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00Naslovna Stranaq BILTEN NA ISTRA@UVA^KOTO DRU[TVO NA STUDENTI BIOLOZI BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGY STUDENTS’ RESEARCH SOCIETY Bilt. Istra`. dru{. stud. biol. Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc. god. 3 str. 1-97 (2003) Vol 3. 1-97 pp (2003) 2004 Skopje BILTEN NA ISTRA@UVA^KOTO BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGY DRU[TVO NA STUDENTI BIOLOZI STUDENTS’ RESEARCH SOCIETY Izdava~: Publisher: Istra`uva~ko dru{tvo na studenti biolozi Biology Students’ Research Society Bilt. Istra`. dru{. stud. biol. Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc. god. 3 str. 1 - 97 (2003) Vol 3. 1-97 pp (2003) REDAKCISKI ODBOR: REDACTION: Glaven i odgovoren urednik: Editor in chief: Melovski Dime Melovski Dime Zamenik glaven i odgovoren urednik: Co-editor: Nakov Teofil Nakov Teofil ^lenovi na redakciski odbor: Members: Andevski Jovan Andevski Jovan Stamatoski Bor~e Stamatoski Bor~e Tasevski Sa{o Tasevski Sasho Hristovski Slav~o Hristovski Slav~o Ivanov \or|i Ivanov Gjorgji Stamenkovska Jasmina Stamenkovska Jasmina Tehni~ka i kompjuterska obrabotka: Layout: Avukatov Vasko Avukatov Vasko Adresa na izdava~ot: Publisher’s address: Istra`uva~ko dru{tvo na studenti biolozi Biology Students’ Research society Institut za biologija, Institute of Biology, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics 1000 Skopje, Makedonija 1000 Skopje, Macedonia Pe~ateweto na ovoj Bilten e ovozmo`en od grantot The printing of this Bulletin was supported bu the br. 4164 na fondacijata Institut “Otvoreno grant No. 4164 of the Foundation Open Society op{testvo”, Makedonija. Institute, Macedonia. [email protected] Bilt. Istra`. dru{. stud. biol., 3, 3-6, 2003 Planinata Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) morfostrukturni karakteristiki Dragan KOL^AKOVSKI Institut za geografija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, 1000 Skopje e-mail: [email protected] Izvod Planinata Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) se nao|a vo zapadniot - severozapaden del na Republika Makedonija. Taa zna~itelno se razlikuva od okolnite planini-horstovi. Najvisokite delovi na planinata Bistra se pretstaveni so markantna povr{ina. Pokraj nejzinata, nesomneno tektonska predisponiranost, vo modeliraweto na povr{inata permanentno deluvaat: fluvijalniot, karstniot i periglacijalniot, a vo tekot na virmskiot glacijalen stadium i glacijalniot proces. Klu~ni zborivi: tektonika, geologija, geomorfologija Abstract Mountain Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) is situated in the western-northwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia. It significantly differs from the surrounding horsts. The highest parts of the mountain are presented by exceptional plateaou. Becide the clearly dominant tectonic influence on the plateaou, in its creation had permanently contributed the fluvial, karst and periglacial processes, and during the Würm glacial stage, the glacial process also. Key words: tectonics, geologic, geomorphologic. VOVED (horst) se pretstaveni so “denudaciona zaramnina” - povr{ sozdadena vo po~etokot na neotektonskata Planinata Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) se nao|a etapa, koga preovladuvale procesi na vo zapadniot - severozapaden del na Republika pineplenizacija - zaramnuvawe, vo odnos na idnite Makedonija. Na istok so prevalot Stra`a (1211 m) diferencirani neotektonski dvi`ewa. morfolo{ki e odvoena od planinata Bukovik (1528 m). Bistra vo svojot