DOCSLIB.ORG

History C No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History C No Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU SELF LEARNING MATERIAL B.A. SEMESTER-VI SUBJECT : HISTORY UNIT -IV COURSE NO. : HT-601 LESSON NO. 1–16 DR. ANURADHA GOSWAMI COURSE CO-ORDINATOR http:/www.distanceeducationju.in Printed and Published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, DDE, University of Jammu, Jammu 1 MODERN WORLD 1860 TO 1945 COURSE CONTRIBUTORS CONTENT EDITING Ms. Purvaiya Hans Dr. Hina S. Abrol Mr. Abhinav Sharma Dr. Jagmeet Kour Khajuria PROOF READING Prof. Neelu Gupta Dr. Hina S. Abrol Dr. Hina S. Abrol © Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu 2021 * All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. * The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson / script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsbility. • Printed by : Ajanta Art Press / 2021 / Qty _____ 2 HISTORY VITH SEMESTER DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR THE EXAMINATION 2017, 2018 AND 2019 Course Title : Modern World 1860 to 1945. Contact Programme - 90 Lectures Credit : 4 Maximum Marks : 100 (a) Semester Examination : 80 (b) Sessional Assessment : 20 (c) Minimum Pass Marks : Duration of Examination : 3 Hours. SYLLABUS UNIT-I 1. Bismarck’s Foreign Policy-Basic objectives, relations with France & Russia. 2. Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894. 3. Anglo-French Entente of 1904. 4. Anglo Russian Entente of 1907. UNIT-II 1. Causes of Russian Revolution of 1917. 2. Causes of Bolshevik Revolution (October, 1917). 3. Causes of Bolshevik Success & Immediate Consequences. 4. Contribution of Lenin (1917-1924). 3 UNIT-III 1. Causes of First World War & Peace Settlement of 1919. 2. League of Nations : Achievements : Political & Socio-Economic. 3. Failures of League of Nations & Causes of the failures of the league. 4. Modernization of Japan (1868-1905) UNIT-IV 1. Rise of Chinese Nationalism & Role of Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen. 2. Modernization of Turkey under Mustafa Kamal Pasha. 3. Foreign Policy of Hitler (1933-39) 4. Causes of World War II and its Immediate Consequences. Note for Paper Setting : The question paper will contain two questions from each Unit (total eight questions) and the candidates will be required to answer one question from each Unit (total questions to be attempted, will be four) i.e., there will be internal choice within the Unit. Internal Assessment (Total Marks 20) There shall be two Written Assignments of 10 marks each. BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1. David Thompson : Europe since Napoleon. 2. D.M. Ketelbey : A History of Modern Times. 3. Grant and Temperly : Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries. 4. Raghuvir Dayal : A Text Book of Modern European History. 5. K.L. Sachdeva : A History of Modern Europe. 6. Clyde & Bears : Far East in Modern Times. 7. H.M. Vinayacke : A History of the Far East in Modern Times. 8. Arjun Dev & Indra : History of The World Arjun Dev Internal Assessment : 20 Marks i) Class Test : 10 marks ii) Two Written Assessment : 10 Marks (5 Marks each) 4 MODERN WORLD 1860 TO 1945 B.A. VI SEMESTER CONTENTS Lesson Title Script Writer Page No. Nos. 1. Bismarck’s Foreign Policy-basic Purvaiya Hans 5-19 Objectives, Relations With France and Russia 2. Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894 Abhinav Sharma 20-30 3. Anglo-French Entente of 1904 Abhinav Sharma 31-37 4. Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 Abhinav Sharma 38-43 5. Causes of The Russian Revolution of Dr. Jagmeet Kour 44-54 1917 6. Causes of The Bolshevik Revolution Dr. Jagmeet Kour 55-63 (October-1917) 7. Causes of The Bolshevik Sucess and Dr. Jagmeet Kour 64-73 Immediate Consequences 8. Contribution of Lenin (1917-1924) Dr. Jagmeet Kour 74-88 9. Causes of First World War & Peace Abhinav Sharma 89-116 Settlement of 1919 10. League of Nations: Achievements : Abhinav Sharma 117-132 Political And Socio- Economic 11. Failures of League of Nations & Abhinav Sharma 133-144 Causes of The Failure of The League 5 Lesson Title Script Writer Page No. Nos. 12. Modernisation of Japan (1868 – 1905) Prof. Neelu Gupta 145-169 13. Rise of Chinese Nationalism and Role Kashab Kumar 170-186 of Dr. Sun-yat- Sen 14. Modernisation of Turkey Under Kashab Kumar 187-196 Mustafa Kamal Pasha 15. Foreign Policy of Hitler (1933-39) Kashab Kumar 197-216 16. Causes of World War Ii and Its Dr. Hina S. Abrol 217-228 Immediate Consequences 6 LESSON NO. 1 UNIT - I BISMARCK’S FOREIGN POLICY-BASIC OBJECTIVES, RELATIONS WITH FRANCE AND RUSSIA STRUCTURE 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Bismarck’s Early Life 1.1.2 His Early Career 1.1.3 Bismarck as Chancellor 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Unification of Germany under Bismarck 1.3.1 His Aims 1.3.2. His Policy of Blood and Iron 1.4 Bismarck’s Dimplomatic Preparations 1.4.1 His Measures