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1575 1809 Europeans in Venice and Florence make first The French government begins to publish attempts at imitation Chinese porcelain. Description de l’Égypte, a multivolume series that illustrates the land, architecture, and culture 1762 of Egypt and influences French architecture and The Greater Learning for Women treatise decorative arts. is released in Japan and states that women should live in submission to their husbands 1830s and husband’s parents. Ready-to-wear clothing manufacturers open in both Britain and the United States. 1770 The Industrial Revolution begins in England 1830 and slowly spreads all over the world. Napoleon’s army invades Algeria and captures, loots, and wreaks havoc on Algiers. 1789 The French Revolution begins with the storming 1833 of the Bastille. Oberline Collegiate Institute (later Oberlin College) in Ohio is the first U.S. college to 1792 admit men and women on an equal basis. The First Republic of France is declared. 1834 Mary Wollstonecraft publishes Vindication Female mill workers in Lowell, , of the Rights of Women. strike in response to a wage reduction. 1793 1844 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, which The English Factory Act passes, establishing a separates seeds from cotton fibers as fast as twelve-hour workday for female factory workers. fifty individuals working by hand. 1848 1798 The first Women’s Rights Convention takes place Napoleon Bonaparte and the French army in Seneca Falls, New York. invade Egypt. 1849 1804 escapes from slavery in Napoleon is proclaimed emperor by the French Maryland. Senate. Under the Napoleonic Code of France, women are considered legal minors, and their becomes the first female husbands control their property. doctor of medicine in the United States.

1851 I. M. Singer and Company patents the Singer Perpendicular Action Sewing Machine. 1852 1880s The first department store, Bon Marché, opens Lithographic ads are widespread in Europe and in Paris. the United States.

1854 1881 The Treaty of Kanagawa opens Japan to limited establishes the American Red Cross. trade with the United States. About 1882–before 1905 Florence Nightingale establishes nursing as a The Milliners is painted by Edgar Germain Hilaire profession for women during the Crimean War. Degas in France. 1855 1889 The Exposition Universelle in Paris aims to Wyoming approves the first constitution in the display the social, industrial, and cultural world granting full voting rights to women. progress in France under Napoleon III.

1895 1859 In Paris, Siegfried Bing reopens Maison de l’Art France occupies Saigon. Nouveau, an Oriental crafts shop. 1860s 1903 Advertising begins to appear in monthly Marie Curie is the first woman to receive a Nobel magazines distributed across the United States. Prize, for her work on radioactivity. 1866 1904 Portrait of the Marquise de Miramon, née Women in France are no longer considered legal Thérèse Feuillant is painted by Jacques Joseph minors. Tissot in France. 1905 1867 The Union of Patriotic Women, the first orga- Karl Marx publishes the first volume of nization for women in Iran, was founded by Das Kapital. Mohtaram Eskandari. Religious leaders disrupt the first meeting and kill some of the women. 1869 Arabella Mansfield is the first woman admitted 1906 to the bar in the United States. Finland is the first European country to grant The National Woman Suffrage Association is women the right to vote. founded in the United States by and Susan B. Anthony. 1907 The activist Chiu Chin (or Qui Jin), who 1870 advocated for the liberation of women, is France declares war on Prussia. implicated in an antigovernment uprising and is executed by the Manchu Qing dynasty in China. 1874 The first Impressionist exhibition is held in Paris.

depicting women and class in a global society 1909 1932 Garment workers in New York lead a successful Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly over the strike in the “Uprising of Thirty Thousand”—the in a solo, fifteen-hour flight. first female-dominated mass action—with the support of the International Ladies’ Garment 1938 Workers’ Union and the Women’s Trade Union The Fair Labor Standards Act guarantees a League. minimum wage of forty cents and prohibits child labor. 1911 In New York City, 146 workers are killed in the 1941 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire because the exit Japan bombs , and the United States doors were locked to prevent theft. enters World War II. The Chinese tradition of foot binding to produce 1945 tiny feet in women is banned. Japan surrenders, and World War II ends. Many American women who entered the workforce 1914 during the war are forced out of their jobs. begins. 1947 1916 China grants women the right to vote. During World War I, the British government recruits four hundred thousand women to work 1948 in agriculture. Israel and Korea grant women the right to vote. 1918 1961 Women over thirty in Great Britain are granted Women are granted the right to vote in Paraguay, the right to vote. the last republic in the Americas to do so. The U.S. government reports that 1.4 million women work in the war industry. 1964 The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits dis- 1919 crimination in employment on the basis of race, The Treaty of Versailles, which includes a clause religion, national origin, or sex and calls for the stating that women should receive equal pay, desegregation of public schools. ends World War I. The clause, however, is universally ignored. 1979 Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female 1920 prime minister of Great Britain. The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, granting women the 1981 right to vote. Sandra Day O’Connor becomes the first woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. 1929 Virginia Woolf publishes A Room of One’s Own.

TIMELINE 1983 2005 is the first American woman to fly Kuwait’s Parliament grants women the right into space. to vote and run for office.

1988 2007 Benazir Bhutto, as prime minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto is assassinated. becomes the first woman leader of a Muslim becomes the first female Speaker country in modern history. of the U.S. House of Representatives. 1996 The Taliban government in Afghanistan restricts women from receiving an education, working outside the home, going out in public without a male escort, and seeing male doctors.

depicting women and class in a global society