ju`en del e odvoena od Na jug, preku prevalot Jama (1507 m) se nadovrzuva na Stogovo so regionalna strukturna dislokacija - Stogovo (2268 m), dodeka nejzinata zapadna granica e Jamski rased. Rasedot se odlikuva so popre~en pravec opredelena so dolinata na rekata Radika. Na sever, na protegawe (58 km), od Bo{kov Most i dolinata na preku vrvot Bunec (1995 m), se nadovrzuva na Garska Reka, preku prevalot Jama (1507 m), ju`no od Ni~purska Planina (2194 m) - del od [ar Planina. Ki~evo do Makedonski Brod, kade kontaktira so Pokraj toa {to terenite so nad 2000 m Pore~kiot rased. Aktivnosta na ovaa dislokacija e viso~ina na planinata Bistra se pretstaveni so neceli mnogu pozna~ajna vo predneotektonskata otkolku vo 6 km2, spored povr{inata od nad 1500 m (243,8 km2) taa neotektonskata etapa. Vo predneotektonskiot e na vtoro mesto vo Republika Makedonija, vedna{ zad period se slu~uvale obemni poremetuvawa so [ar Planina. Osven najvisokiot vrv Medenica (2163 horizontalni smestuvawa. Za razlika od toa m), kako pozna~ajni vrvovi vo centralnite delovi na neotektonskite poremetuvawa se odnesuvaat kako planinata Bistra se istaknuvaat ]urkov Dol (2111 m) diferencirani vertikalni dvi`ewa. Vakvite i Brzovec (2051 m), potoa vrvot Bistra (2101 m) vo procesi ovozmo`ile Stogovskiot blok da se izdigne ju`niot, ^au{ica (2015 m) vo krajniiot severozapaden povisoko od Bistra za okolu 200 m. Stogovo (Golem del i dr. Rid, 2268 m) pretstavuva, preku tektonska presedlina (prevalot Jama, 1507 m) prirodno prodol`enie na planinata Bistra, koe, na jugoistok preku prevalot STRUKTURNI KARAKTERISTIKI Rudina (1762 m) se nadovrzuva na planinata Karaorman (Orlov Kamen, 1794 m). Na istok od Kako morfostrukturna celina Bistra Bistrinskiot se nao|a Pesja~kiot, dodeka na zna~itelno se razlikuva od okolnite planini- severoistok e Suvogorskiot Blok. Poslednite dva horstovi, bidej}i vo neotektonskata etapa e relativno bloka mo`e da se smetaat za edinstvena morfolo{ka poslabo izdignata. Najvisokite delovi na blokot celina (Suva Gora). Ovoj morfostrukturen kompleks 3 D. Kolèakovski: Mountain Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) – morphostructural characteristics na severozapad e ograni~en so Polo{kata Kotlina. izrazenoto prekr{uvawe vo reljefot nad koe se Pesja~kiot blok i toa okolu vrvot Dobra Voda (2065 nao|aat {iroko zaramneti prostori (povr{ini), m) se izdignuva nad 2000 m viso~ina, a gi vklu~uva odnosno vedna{ do niv se strmnite planinski padini terenite na Pesjak (Kowarnik, 1874 m), ^eloica i dlaboko vse~enite dolini. Vakvoto reljefno (Dobra Voda, 2063 m) i planinata Bukovik (Tepe, 1582 prekr{uvawe e izrazeno i na planinata Bistra, nad m). Kon sever, kako {to e napomenato, Bistrinskiot koe se nao|a markantna povr{. blok morfolo{ki e slabo diferenciran od [ar Za genezata na visokite povr{i postojat Planina. Me|u blokot Bistra i Korabskiot blok na razli~ni mislewa. Prvostepeno zna~ewe im se dava zapad, dlaboko e vse~ena dolinata na rekata Radika. na tektonskite faktori, odnosno povr{ite se Geolo{kiot sostav na planinata Bistra e smetaat za nekoga{ni (stari) izramneti prostori - raznoviden do kompliciran. Vo severniot del na pineplen, koi pri sozdavaweto na planinata se planinata (po{irokite tereni na Mavrovskata izdignati do dene{nite viso~ini. Nesomneno, Kotlina) glavno dominiraat paleozojski filitoidi, pogodnata morfoplastika vo najvisokite delovi, kako i brojni tela na karbonatni {krilci i plo~esti kako i samata viso~ina so koja se zdobila planinata mermeri so ista starost. Na ovie prostori zna~i- Bistra kon krajot