. See architecture/architectural elements jars 175, 179, 219, 221, 222, 223 root disturbance 44, 243, 245 (Table 17.1), 253, 255 jugs 58, 59 (Fig. 5.3), 60 (Fig. 5.4), 61 (Fig. 5.6), 175, rubble flls at Gordion and Hacıtuğrul 94 (Fig. 6.25), 96, 180, 181, 183, 187 (Fig. 12.16), 272 (note 18.5) 98, 134, 142, 147 (note 9.14), 205, 206, 212 (Fig. 14.9), side-spouted sieve jugs 58 (Fig. 5.2), 60, 65 (Figs. 229, 235 5.11, 5.12) kraters 62, 66 (Fig. 5.13), 175 Saatçi, Tahsin 24 lekythoi 176 Sakarya River (ancient Sangarios) 2, 5, 12, 17, 25 (Fig. libation dishes 261, 270 (Fig. 18.15), 274 (note 18.15) 2.2), 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40 (with Fig. 3.1), 41 lydions 176, 269 (Figs. 18.13, 18.14), 271 (note 18.1), (with Fig. 3.2), 42 (Fig. 3.3), 43, 44 (with Fig. 3.5), 274 (note 18.13) 45, 54, 128 (Fig. 9.2), 129, 259, insert PL. 1 (Fig. 2.1), naiskoi 275 (note 18.20) endpaper map omphalos phialai 270 (Fig. 18.15), 274 (note 18.15) Sakarya, Battle of 233 pithoi 3, 17 (note 1.4), 174, 205 salves 261, 274 (note 18.13) ring stands 180, 186 (Fig. 12.14) Sam’al. See Zincirli skyphoi 263, 274 (note 18.16) Samaria 18 (note 1.8) tripod mortars 181 Samos 15, 124, 125 (notes 8.15, 8.16), 126 (note 8.18), 276 vases 191, 199 (note 13.8), 269 (note 18.22), endpaper map Prinias 125 (note 8.10) Sams, G. Kenneth 7, 19 (note 1.38), 24, 99, 145, 175, 191, Proto-Geometric period. See Aegean chronology 199 (notes 13.7, 13.8), 203, 229, 249, 253, 269, 271, 273 puppy burial from late Middle Phrygian context at (note 18.6), 275 (note 18.21), 303, 306 Gordion 19 (note 1.29) sanctuaries 15, 122, 123, 124. See also cult, cults; shrines; Pustyany Bereg I 224 temples Pylos 3 at Chios pyramids 145 Harbor Sanctuary 124 pyrite (Fool’s Gold) 167 (with Table 11.2), 169 (Table 11.3) at Delphi Apollo sanctuary 149, 197 Qatna 10 Athena Pronaia, Marmaria 124 quarries/quarrying 9, 18 (note 1.13), 142 Stoa of the Athenians 197, 200 (note 13.15) Que (Cilicia) 13, 14 Treasury of the Corinthians 13, 189, 190 (Fig. QuickBird satellite imagery at Gordion 34 13.1), 194, 195, 196, 197, 200 (note 13.6) at Ephesos radar survey at Gordion. See geophysical surveying Artemision/Artemis sanctuary 123, 124 radiocarbon dating 5, 41, 45, 47, 58, 69, 129, 205, 209 at Erythrai 326 INDEX

Athena sanctuary 124 (with Fig. 3.5), 45 at Miletos-Zeytintepe Seleucus III, king of the Seleucid Empire 276 (note 18.29) Aphrodite sanctuary 124 Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria 5 at Samos Shamash 153 Hera sanctuary 124 Shaw, Joseph W. 29, 37 at Sardis sheep. See animals Kybele sanctuary 276 (note 18.27) shrines 153, 154, 155, 181, 188. See also cult, cults; Sangarios. See Sakarya River sanctuaries; temples Saran, Erkal 153 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 34 Sardis 1, 15, 16, 257, 259, 260 (with Fig. 18.1), 261 (with sigloi hoard at Gordion 19 (note 1.34), 276 (note 18.29) Figs. 18.2a, 18.2b), 262 (Fig. 18.3), 263 (with Fig. 18.5), silver. See artifacts, metal, silver 264 (with Fig. 18.6), 265 (with Fig. 18.7), 266 (with Sin 153 Fig. 18.8), 267 (with Figs. 18.9, 18.10), 268 (Figs. 18.11, Sinope 220 18.12), 269, 272 (notes 18.3, 18.4, 18.5), 273 (notes 18.5, Sippar 153 18.6, 18.7, 18.10, 18.11), 274 (notes 18.12, 18.13, 