to isolate Austria 1.4.2 Bismarck frustrates Austria’s attempts at Federal reforms 1.5 Aims of Bismarck’s Foreign Policy 1.5.1 Ascendency of Bismarck 1.6 Foreign Policy of Bismarck (1871-90 A.D.) 1.6.1 Chief aim to isolate France diplomatically 1.6.2 Three Emperor’s League or Dreikaiserbund 7 1.6.3 Dual Alliance 1.6.4 Triple Alliance of 1882 1.6.5 Treaty with Rumania 1.6.6 Reinsurance Treaty 1.6.7 Relations with England 1.7 Let us sum up 1.8 Criticism of Bismarck’s Foreign Policy 1.9 Glossary 1.10 Lesson End Exercise 1.11 Suggested Readings 1.1 INTRODUCTION Otto Von Bismarck who was called upon by Willian I to form the ministry at a crucial time in the history of Prussia was a man of brutal forthrightness. He was a post- master in diplomacy and was not worried over scruples and for him the end justified the means. 1.1.1 Bismarck’s Early Life : He was born in a noble, conservative family in the year 1815, which marked the downfall of Napoleon. After completing his education he joined the civil service, but was dismissed on account of “deficiency in regularity and discipline”. During the revolutionary years of 1848-49, he had no sympathy with the Liberals and voted against the constitution of 1850. He also supported King Frederick William IV in rejecting the offer of the crown made by Frankfurt Parliament. In 1847, he was married to Johanna Von Puttkamer. Unpretentious and deeply religious, Johanna was loyal friend and an essential support throughout her husband’s career. Johanna’s considerable influence on her husband’s politics is documented by their voluminous correspondence as Prussian representative at the Federal Diet at Frankfort in 1851. 1.1.2 His Early Career : Bismarck entered politics in 1847 when he was elected a member of the Joint Prussian Diet and got an opportunity of becoming a member of 8 the National Assembly and the Constitutional assembly. In 1851, the Emperor William I appointed Bismarck a respresentative of Prussia for eight years, i.e. From 1851 to 1859. As such he got an insight into the working of the confederation and also the weaknesses of Austria and he was convinced that Prussia alone was capable of achieving German unity. In 1859, Bismarck was sent to St. Petersburg as an ambassador. By dint of his intelligence, he established personal friendship with Czar Alexander II of Russia. It was his first diplomatic achievement which proved very advantageous in future. At the time of Crimean War, he remained neutral and won the pleasure of Russian Emperor. He made good use of Russia’s friendship during the war against France. In 1862 he was transferred to Paris in the same capacity. As an ambassador in France, he availed himself of the opportunity of strengthening relations with Napoleon III and his ministers and making close study of their policies. So he was able to correctly assess the weakness and strength of both Russia and France and made use of his knowledge to the best advantage of Prussia later on. 1.1.3 Bismarck as Chancellor : At the time of taking oath as chancellor, Bismarck declared, “I will not give up the company of the Emperor even at the cost of my life in this parliamentary strife.” His views were in perfect consonance with those of his king William I. Refuting the ideals of liberalists, Bismarck clarified his policy in these words, “Germany has focused its attention on its power rather than on liberalism of Prussia. Prussia has to preserve its strength for an apppropriate occasion. The grave problems of own times can be solved by following the blood and iron policy rather than having a recourse to speeches and majority votes.” 1.2 OBJECTIVES The objective of the lesson is to enable you to understand the basic objectives of Bismarck’s foreign policy and its impact on world history. The present lesson will help you to know the repercussions of Bismarck’s foreign policy and relation of Germany with other countries. 1.3 UNIFICATION OF GERMANY UNDER BISMARCK 9 1.3.1. His Aims : These were two-fold :- (1) Prussia must take the lead in the matter of German unification and oust Austria from the German confederation by force. (2) Germany must be conquered by Prussia, that is, Germany must be Prussianized, rather than that Prussia should lose its identity in Germany. Prussian culture, Prussian traditions, her administrative machinery and her armed might should extend to the whole of Germany. 1.3.2. His policy of Blood and Iron : He knew well that his aims could not be achieved by peaceful means.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Diary of Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov
    DOCUMENTS FREDERICK B. CHARY, translator and editor (Gary, Ind., U.S.A.) The Diary of Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov (1883-1945) was prime minister of Bulgaria from 1940 to 1943 and a member of the regency couiicil from September, 1943 to September 9, 1944. One of the most important political leaders of the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the critical years of World War II, he wrote a diary of day-to-day events of that time which has great value for the historian. In it are revealed both the stresses of Balkan politics and the views of Axis leaders and their allies on the war. Before entering upon his political career, Filov was an art historian and an archaeologist. He was at one time a rector of Sofia University and president of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. His scholarly works were so numerous and impressive that even today they form a major contribution to the study of Bulgarian antiquities and medieval art. Filov first entered the Bulgarian government in November, 1938, as minister of education. Although he was a Germanophile (he had attended German universities and belonged to several German scholarly societies), his minor post and academic background kept him from the center of political controversy in 1939. At that time a power struggle between Georgi K'oseivanov, the prime minister, and Ivan Bagrianov, the minister of agriculture in the 1938-1939 cabinet, occupied Bulgarian politics. King Boris III had hand-picked K'oseivanov for the premiership in 1935, after the struggles following the Military League's coup d'etat of the previous year had brought the state under the domination of the throne.
    [Show full text]
  • Will Bulgaria Become Monarchy Again?
    Southeast European Politics Vol. IV, No. 2-3 November 2003 pp. 157-174 Will Bulgaria Become Monarchy Again? ROSSEN VASSILEV The Ohio State University ABSTRACT This article deals with the much debated question of whether post-Communist Bulgaria should restore the monarchy abolished by the 1946 referendum. The prospects for bringing back the monarchy are believed to be negligible, given the existing constitutional hurdles and the population’s pro-republican sentiments. But ex-King Simeon’s triumph in the June 2001 parliamentary election has dramatically changed his standing at home. Any restoration of the monarchy will depend on the perceived success of his coalition government, especially in rebuilding the ailing national economy. It is questionable whether Simeon II will be able to live up to the overoptimistic expectations of Bulgarians who believe that like a Messiah he will save their country from the economic, social, political and institutional turmoil into which it has descended. But with a population distrustful of the politically bankrupt old parties and politicians and despondent enough to grasp at straws, a revival of the monarchy cannot be ruled out. Introduction Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan consider the issue of constitutions and constitutional formulas to be a significant, if neglected, aspect of democratic transitions (Linz and Stepan 1996: 81-83). They offer a classification of six different possible constitution-making environments, ranging from those that present the most confining conditions for democratization to those
    [Show full text]
  • When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
    WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Bulgaria, October 2006
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Bulgaria, October 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: BULGARIA October 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Bulgaria (Republika Bŭlgariya). Short Form: Bulgaria. Term for Citizens(s): Bulgarian(s). Capital: Sofia. Click to Enlarge Image Other Major Cities (in order of population): Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Ruse, Stara Zagora, Pleven, and Sliven. Independence: Bulgaria recognizes its independence day as September 22, 1908, when the Kingdom of Bulgaria declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Public Holidays: Bulgaria celebrates the following national holidays: New Year’s (January 1); National Day (March 3); Orthodox Easter (variable date in April or early May); Labor Day (May 1); St. George’s Day or Army Day (May 6); Education Day (May 24); Unification Day (September 6); Independence Day (September 22); Leaders of the Bulgarian Revival Day (November 1); and Christmas (December 24–26). Flag: The flag of Bulgaria has three equal horizontal stripes of white (top), green, and red. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early Settlement and Empire: According to archaeologists, present-day Bulgaria first attracted human settlement as early as the Neolithic Age, about 5000 B.C. The first known civilization in the region was that of the Thracians, whose culture reached a peak in the sixth century B.C. Because of disunity, in the ensuing centuries Thracian territory was occupied successively by the Greeks, Persians, Macedonians, and Romans. A Thracian kingdom still existed under the Roman Empire until the first century A.D., when Thrace was incorporated into the empire, and Serditsa was established as a trading center on the site of the modern Bulgarian capital, Sofia.