na pleistocen, potoa blizinata na telno se zastapeni i pomali tela na paleozojski Mediteranskiot Basen (dovolni koli~estva vrne`i), metadijabazi. Na jug od Mavrovskoto Ezero se a kako rezultat na globalnite zaladuvawa, zastapeni paleozojski filitoidi i pogolemi tela na najvisokite delovi bile zafateni so lokalna dolomitski, krinoidski i plo~esti paleozojski (izolirana) planinska glacijacija. Me|utoa, i vo mermeri. Ju`no od niv {iroko se rasprostraneti svojata maksimalna faza sozdadenite gle~eri trijaski plo~esti varovnici, a poju`no, kon dolinata egzistirale edine~no, me|usebno odvoeni. Pokraj na Garska Reka, povtorno dominiraat paleozojskite vakvata, nesomneno zna~ajna uloga {to ja imala filitoidi. Vo jugoisto~niot del dominiraat kambrium-ordoviciumski zeleni {krilci, filiti i mermeri, dodeka vo krajnite ju`ni - jugozapadni delovi toa se trijaskite masivni varovnici i kredni fli{oidni sedimenti. MORFOLO[KI KARAKTERISTIKI Vo najvisokite delovi na planinata Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) geolo{kiot sostav uslovil dominacija na karstni pojavi. Na oddelni mesta, kako {to e ju`niot del na Suvo Pole, grebenot Sultanica i drugi prostori se zastapeni brojni vrta~i, a ~esto i do 50 na 1 km2. Sepak, glavna odlika na planinta Bistra se pove}e pomali karstni poliwa. Takvi se: Govedarnik, Barda{, Sultanica, Suvo Pole, Tri Bari i dr. Edno od najinteresnite e karstnoto pole Toni Voda. Negovata dol`ina iznesuva 5 km, so povr{ina na zaramnetoto dno od okolu 1,5 km2. Vo severniot del na poleto e prisuten aktiven ponor (Sl. 1). Od registriranite pe{teri na planinata Bistra najgolema e Alilica (500 m) vo dolinata na Tresone~ka Reka (Sl. 2). Vo severniot del na planinata, vo neposredna blizina na hotelot Bistra (Mavrovo) se nao|a i pe{terata Margo ili [arkoa Dupka. Glacijalnite tragi na Bistra prvi~no se zabele`ani od Nestorovski (1968), dodeka detalno gi prou~uvaat Manakovi} i Andonovski (1983). Glacijalnite formi (nekolku cirkovi i morenski naslagi) se izgradeni na sever od Medenica (2163 m) Slika 1. Aktiven ponor na rabot od dol` grebenot ^au{ica (Sl. 3). karstnoto pole Toni Voda (original). Za pove}eto planini na Balkanskiot Figure 1. Active ponor at the edge of the karst field Poluostrov karakteristi~no e, pove}e ili pomalku Toni Voda (original) 4 Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc., 3, 3-6, 2003 D. Kol~akovski: Planinata Bistra (Medenica, 2163 m) - morfostrukturni karakteristiki glacijalnata erozija vo modeliraweto na najvisokite delovi na planinata Bistra, za vreme na glacijalnata sostojba osobeno e aktiven procesot na mehani~ko razdrobuvawe na karpestite masi. Iznesenata konstatacija za zagle~erenosta na planinata Bistra naveduva, sepak, na soznanie deka kompleksot na periglacijalni procesi (kriosoliflukcioni, krionivalni i nivalni) imale dominantno zna~ewe vo morfogenezata na sevkupniot prostor za vreme na virmskiot glacijalen stadium. Vakvite klimatski uslovi voedno dozvoluvale permanentno deluvawe na fluvijalniot i karsten proces, poradi {to, povr{ta na planinata Bistra mo`e da se smeta za poligenetska. Slika 3. Cirk na grebenot ^au{ica (original). Figure 3. Circ at Èaušica ridge (original) Belij S. & Kolèakovski D. (1997): The periglacial zone of high mountains of Serbia and Macedonia and its basic charactristics. OM2 International. Sympos. Observat. of Mount. Environm. in Eur., Borovetz. Bulgaria. Ga{evski M. (1962): Karsten reljef na planinata Bistra. Geogr. raz., Kn. 1, str. 59 - 67, Skopje. Jan~evski J.
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