18.14, siren attachments on cauldrons 193, 196 18.15, 18.16), 275 (notes 18.18, 18.19, 18.20, 18.21, Site Conservation Program at Gordion 229, 230, 231, 18.22), 276 (notes 18.22, 18.27), endpaper map 235, 239 Acropolis 260 (Fig. 18.1), 266 (Fig. 18.8), 267 (Figs. Sitsidos inscriptions 144 18.9, 18.10), 268 (Figs. 18.11, 18.12), 273 (note situlae. See artifacts, metal, bronze 18.10), 275 slaves 5, 260, 273 (note 18.11) cemeteries 259, 264, 273 (notes 18.6, 18.7), 275 (note Smith, Richard 29, 32, 37, 38 (note 2.16) 18.22) Smyrna (modern İzmir) 272 (note 18.3) chamber tombs 264, 275 (note 18.22) sodium dithionite 169, 170 cist graves 275 (note 18.22) Solomon, king of Israel 5, 18 (note 1.8) city wall 1, 260, 265 (Figs 18.7a, 18.7b), 273 (note South Cellar. See Gordion, architecture, Middle Phrygian 18.8) spatial referencing at Gordion 23, 28, 29, 31 houses 265, 276 (note 18.24) sphinx 213 Late Roman synagogue 275 (note 18.20), 276 (note spindle whorls 165, 181, 187 18.27) spinning 187. See also spindle whorls; textiles Palace of Croesus 276 (notes 18.25, 18.26) spoil dumps/mounds/heaps at Gordion 230, 231, 235 Sanctuary of Kybele 276 (note 18.27) stabilization at Gordion 134, 227, 229, 231, 232 (Fig. sarcophagus inhumations 275 (note 18.22) 16.4), 233, 235, 238, 239, 244, 252, 255 temples 267, 276 (note 18.27) statues, statuettes 13, 14, 19 (note 1.26), 105, 190, 196 Sardis, tumuli statue from near Ayaş 110 (note 7.1) Bin Tepe cemetery 257, 260 (Fig. 18.1), 263 (Fig. statuettes from Gordion 192, 196 (Fig. 13.12), 197 18.5), 273 (notes 18.6, 18.7) (Fig. 13.13) Kır Mutaf Tepe 273 (note 18.7) “steppe forest” ecotype. See vegetation Koca Mutaf Tepe (“Tumulus of Alyattes”) 15, 260, steppe vegetation. See vegetation 264 (Fig. 18.6), 273 (note 18.7) stew. See food Sarduri I, king of Urartu 5 Stoa of the Athenians. See sanctuaries Sargon II, king of Assyria 13, 15, 149, 191–92, 198–99 stone types at Gordion (note 13.5), 272 (note 18.4) andesite 18 (note 1.13), 212 satellite imagery 24, 32, 34 basalt 13, 40, 75 Schiering, Wolfgang 190, 191, 198 (note 13.4) gypsum 18 (note 1.13), 205, 209 (Fig. 14.6), 257 sculpture 14, 99, 106, 190, 191, 192, 272 (note 18.5). See limestone 75, 132, 133, 141, 143 (Fig. 9.25), 205, 235 also statues, statuettes “poros” 18 (note 1.14), 73, 78, 88, 99 (note 6.5) seals 124, 213, 268, 274 (note 18.12) ryelite 18 (note 1.13) sedimentation at Gordion 39, 40, 41, 42 (Fig. 3.3), 43, 44 Sub-Proto-Geometric period. See Aegean chronology INDEX 327

Sülüklü Çay 42 (Fig. 3.3), 43 wood types Sumerian 272 (note 18.5) Tiritake, near modern Kerch 224 Sumner, William 26 Tiryns 3 sun god 153 Tmolos Mountain (modern Bozdağ) 259, 260 (with Fig. sunprints at Gordion 27, 37 (note 2.6) 18.1), 272 (note 18.4), 273 (note 18.10) swamps 259 Toprakkale 194, 199 (Fig. 13.16) symbols. See motifs Torikos 224 (note 15.3) Syria, Syrian 5, 10, 18 (note 1.17), 57, 62 tourism at Gordion 227, 244, 246, 251, 253, 257. See also North Syria 5, 12, 14, 210, 270 visitors at Gordion Syro-Hittite 1, 13, 14, 189, 190, 191, 194. See also Neo- ecotourism 244, 257 Hittite trade 17, 188, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224 Treasury of the Corinthians at Delphi. See sanctuaries Tabal 1, 13, 61, 191, 199 (note 13.8), 217, 