    [Show full text]
  • AFFAIRE RELATIVE a L'incident AÉRIEN DU 27 JUILLET 1955 (ISRAËL C
    COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRETS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES AFFAIRE RELATIVE A L'INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 27 JUILLET 1955 (ISRAËL c. BULGARIE) EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES ARR~TDU 26 MAI 1959 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS CASE CONCERNING THE AERIAL INCIDENT OF JULY 27th, 1955 (ISRAEL v. BULGARIA) PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS JUDGMENT OF MAY 26th, 1959 Le présent arrêt doit être cité comme suit: (( Agaire relative à l'incident aérien du 27 juillet I955 (Israël c. Bulgarie), Exceptions préliminaires, Arrêt dzt 26 mai 19-59 : C. I. J. Recueil 1959, p. 127. 1) This Judgment should be cited as follows: "Case concerning the Aerial Incident of Jzdy 27th, 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) , P~eliminaryObjections, Jzsdgnzent of May 26th, I959: I.C. J. Reports I959, p. 127." No de vente: Sales number 206 / INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 1959 May 26th General List : No. 35 YEAR 1959 May 26th, 1959 CASE CONCERNING THE AERIAL INCIDENT OF (ISRAEL v. BULGARIA) PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS Com~ulsoryjurisdiction of International Court of Justice.-Declara- tions accepting compulsory jurisdiction of Permanent Court of Inter- national Justice.-Article 36, paragraph 5, of Statute of Court.- Determination of States to which Article 36, paragraph 5, app1ies.- Conditions required for application of Article 36, paragraph 5.-Lapse of a declaration following dissolution of Permanent Court. JUDGMENT Present : President KLAESTAD; Vice-President ZAFRULLAKHAN ; Judges BASDEVANT,HACKWORTH, WINIARSKI, BADAWI, ARMAND-UGON,KO JEVNIKOV, Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT, MORENOQUINTANA, CORDOVA, WELLINGTON KOO, SPIRO- POULOS,Sir Percy SPENDER;Judges ad hoc GOITEINand ZOUREK;Deputy-Registrar GARNIER-COIGNET. In the case conceming the Aerial Incident of July 27th, 1955, between the State of Israel, represented by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Relics of the Bulgarian National Epic
    PAISStt OF HILENDAR: FOUNDER OF THE NATIONAL IDEOLOGY In modern historiography the first centuries of the of the respectful image of Mediaeval Bulgaria. In Sremski Ottoman rule of Bulgarian lands are determined as Late Karlovci, one of the most active literary centres of the Middle Ages. The time from the beginning of the 18th time, Paissi read the book of Dubrovnik Abbot Mavro century to the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War is called Orbini "The Realm of the Slavs" in which he discovered Bulgarian National Revival. If the National Revival period considerable evidence about the Bulgarians' past. for Northern Bulgaria and the Sofia Region continued by In 1762 he completed "Slav-Bulgarian History, about 1878, for Eastern Rumelia it was by 1885 and for the People and the Kings, the Bulgarian Saints and All Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace by 1912-1913. Bulgarian Activities and Events". In 83 hand-written The National Revival in the Bulgarian lands witnessed pages the inspired Hilendar Monk interpreted using considerable economic progress. The Bulgarian were romantic and heightened tone the grandour of increasingly getting rid of their mediaeval restricted out- Mediaeval Bulgaria, the victory of the Bulgarian army look and helplessness and were gradually getting aware over Byzantium, the impressive bravery and manliness of as people, aspiring towards economic and cultural the Bulgarians, the historic mission of the Cyril and progress. Hilendar monk Paissii became a mouthpiece of Methodius brothers and other eloquent facts, worthy to these changes in the national self-awareness. He was be remembers and respected by the successors. Already the first to perceive the beginning of the new time and in the forward this noted Bulgarian appealed with gen- the need of formulating verbally the maturing historical uine sincerity towards his compatriots to love and keep prospects and tasks before the Bulgarian people.
