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We the Living by Ayn Rand s A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET EDITION OF WE THE LIVING BY AYN RAND BY PH D MICHael s. beRlIneR, . TEACHER’S GUIDE 2 A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Edition of We the Living by Ayn Rand Table of ConTenTs INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................3 THE THEME...................................................................................................................................3 THE STORY (Part One) ..............................................................................................................4 PART ONE STUDY QUESTIONS ..............................................................................................4 THE STORY (Part Two) ..............................................................................................................6 PART TWO STUDY QUESTIONS .............................................................................................6 GENERAL STUDY QUESTIONS ...............................................................................................7 THE MAIN CHARACTERS .........................................................................................................9 PHILOSOPHIC MESSAGE ......................................................................................................10 ABOUT THe aUTHoR OF THIs GUIDe The We the Living teachers guide has been prepared by Dr. Michael S. Berliner. Dr. Berliner taught philosophy and philosophy of education of California State University, Northridge, where he served as chairman of the department of Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Boston University and is the former executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute. Copyright © 2011 by Penguin Group (USA) For additional teacher’s manuals, catalogs, or descriptive brochures, please email [email protected] or write to: PENGUIN GROUP (USA) INC. In Canada, write to: Academic Marketing Department PENGUIN BOOKS CANADA LTD. 375 Hudson Street Academic Sales New York, NY 10014-3657 90 Eglinton Ave. East, Ste. 700 http://www.penguin.com/academic Toronto, Ontario Canada M4P 2Y3 Printed in the United States of America A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Edition of We the Living by Ayn Rand 3 InTRoDUCTION AND HIsToRICAL BACKGRoUnD At a farewell party before Ayn Rand left they were happening at the time.” One Soviet Russia for America in 1926, a family example was the purge of university students friend urged her: “When you get out, tell the whose parents were proletarian; and many of rest of the world that we are dying here.” We the small details were taken from her own the Living, published ten years later, fulfilled life, such as the music she liked. Many of the her promise to that friend. It was also a characters were based on members of the promise that the fictional Kira Argounova extended Rosenbaum (her birth name) wanted to fulfill for her Uncle Vasili: “I’ll tell family: Ayn Rand’s sister Nora was the basis them over there, where I’m going. I’ll tell for the character of cousin Irina, her actual them about everything. And maybe some- father was the basis for Uncle Vasili, and her one, somewhere, will understand.” real mother had much in common with We the Living was Ayn Rand’s first major work. Kira’s fictional mother. Leo’s name and some She had previously written short stories, of his characteristics were drawn from Ayn scripts for silent films, and a play (Night of Rand’s first romantic interest, Lev (Leo) Bek- January 16th) that was produced in Holly- kerman, who (unknown to Ayn Rand) was wood and on Broadway. But We the Living executed in 1937 as a “counter-revolution- was her first attempt at fiction with an ary.” (For details regarding the real-life bases explicit philosophic theme. She began work- for these characters, see Scott McConnell’s Essays on Ayn Rand’s ing on it only three years after her arrival in essay “Parallel Lives” in “We the Living,” America, while she was struggling to learn and edited by Robert Mayhew.) then master the English language. Neverthe- Andrei was totally fictional, as was the story less, upon publication in 1936, reviewers of Kira, Andrei and Leo. But was Kira based praised her writing style as “remarkably fluent on Ayn Rand herself? Yes and no, as she English” (New York Times), “beautifully writ- wrote in 1959: “The specific events of Kira’s ten” (Washington Post) and “irreproachable life were not mine; her ideas, her convictions, English” (London Times Literary Supplement). her values were and are.” As a university stu- dent, Ayn Rand studied history and philoso- In some ways, We the Living is autobiographi- phy, not engineering (Kira’s field), and Ayn cal. The background is drawn from Ayn Rand was more philosophical than Kira (Ayn Rand’s life under the Soviets (she was twelve Rand began writing fiction at the age of eight when the revolution started and twenty when and started a philosophic diary at the age of she left Russia). Such things as the details of twelve). But she shared Kira’s independence the revolution, Communist control