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Rotala Species in Peninsular India, Where Ir Displays Maximum Morphological Diversity Than in Other Parts of the Subcontinent

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Rotala Species in Peninsular India, Where Ir Displays Maximum Morphological Diversity Than in Other Parts of the Subcontinent Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 99, No. 3, June 1989, pp. 179-197. Printed in India. RotMa Linn. (Lythraceae) in peninsular India K T JOSEPH and V V SIVARAJAN Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Calicut 673 635, India MS received 21 June 1988; revised 17 February 1989 Abstraet. This paper deals with a revised taxonomic study of Rotala species in peninsular India, where ir displays maximum morphological diversity than in other parts of the subcontinent. Of the 19 species reported from India, 14 are distributed here. Besides, two new species of the genus, Rotala cook¡ Joseph and Sivarajan and Rotala vasudevanii Joseph and Sivarajan have also been discovered and described from this part of the country, making the total number of species 16. Ah artificial key for the species, their nomenclature and synonymy, descriptions and other relevant notes are provided here. Keywords. Lythraceae; Rotala; Ammannia. 1. Introduction The genera Ammannia Linn. (1753) and Rotala Linn. (1771) are closely allied with a remarkable degree of similarity in habit often leading to confusion in their generic recognition. Earlier authors considered Ammannia as a larger, more inclusive taxon, including Rotala in it. Bentham and Hooker (1865) recognised two subgenera in Ammannia viz., Subg. Rotala and Subg. Eu-Ammannia and this was followed by Clarke (1879) in his account of Indian species of this group for Hooker's Flora of British India. However, the current consensus among botanists is in favour of treating them as distinct genera, based mainly on the dehiscence of the fruits and structure of the pericarp (see van Leeuwen 1971; Panigrahi 1976). Rotala is an aquatic or amphibious, tropical and sub-tropical genus with a considerable amount of phenotypic plasticity, so much so that the 97 species recognised by various authors have now been reduced to 44 good species (Cook 1979). Indian species of this genus, with their maximum morphological diversity in south Asia have been revised by Blatter and Hallberg (1918). But, the concept of species in this genus has undergone great changes since then. Of the 19 species reported from India (Cook 1979), Rotala mexicana, R. serpyllifolia, R. rotundifolia, R. densiflora and R. rosea are widely distributed in India. R. subrotunda, R. cordata, R. simpliciuscula, R. rubra and R. wallichii are available only in north and north- eastern India, and hence are excluded from the consideration of this paper. Peninsular India has now 16 species of the genus, including the two new species discovered and described recently from Kerala, namely R. cookii Joseph and Sivarajan (1988) and R. vasudevanii, Joseph and Sivarajan (present paper). The latter was collected and described asa new record of Hydrolythrum wallichii Hook. f. [now Rotala wallichii (Hook. f.) Koehne] for south India (Vasudevan Nair 1965). But, this is an east Indian endemic. We have seen both the Wallichian material (Cat. no. 9059) and Vasudevan Nair's collections and are convinced that they are different. The latter tunas out to be a new species, R. vasudevanii, so named to commemorate the name of its original collector. Most of the species are distributed throughout peninsular India, but R. cookii and R. vasudevanii, are not known 179 180 K T Joseph and V V Sivarajan except from the type locality. R. occultiflora, seen also in Australia, is now extremely rare so much so that we could not find any specimen of this species in the Madras Herba¡ Except for old collections of Talbot, Blatter and Hallberg, there are only very few recent collections at Pune. R. ritchiei has already entered the 'red data book' (Nayar and Sastry 1987) and R. floribunda is a highly local endemic to Mahabaleswar. Species of the genus Rotala fall under two groups, based on the nature of their habitat, viz., obligate aquatics which grow in shallow water, and semi-aquatics or terrestrials which thrive in marshy lands. Most of the aquatic species are characterised by what is called 'Hippuris syndrome' (Cook 1978): erect unbranched stems with simple, elongate leaves borne in symmetrical whorls "heterophylly manifesting itself as variation in number Of leaves in each whorl and in individual leaf shape and size." Among the Indian species, this syndrome is displayed by R. verticillaris, R. mexicana (only where it grows as an emergent aquatic), R. cookii and R. vasudevanii. Most other species have decussate leaves, while R. floribunda has alternate ones and R. occultiflora has leaves disposed in whorls of 3. Leaf and flower arrangement has been taken as an important taxonomic character in this genus by many. Koehne (1903) divided the genus into two sections based on these characters: Sect. Hippiuridum with whorled/alternate leaves and flowers and Sect. Enantiorotala with decussate leaves and flowers. But, species like R. mexicana, and R. myriophylloides display both these situations depending upon whether they are growing as aquatics or terrestrials. Consequently, Cook (1978, 1979) considered these characters to be direct responses to the aquatic environment and that these 'Hippuris mimics' do not constitute a single phyletic group. Cook (1979) has also found that the genus, being very uniform, does not yield to a satisfactory subgeneric classification into natural subgeneric groups. 