    [Show full text]
  • Small State Autonomy in Hierarchical Regimes. the Case of Bulgaria in the German and Soviet Spheres of Influence 1933 – 1956
    Small State Autonomy in Hierarchical Regimes. The Case of Bulgaria in the German and Soviet Spheres of Influence 1933 – 1956 By Vera Asenova Submitted to Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science, Public Policy and International Relations In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Prof. Julius Horváth Budapest, Hungary November 2013 Statement I hereby state that the thesis contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions. The thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Vera Asenova ………………... ii Abstract This thesis studies international cooperation between a small and a big state in the framework of administered international trade regimes. It discusses the short-term economic goals and long-term institutional effects of international rules on domestic politics of small states. A central concept is the concept of authority in hierarchical relations as defined by Lake, 2009. Authority is granted by the small state in the course of interaction with the hegemonic state, but authority is also utilized by the latter in order to attract small partners and to create positive expectations from cooperation. The main research question is how do small states trade their own authority for economic gains in relations with foreign governments and with local actors. This question is about the relationship between international and domestic hierarchies and the structural continuities that result from international cooperation. The contested relationship between foreign authority and domestic institutions is examined through the experience of Bulgaria under two different international trade regimes – the German economic sphere in the 1930’s and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the early 1950’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • Balkan Wars Between the Lines: Violence and Civilians in Macedonia, 1912-1918
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 Stefan Sotiris Papaioannou, Ph.D., 2012 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe, Department of History This dissertation challenges the widely held view that there is something morbidly distinctive about violence in the Balkans. It subjects this notion to scrutiny by examining how inhabitants of the embattled region of Macedonia endured a particularly violent set of events: the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War. Making use of a variety of sources including archives located in the three countries that today share the region of Macedonia, the study reveals that members of this majority-Orthodox Christian civilian population were not inclined to perpetrate wartime violence against one another. Though they often identified with rival national camps, inhabitants of Macedonia were typically willing neither to kill their neighbors nor to die over those differences. They preferred to pursue priorities they considered more important, including economic advancement, education, and security of their properties, all of which were likely to be undermined by internecine violence. National armies from Balkan countries then adjacent to geographic Macedonia (Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) and their associated paramilitary forces were instead the perpetrators of violence against civilians. In these violent activities they were joined by armies from Western and Central Europe during the First World War. Contrary to existing military and diplomatic histories that emphasize continuities between the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War, this primarily social history reveals that the nature of abuses committed against civilians changed rapidly during this six-year period.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual Year 8 Migrations
    Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences — SIEF Working Group on The Ritual Year Edited by Dobrinka Parusheva and Lina Gergova Sofia • 2014 THE RITUAL YEAR 8 MIGRATIONS The Yearbook of the SIEF Working Group on The Ritual Year Sofia, IEFSEM-BAS, 2014 Peer reviewed articles based on the presentations of the conference in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 26-29 June 2012 General Editor: Emily Lyle Editors for this issue: Dobrinka Parusheva and Lina Gergova Language editors: Jenny Butler, Molly Carter, Cozette Griffin-Kremer, John Helsloot, Emily Lyle, Neill Martin, Nancy McEntire, David Stanley, Elizabeth Warner Design and layout: Yana Gergova Advisory board: Maria Teresa Agozzino, Marion Bowman, Jenny Butler, Molly Carter, Kinga