305, endpaper trees 45, 47, 61, 134, 140, 244, 256, 272 (note 18.5). See map also wood types Taranza 259, 272 (note 18.4) cedar trees 18 (note 1.8), 141 Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü (Field Crop juniper trees 134, 138 (Fig. 9.15) Research Center) 249 oak trees 52–53 Tarsus 116 olive trees 272 (note 18.3) Taurus Mountains endpaper map palm trees 209 Temizer, Raci 276 (note 18.32) pine trees 134, 141 Temizsoy, İlhan 246 trenches at Gordion 23–37, 77 (Fig. 6.10), 98, 136, 140 temples 19 (note 1.37), 104, 106, 265, 267 (Figs. 9.18, 9.19), 172, 174, 176, 177 (with Fig. 12.6), Temple of Apollo at Delphi 190 (Fig. 13.1), 197 181 (Fig. 12.9), 183 (Fig. 12.11), 202 (Fig. 14.1), 208, Temple in Jerusalem 18 (note 1.8) 209, 211 (with Fig. 14.8), 213, 229. See also Gordion Temple of Zeus at Gordion 19 (note 1.37) Operations terraces. See architecture/architectural elements Trik, Aubrey 29, 38 (note 2.20) terracottas. See architectural terracottas tripod mortars. See pottery types textiles 3, 15, 80, 98, 105, 124, 150, 152, 155, 165, 166, Troy and the Troad 2, 10, 17, 19 (note 1.32), 35, 47, 220, 170, insert PLS. 7, 8 (Figs. 11.1, 11.3, 11.6–11.8). See also 266, 275 (note 18.20) loomweights; spindle whorls; spinning; weaving Tugdammi. See Lygdamis bags 165, 166 tumuli. See Ankara, Tumulus I; Bayındır tumuli; bedding 155, 166 Gordion, tumuli; Sardis, tumuli cloth 123, 152, 155 Turkish Archaeological Service 229 cushion covers 165 Turkish Ministry of Culture 136 pillows 155 Turkish War of Independence 243 shroud 15, 166 Tyana 13, 126 (note 8.17), 217 Tezcan, Burhan 205 Tyrian purple 165. See also indigo Tasos, Tasian 221, 222, 223 Tera 229 Unfnished Monument. See Midas City Teseus and the Minotaur. See architectural terracottas unguents 274 (note 18.13) Tessaly/Tessalian 118 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system Trace, Tracian 2, 272 (note 18.5) 34 thrones. See artifacts, ivory; artifacts, wooden University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and throne of Midas 13, 195, 196, 197, 198 (note 13.4), Anthropology (Penn Museum) xvii, 24, 30, 31, 34, 99, 200 125, 150, 164 (note 10.1), 258 Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria 13 Ur 272 (note 18.5) timbers 52, 106, 129, 133, 145 (note 9.6), 146 (note 9.12), Urartu/Urartian 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 193, 194, 199 (Fig. 209, 214 (Fig. 14.11), 275 (note 18.20). See also trees; 13.16), 210, endpaper map 328 INDEX

urea 167 (with Table 11.2) maple 155 Urik(ki) of Que (Cilicia) 13 oak 50 (with Table 4.2), 51, 52, 53 peach 50 (Table 4.2) Van Gulick, Robert 271 (note 18.1) pear 50 (with Table 4.2) vegetation at Gordion 26, 45, 136, 231, 243–58. See also pine 50 (Table 4.2), 51, 52, 53, 129, 130, 131, 133, plant types; wood types 134, 136, 141, 146 (notes 9.6, 9.9), 155 “steppe forest” ecotype 53 plum 50 (Table 4.2) steppe vegetation 244, 251, 256, 257, 258 poplar 50 (with Table 4.2) Vegetation Improvement Program, Tumulus MM, walnut 151, 152, 153, 155 Gordion 244, 250 willow 50 (Table 4.2) visitors at Gordion 9, 16, 67, 129, 171, 212, 213, 215, 218, yew 145 (note 9.6), 156, 158, 159 222, 227, 228, 231, 234 (Fig. 16.6), 235, 239, 244, 251, wooden objects. See artifacts, wooden 253, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 276 (note women 4, 5, 16, 124, 142, 152 18.22) wool 18 (note 1.6), 97, 165, 166, 167, 260, 273 (note Voigt, Mary M. xvii, 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17 (with note 1.2), 18.11), insert PL. 8. See also mohair 18 (notes 1.9, 1.14, 1.19), 19 (note 1.38), 24, 30, 33, 58, writing 12, 267, 276 (note 18.28) 184, 203, 205, 258, 269, 303, 306 votive oferings 105, 123, 124, 149, 176, 177, 189, 196, Yalçınkaya, T. 273 (note 18.7) 197, 261, 275 (note 18.20) Yassıhöyük 2, 28, 68 (Fig. 6.1), 230, 244, 251, 257, 258, votive pits 189, 191 (Fig. 13.2), 194, 196 308, insert PLS. 1, 2 Vrokastro 114 Yassıhöyük Stratigraphic Sequence (YHSS) 2, 69 (with Vural, Mecit 257 Table 6.1) Yenidoğan. See Hacıtuğrul wagons 142, 143. See also carts Yılmaz, Remzi 249, 258 Warpalawa(s) of Tyana 5, 13, 18 (note 1.8), 191, 194 (Fig. Young, Rodney Stuart 1, 2, 3, 15, 17, 19 (note 1.33), 24, 13.8), 217. See also İvriz 29, 31, 33, 37 (note 2.5), 51, 53, 59, 62, 67, 70, 73, 74, 75, warriors 18 (note 1.7) 78, 80, 82 (with Fig. 6.16), 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, wax 144, 151, 267 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 (notes 6.3, 6.6), 101, 108, 129, 131, weaponry 16, 17, 189, 217, 264, 276 (note 18.22) 146 (notes 9.10, 9.11), 147 (note 9.14), 149, 150, 151, weaving 6, 123, 165, 166, 187, insert PLS. 7, 8. See also 152, 155, 159, 160, 164, 171, 203, 205, 210, 211, 214, loomweights; spinning; textiles; wool 215, 229, 234, 235, 268, 269, 271 (Fig. 18.17), 275 (note wells 5 18.20), 276 (note 18.28) Williams II, Charles K. xvii, 29, 38 (notes 2.20, 2.24), 76 Yunus cemetery. See Carchemish (Fig. 6.9b), 77, 84, 92, 99 (note 6.3), 129, 145 (note 9.4) wine. See drink Zincirli (Sam’al) 1, 10, 12, 114, 190, 198 (note 13.5), wood types endpaper map. See also Kattamuwa stele almond 50 (Table 4.2) Zolotaya Balka, in the Dneiper basin 224 apple 50 (with Table 4.2) apricot 50 (Table 4.2) boxwood 15, 151, 152. 155, 156, 158, 159 ANCIENT AUTHORS cedar 18 (note 1.8), 130, 131, 133, 141, 145 (note Aelian 272 (note 18.5) 9.6), 146 (note 9.9), 155, 264, 276 (note 18.22) Archilochos 274 (note 18.16) cherry 50 (Table 4.2), 155 Aristotle 18 (notes 1.21, 1.22), 197 hawthorn 50 (with Table 4.2) Arrian 19 (note 1.37), 222 juniper 50 (Table 4.2), 53, 58, 129, 131, 132 (Fig. Dioscurides 274 (note 18.13) 9.6), 133, 134, 136, 138 (Fig. 9.15), 139 (Fig. 9.16), Eupolis 272 (note 18.5) 140, 142, 143 (Fig. 9.24), 145 (note 9.5), 147 (note Eusebius 18 (note 1.21) 9.14), 151, 152, 155, 156, 209, 214 (Fig. 14.11) Hellenica Oxyrhynchia historian 17, 19 (note 1.33), 212, INDEX 329

224 (note 15.4) Pausanias 194–95 Herodotos 13, 18 (note 1.22), 149, 194, 195, 196, 197, Pliny the Elder 165, 274 (notes 18.12, 18.13), 276 (note 200 (note 13.16), 217, 272 (note 18.4), 273 (notes 18.10, 18.25), 308 18.11), 274 (note 18.14), 276 (note 18.27) Plutarch 196 Hesychios 274 (note 18.13) Pollux 18 (note 1.22), 197, 224 (note 15.4), 274 note Hipponax 274 (notes 18.13, 18.15, 18.16) 18.16) Josephus 272 (note 18.4) Strabo 15, 18 (note 1.21) Ktesias 272 (note 18.5) Vitruvius 184, 276 (note 18.25) Mimnermos 272 (note 18.4) Xenophon 211, 272 (note 18.4) Nicolas of Damascus 272 (note 18.4)