2. Key to the species la. Flowers apetalous ............................................. 2 b. Flowers petaliferous (except sometimes in R. illecebroides) .............. 3 2a. Leaves usually in whorls of 3, base often sheathing, bracteoles much exceeding and often enclosing the flower ......................... occultiflora (10) b. Leaves in whorls of 3-8 or decussate, base not sheathing, bracteoles scarcely exceeding and enclosing the flower ........................ mexicana (9) 3a. Plants emergent aquatics ....................................... 4 b. Plants terrestrial .............................................. 6 4a. Leaves monomorphic ............................... vasudevanii (15) b. Leaves dimorphic ............................................. 5 5a. Stamens inserted above the middle of calyx tube, nectar scales absent ....... ................................................ verticillaris (16) b. Stamens inserted towards the base of calyx tube, nectar scales present ...... ..................................................... cookii (1) 6a. Calyx appendages present ....................................... 7 b. Calyx appendages absent ...................................... 11 7a. Flowers t¡ ............................... malampuzhensis (8) b. Flowers 4-5 merous ........................................... 8 8a. Bracteoles longer than flowers .......................... densiflora (2) b. Bracteoles shorter than flowers ................................... 9 Rotala Linn. (Lythraceae) in peninsular India 181 9a. Capsules 3-valved, longer than calyx ........................ rosea (12) b. Capsules 4-valved, seldom longer than calyx ....................... 10 10a. Bracts cordate-acuminate, calyx lobes almost equal to the tube, appendages as long as calyx lobes ................................. illecebroides (5) b. Bracts obovate-obtuse, calyx lobes much shorter than tube, appendages short, subulate .......................... "................... ritchiei (11) 1 la. Petals fimbriate ...................................... fimbriata (3) b. Petals not fimbriate ........................................... 12 12a. Leaves alternate, flowers heterostylous .................... floribunda (4) b. Leaves decussate, flowers homostylous ........................... 13 13a. Stamens inserted at the middle of the calyx tube ..................... 14 b. Stamens inserted at the base of the calyx tube ...................... 15 14a. Calyx tube const¡ above, petals longer than calyx lobes .. serpyllifolia (14) b. Calyx tube not const¡ petals shorter than calyx lobes ........ indica (6) 15a. Stamens as long as or shorter than the calyx, bracteoles almost equalling the calyx tube ...................................... rotundifolia (13) b. Stamens much longer than calyx, bracteoles much shorter than the calyx tube ............................................ macrandra (7) 3. Systematic aecount 3.1 Rotala cookiŸ and Sivar., PI. Syst. Evol. 159 143, 1988 (figure 2). Submerged annual, stem up to 40 cm long, creeping and rooting below. Leaves in whorls of 7-10, dimorphic, submerged leaves capillary, often reflexed, to 15 mm long, microscopically bimucronate at apex, aerial leaves broader, spreading, linear, to 6x0-8 mm, bimucronate at apex, narrowed towards base. Bracts leaf-like. Bracteoles linear, ca. 0.5 mm long, shorter than calyx tube, persistent in fruit. Flowers 2-4 in each node, those on submerged shoot cleistogamous and those on emergent branches normal, sessile. Calyx tube campanulate, to 1 mm long, splitting and disintegrating as the fruit ripens, lobes 4, deltate, to 0-5 mm long. Petals 4, obovate-obtuse, white, alternating with calyx lobes, to 0-8 mm long. Stamens 4, inserted on the lower half of calyx tube, filaments white, anthers borne level with the base of petals. Nectar scales 4, small, greenish yellow or pink, minute, broader than long, apex obtuse or truncate. Ovary globose. Style simple, short, persistent. Stigrna capitate, minutely papillose. Capsule globose, to 1"2 mm across, opening by valves. Seeds 4-5, semi-ellipsoidal, to 1 mm long. R. cookii grows abundantly in flooded paddy fields du¡ the rainy season, in association with Hydrilla verticillata, Wiesneria triandra, Limnopoa meeboldii, and Nymphoides
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