Gáspár, Evy Håland, Aado Lintrop, Neill Martin, Lina Midholm, Tatiana Minniyakhmetova, David Stanley, Elizabeth Warner The Yearbook is established in 2011 by merging former periodicals dedicated to the study of the Ritual Year: Proceedings of the (5 volumes in 2005–2011). Published by the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences ISSN 2228-1347 © Authors © Dobrinka Parusheva & Lina Gergova, editors © Yana Gergova, design and layout © SIEF Working Group on The Ritual Year © IEFSEM-BAS CONTENTS Foreword 9 THE SEED-STORE OF THE YEAR Emily Lyle 15 MODERN SPORTS AWARDS CEREMONIES – A GENEALOGICAL ANALYSIS Grigor Har. Grigorov 27 THE RITUAL OF CHANGE IN A REMOTE AREA: CONTEMPORARY ARTS AND THE RENEWAL OF A
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronicle of the First World War and Its Impact on the Balkans Birinci Dünya Savaşı’Nın Tarihi Ve Balkanlar’A Etkisi
    The Chronicle Of The First World War And Its Impact On The Balkans Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Tarihi ve Balkanlar’a Etkisi Erjada Progonati* Abstract The process of the two Balkan Wars (1912-1913) remained incomplete until the First World War started. The aim of this study is to give some informations about The First World War and the role that Balkan region played to this war when the national consciousness of Balkan peoples began to crystallize. After the two Balkan Wars, all the Balkan states continued their efforts to gather their co-nationals into their national states. It’s concluded that the Balkan Wars leaded to the internationalization of this crisis spreading it to an ample area while many other crises at the same region were resolved without a general war in Europe. It appears that the First World War that began in 1914 in the Balkan region was a continuation of the wars that started in 1912-1913 period in the same are. Key Words: World War I, Balkans, Nationalism, Balkan Wars, History. Özet İki Balkan Savaşı (1912-1913) süreci, Birinci Dünya Savaşı başlayana dek eksik kalmıştır. Bu çalış- manın amacı, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve ulusal bilinçlerin belirginleşmeye başlayan Balkan halklarının savaşta oynadığı roller hakkında bazı bilgiler vermektir. İki Balkan Savaşlarından sonra bütün Balkan devletleri ulus-devletlerine ortak vatandaşlarını toplamak için çabalarını sürdürmüştür. Aynı bölgede birçok krizin Avrupa’da genel bir savaşa götürmeden çözüme kavuşurken Balkan Savaşları bu durumu daha geniş bir alana yayarak krizin uluslararasılaşmasına yol açtığı sonucuna varılmaktadır. 1914 yı- lında ve Balkanlar bölgesinde başlayan Birinci Dünya Savaşı, aynı bölgede ve 1912-1913 döneminde yaşanan savaşların devamı niteliğinde olduğu düşünülmektedir.
    [Show full text]
  • Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Regard to the People's/Socialist
    genealogy Article Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Regard to the People’s/Socialist Republic of Macedonia until 1991 Jovan Jonovski Macedonian Heraldic Society, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +389-70-252-989 Abstract: Every European region and country has some specific heraldry. In this paper, we will consider heraldry in the People’s/Socialist Republic of Macedonia, understood by the multitude of coats of arms, and armorial knowledge and art. Due to historical, as well as geographical factors, there is only a small number of coats of arms and a developing knowledge of art, which make this paper’s aim feasible. This paper covers the earliest preserved heraldic motifs and coats of arms found in Macedonia, as well as the attributed arms in European culture and armorials of Macedonia, the кing of Macedonia, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. It also covers the land arms of Macedonia from the so-called Illyrian Heraldry, as well as the state and municipal heraldry of P/SR Macedonia. The paper covers the development of heraldry as both a discipline and science, and the development of heraldic thought in SR Macedonia until its independence in 1991. Keywords: heraldry of Macedonia; coats of arms of Macedonia; socialist heraldry; Macedonian municipal heraldry 1. Introduction Macedonia, as a region, is situated on the south of Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Citation: Jonovski, Jovan. 2021. Europe. The traditional boundaries of the geographical region of Macedonia are the lower Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Néstos (Mesta in Bulgaria) River and the Rhodope Mountains to the east; the Skopska Crna Regard to the People’s/Socialist Gora and Shar mountains, bordering Southern Serbia, in the north; the Korab range and Republic of Macedonia until 1991.
    [Show full text]