and and self-sufficiency, hatred of dictatorship terror, general living conditions—all of these and hatred of a moral philosophy that mirrored what she and her family lived demanded that people live for something through. In many cases, as she later related, other than their own happiness. she took “chronologically the exact events as THe THeMe The theme ofWe the Living is “the individual into it, but to a man who really loves her, against the state, and, more specifically, the evil whom she respects and whose love she takes of statism.” (Statism is the view that man’s life seriously. He does not want to buy her, and belongs to the state, which holds unlimited she must hide from him that it is a sale—but power.) Here’s how Ayn Rand stated the she has to sell herself to save the man she plot-theme (the basic plot situation by means really loves, a man who happens to be the of which the theme is presented): “A woman particular person the buyer hates most.” sells herself, not to a villain who forces her 4 A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Edition of We the Living by Ayn Rand THe sToRY (Part one) The story opens in a rotting Petrograd in and that he can raise the quality of the 1922. The long civil war between the Bolshe- masses. Kira is attracted to his underlying viks (the Reds) and their opponents (the character but not to his ideas. In a discussion Whites) has ended. The city is in chaos and with Andrei, Kira makes her first extended its citizens are starving, terrorized, hopeless, philosophic statement—that man does not hostile and helpless against the military and live for the state. When Kira is questioned by police power of the Communist government. the authorities about her meeting with Leo, The Argounova family has returned from Andrei intervenes on her behalf. Kira’s four years in the Crimea, where they awaited father’s business has failed, and, like other the Bolshevik defeat that never came. One of non-Communists, he is drawn into illegal the family members is Kira, the novel’s hero- dealings, the only option for non-Commu- ine, who, at eighteen years old, is set to begin nists. Kira voices her atheism, rejecting the the great adventure of life. Despite the living view that there is anything above man, and conditions and the constant assault of Red she tells Andrei that whereas he is willing to propaganda, Kira is positive and excited. She kill for his ideas, she wants only to live for her wants a career as an engineer (because engi- ideas. She and Leo try to escape Soviet Russia neering is honest, creative and fact-based), but are caught. Her mother is outraged and but her family urges her to play it safe and shamed by Kira’s love affair with Leo and choose a career unrelated to her personal banishes Kira from their home. Kira vows to values and one more appropriate for a female. fight against Communist injustice, but Leo She wants to build not for the Red state but has little hope. Kira eventually reconciles for herself, and, in her first philosophic state- with her mother, who has taken a Soviet job ment, disavows any duty to “society,” reject- and mouths Soviet slogans. Leo can’t get a ing the notion that society is anything other job, because he’s not a Party member. Kira than individuals. Her heroes, we learn, are and Leo’s rent is raised, because people must not the masses, not the Soviet worker, but pay based on their social class and not their rather Vikings, conquerors and achievers. earnings. Leo gets more cynical, as life Kira, who has started her studies at the becomes more unjust and arbitrary. The over- Technological Institute, meets Leo Kovalen- riding goal of Kira and Leo now is to go sky and is attracted to his independence of abroad. Kira continues her friendship with spirit. Given the growing power of the Reds Andrei, who has fallen in love with her. Life and their anti-bourgeois policies, many, becomes more degrading, with relatives and including Leo, have become cynical and supposed friends informing on each other increasingly hopeless; they are convinced that and seeking political influence. Desperate to it’s not worth having ambition and goals. help Leo and to get him into a sanatorium Kira also meets Andrei Taganov, who works for his tuberculosis, Kira begins an affair with for the GPU (the secret police). Andrei is a Andrei, who gives her money, purportedly to Communist but not out of duty or oppor- help a sick relative. tunism: he thinks that Communism is right PaRT ONE sTUDY QUESTIONS What does Kira mean when she says that and thrive. (This anticipates her 1958 charac- the USSR “forbids life to those still living”? terization of her philosophy, Objectivism, as She means that the Soviet system makes it a “philosophy for living on earth.”) Life, for illegal and ultimately impossible for people human beings, requires political freedom, to do what they need to do in order to live which allows people to act on their thinking, A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Edition of We the Living by Ayn Rand 5 their independent judgment of what’s true ment to stop controlling the lives and busi- and what’s valuable.
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